1834, a French architect and cultural relic accidentally discovered it in Turkey, which opened the secret door of ancient Hittite civilization. In the face of this nation that disappeared 3000 years ago, we still know little about them. Before Hittite civilization appeared, people settled in the highlands of Anatolia. Archaeologists now know that Turkey's rich and complex history can be traced back to thousands of years before Persians, Greeks and Romans. The remains of Anatolia Highlands are one of the known ancient civilizations in the world, which can be traced back to 7000 BC or even earlier.
In this long time, civilization has been rising and falling. These early Anatolian cultures have aroused great interest of scholars. In BC 1950, castles and settlements were erected on the ruins of Bakakoy, which his residents called Hantixi, meaning the land of Hanti people.
In the late 8th century BC/KLOC-0, the Han people fought with another migrating militant tribe, and the Han people were wiped out in the war. Modern archaeologists still don't know where the new man came from. I don't know if they moved suddenly or in batches, many a mickle makes a mickle. Anyway, one of them suddenly attacked the Han ladder people and razed the Han ladder to the ground; Their leader cursed those who dared to settle in this land, but within a century, one of the newcomers rebuilt Hantisi and renamed it Hantisha as their capital. The leader of this tribe was renamed Hantishali, which means "Hanti Sand King", thus establishing a dynasty, which was the beginning of Hittite Kingdom. His subjects are called Hittites. This is a rare example, that is, the conqueror uses the name of the conquered to lay the foundation of the country. Unlike the original Han people, Hittites loved fighting. They soon extended their king to most parts of central Anatolia, where modern archaeologists found a large number of remains left by them. Hittite's military expansion adventure goes far beyond this field. In the middle of the 6th century BC, a Hittite king first conquered Syria south of Anatolia, and then led his army 500 miles south to conquer the Babylonian capital of Mesopotamia. Because of the infighting behind Anatolia, Hittite troops quickly retreated and returned to their homes.
In the following centuries, Hittites and Egyptians kept fighting and making peace: there were wars between them, but the royal family also married. In BC 1246, King Hantishali III married one of his daughters to the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses. Later, a sculpture found on the wall of Karnak Temple in Egypt depicts the combination of Egyptian Pharaoh and Hittite princess at that time. In order to defend Anatolia's territory and expand abroad, Hittite kings have maintained an army of up to 300,000 people, using short axes, swords and bows and arrows. Hittites are famous for smelting iron, and high-quality iron tools, weapons and armor have been unearthed from Hantisha Castle. However, the Hittite's most effective weapon against the enemy is the chariot; On the battlefield, they drove armored horse-drawn chariots to charge ahead, invincible, making the incoming enemy frightened.
In the center of Handisha is a castle built on a hill. Because both sides are protected by steep cliffs, it is really easy to defend but difficult to attack. The Hittites built thick and high inclined walls on the other two sides of the castle to guard against foreign enemies, and the castle was also the residence of the royal family. In the mid-1950s, the German archaeological team led by the archaeologist Kurt Baertl discovered the sleeping officers of the king and queen in the north corner of the castle. At the same time, the castle is also the archives of the kingdom, and most of the pottery remains were found here. During the period after 1400 BC, Handisha greatly expanded its area from several directions due to the construction of a winding four-mile long wall. A temple and wall sculpture discovered in Akka, Asseni was also built around that time.
Hittite society is strictly divided into several levels, and the top layer is naturally the king and queen. However, the power of the royal family is not supreme, and their behavior is supervised by a Committee composed of nobles. Below the royal family is the aristocratic class; Below this class are generals and court officials; Further down are businessmen and craftsmen, such as blacksmiths and potters; Below them are farmers who grow wheat, barley, honey and fruit trees to provide food for the castle; At the bottom are slaves, all of whom are bound by a written and extremely detailed legal provision, which stipulates in detail the punishment for murder, rape, treason and other crimes.
If Hittite law is quite strict, it is also very fair, which embodies a balance between society and society. The law does not allow brutal punishments such as torture. On the contrary, most criminals should provide some form of compensation to their victims. For example, a murderer must provide huge compensation to the victim's family. Like other civilizations that emerged at that time, Hittites also owned slaves, usually captured prisoners of war. But in Hittite society, slaves also enjoy certain rights. They are allowed to own property and buy their own freedom.
In the Hittite kingdom, women enjoyed rights and freedoms that women in Mesopotamia and Egypt did not have. Hittite laws allow women to have the same jobs as men; Royal documents and national treasures show that the king and queen enjoy great power. At a certain time in the Hittite dynasty, there was a record that the queen ruled alone.
Hittites believe in gods, but unlike other civilizations in history, they also tolerate other religious beliefs. They are called "the people of all gods" because they are allowed to believe in the gods of Syria, Babylon and other countries and invite them to enter the Pantheon they built. Archaeologists found the remains of 3 1 temple in the site of Hantisha, of which the largest and best preserved temple is called the auditorium. Covering an area of about 5 mu, it is a temple with complex buildings and extending in all directions. It may have more than 200 monks, clergy, musicians and other people who worship gods. Archaeologists once found a piece of pottery in a storage room in the main hall of 1962. The words on it indicate that this temple was built to worship the gods of wind, rain, thunder and lightning and the goddess of the sun. They are the highest gods worshipped by Hittites. In the last centuries of Hittite kingdom, Hittite king was also recognized as one of the gods.
Hittite civilization flourished for more than five centuries, but by 1200 BC, disaster came. Scientists have found evidence that Hantisha and many other Hittite cities were razed to the ground in just a few years. Although the collapse of the Hittite dynasty came quickly and suddenly, various conditions that led to its demise have been gestating for decades. A century-long drought has affected the whole Middle East, and a series of crop failures seem to have seriously weakened the Hittite kingdom. Scholars believe that the long-term drought has brought anxiety and turmoil to the whole region, and people began to migrate to find a better living environment. As a result, the instability of its own subjects, coupled with the joint efforts of predatory nomadic tribes migrating in the north and invading nations in the west, pushed the Hittite kingdom to the abyss of destruction.
By 1 150 BC, the Hittite kingdom had completely disappeared. Those Hittites who survived the destruction of the city escaped and were eventually assimilated by other nationalities after many years. However, Hittite culture has left its own page in history. 200 years after the collapse of Hittite kingdom, a series of small kingdoms emerged in eastern Anatolia and northern Syria. Archaeologists believe that people in these kingdoms will not be descendants of Hittites, but they chose Hittites and borrowed some Hittites' religions and customs. Scholars call these kingdoms the new Hittites.
In Syria, the new Hittites established a city-state that lasted until around the 8th century BC. It is these new Hittites in Syria who carved the stones that William Wright later discovered in Hama; It is these new Hittites mentioned in the Bible. The scattered information obtained by Ma Shitou and the Bible is only a part of the first-hand clues, which helps modern scholars to solve the mystery of Hittite civilization, that is, the remains discovered by Charlie Texel in the Turkish Rocky Mountains.
Closely related to "heaven":
1 First of all, talk about the key woman-Nefertiti (the Empress Dowager of Egypt).
Nefertiti, in heaven, let her play a tragic character and a revenge role. The princess of a small country was almost betrayed by her father to the old king of Egypt for money and benefits. Her beauty hindered her pure life, but because of her beauty, she showed her talents in the Egyptian court, endured humiliation and took revenge on all those who had hurt her.
So, what kind of royal women was Nefertiti in history? Regrettably, the academic circles have not yet reached a conclusion about her origin. Some people think that she is an Egyptian aristocratic woman, while others think that she is a foreign aristocratic woman, who was bought and adopted by Egyptian nobles and sent to the court. As for other statements, they are only to the extent of "heaven", so I won't list them one by one. As for her life, the only certainty is that she and Amenhotep IV's favorite concubine played the roles of sharing power, pampering and bearing tragedy in their remarkable religious reform.
According to the tradition of the Egyptian royal family, when IV, who finally ended his life and rule with "Okhennathan", died, Nefertiti was indeed in charge of state affairs for a period of time (BC 134 1- BC 1337). However, what she has to face is a bloodline dispute about her having no male heir. Of course, this is not a big problem in Egyptian history. Besides, according to the famous harmony map of the Temple of the King of God, she gave birth to at least four princesses-actually, six. Therefore, by handing over the political power to the son-in-law with similar blood, the crisis of the Orthodox throne has been alleviated. The bigger problem is that she will bear the legacy of the "Amana Revolution" alone. Former King Okhennathan reformed religion and vigorously advocated ethnic exchanges and monotheism that were unacceptable to Egyptians. The nobles whispered to each other before he died, and now he is dead. These people can finally restore the traditional religion and artistic style of Egypt, which means completely denying the will and existence of Okhennathan. At this moment, for Nefertiti, her heart is full of complicated fighting emotions. It's heroic and romantic to say that she will inherit her husband's inheritance. What is really worrying is the conflict and confrontation between the old and new nobles. The queen mother's position is very sensitive. Whether she is in favor of continuing to believe in adon or accepting the call of Amon again, it will cause shock within the aristocratic class. At this time, Minister Ayi and Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Horunxib, gradually became important people who could really influence the fate of Egypt. Aida controls the movements of civil servants in the imperial court, while Horunxib controls the military power. The royal family is like an overhead puppet. As for the two of them, I will explain them slowly in the later part.
Back to the Queen Mother Nefertiti, she surrendered the kingship. No one knows whether she was willing or forced. In short, the ruler of Egypt in BC 1337 was Ismail Haikkala, her daughter's husband. There is no doubt that this has been recognized by the academic community. Hekkala's reign was quite short, probably because he was an adult, not so easy to control or simply didn't want to be dominated by anyone, so he suddenly disappeared with his princess wife. Compared with his successor Tutankhamun, it is said that they are closely related by blood, and his mausoleum looks simple and monotonous. Of course, it may be that archaeologists in the civilized world came too many years later than grave robbers. Later, King Tutankhamun, who became the ruler of Egypt, became very famous-there is no doubt that the reputation of this man's grave is even higher than that of Ramses the Great-and you are welcome to point out that the reputation of this Pharaoh in the civilized world was completely established in 1922 when a complete tomb was excavated. Of course, I don't deny that I have calculated how much his gold mask can sell.
He was very young at the beginning of his succession-about nine years old-which was both his luck and tragedy. He honestly married Princess Anhai Seineman, not only to make up for the bloodline test he had to undergo when he succeeded to the throne, but also because of his age, he easily accepted the reality and arrangement. It is said that he likes his princess very much-thankfully, it is definitely not the love between men and women, although she is much older than him, and even married and had children. To make matters worse, the legal husband who got her pregnant turned out to be her father, Akhenaton. I have to admit that even in Egypt, where mating with blood relatives is relatively common, this behavior at first glance makes me sick, because Nefertiti, as a mother and wife, is a living person from beginning to end and lives in the same palace wall with them.