Lengxiao
Mao Zedong, a great man, commented when communicating with living buddhas in Lausanne during the Long March: "Buddhism originated in India, flourished in China and spread to the world". The development of Buddhism in China and Hangchow fully proves this assertion.
Buddhism was introduced to China in the first year of Yuanshou in the Western Han Dynasty (2 BC), and the White Horse Temple was built in Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which became the "source of interpretation" of China. When Tang Xuanzang went to Nalanda, India, it was the heyday of Mahayana Buddhism in India, and what he and I Ching later retrieved from India was also Mahayana classics. "Ride", namely Sanskrit Yana, means vehicle (car, boat). Buddhists who advocated reform in India in the first century believed that the previous Buddhism only pursued individual liberation, just like a ship that could only carry a few people, so it was called "Hinayana". These reformers believe that human beings are equal to all sentient beings and belong to the same body relationship. They should be merciful to Bodhisattva, help all beings, benefit the public, and aim at helping all suffering people. Anyone who uses him endlessly is nirvana and can become a Buddha. It's like a big ship, carrying everyone out of their misery, so it's called Mahayana.
After Mahayana Buddhism spread to the north, eight schools of Buddhism with China characteristics were formed through the translation and research of many eminent monks.
In China, a temple or several temples study the teachings of different sects together, which makes Buddhism widely spread; When Buddhism declined in India, it relied on the support of hundreds of millions of believers in China to maintain its position in the world.
Hangzhou Buddhism, which began in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, flourished in the Five Dynasties and flourished in the Southern Song Dynasty, is known as the "Southeast Buddhist Country" and has been passed down through the ages.
Since ancient times, there have been many Buddhist temples in Hangzhou, all over the lakes and mountains. There were 360 temples in the Tang Dynasty and Wu Yueshi, and 480 in the Song Dynasty. Lingyin Temple, the earliest ancient temple, has a history of 1670 years. In its heyday, there were more than 2,000 monks living in the temple. Su Shi praised: "Gaotang will eat thousands of people, ringing bells and drums." Master Zoroastrianism, a monk in the Northern Song Dynasty, is known as "the first mountain in Southeast China".
Buddhism flourished in Hangzhou, with monks' great virtues one after another and various schools, which are well-known at home and abroad. It is one of the ancestral temples of Buddhism in the world.
During the prevalence of Buddhism in Hangzhou, two major temple groups, Beishan and Nanshan, were formed. In Beishan, Quan Zhong, a calligrapher in Tang Dynasty, wrote "Buddha Country" for Lingyin, and Zhang Jizhi, a calligrapher in Song Dynasty, wrote "Buddha Country" for Tianzhu. In Nanshan, under Huiri Peak, with Huiri Yongming Academy (Jingci Temple) as the center, there are many temples, which are known as "Buddha Mountain".
Poets praised the West Lake as "Dragon Palace" and "Penglai". "The land is Buddhist soil and people are not vulgar." Even Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty was obsessed with "visiting the Buddhist country" and "mourning monks to become monks". This "Southeast Buddhist Country" has become the ancestral home and holiday destination of Buddhists and tourists from Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia.
Hangzhou Buddhism has a long history and is closely related to Galand. Its main factions are:
Hua Yanzong, whose main work is Hua Yan Jing, was awarded the title of "Master of Sages" because of his founder Fazang, also known as "Sage of Sages". This sect, with the aim of giving full play to the highest cognitive realm of "the origin of law" and "harmony without hindrance", developed Mahayana thought in ancient India and reconciled the differences among Buddhist factions. This Sect prevailed in Hangzhou in the Tang Dynasty. With Lingyin Temple as the center, many monks in the temple specialize in Hua Yan, and often associate with people to recite scriptures and gather people to give lectures. Bai Juyi wrote "Records of Huayan Jingshe Society" when he was in Hangzhou, Changqing: He said that Feng Dao of Lingyin Temple often gave lectures in various temples at that time, and when longxing temple opened Huayan Jingshe Society, the audience reached thousands.
Jing Yuan, a scholar of Hua Yan in the Northern Song Dynasty, came to Hangzhou. He has lived in Dazhong Xiangfu Temple and Yin Hui Temple successively, devoted himself to the revival of this sect, and was promoted to "Yi Long" by Sifang Su Xue. There are many works in Jingyuan, such as Zhang Jie of Jin Shizi, Hua Yan Shu Chao and Wang Ren Shu. , well-known overseas, was highly valued by Emperor Wenzong of Korea. In the eighth year of Song Yuanfeng (1085), he sent a prince and a Korean monk to the Song Dynasty and brought a long-lost sage's first chapter for advice. In the second year, Song Zhezong ordered Yang Jie, the host and guest, to accompany him to Hangzhou, visit famous teachers from all walks of life, and accept the teachings of Jingyuan sages. After Yitian returned home, the messenger sent three translations of Hua Yan Jing, a total of 180 volumes, which were collected by Yuan Jing Te Yan Jianhua. In the third year of Yuan You (1088), it was changed from an imperial edict to a religious temple, and became the elegant Taoist temple of Hongbu, known as the "Koryo Temple".
At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan, a famous monk in Pingjiang (present-day Suzhou), and the abbot of Hangzhou Temple advocated harmony when they read Buddhism, saying that "Buddha and all living beings have the heart of Buddhism", so their mind "does not keep self-nature, so they suffer from the fate of being lost". If we say that "cultivating Buddha proves truth, it is called Buddha", he attributes the difference between Buddha and all beings to whether it can be proved, in fact. However, this religion was banned by the imperial court in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and the Hua Yan Zheng Sect was therefore silent for a long time.
In the early Qing Dynasty, Kang and Gan Xingsheng promoted Buddhism, and Hua Yanzong revived in Hangzhou. In the early years of the Republic of China, under the influence of the new cultural trend of thought, Xia Yue Zhu Xian, a scholar of Huayan, founded Huayan University in Shanghai to revitalize Huayan, and later moved Huayan University to Hangzhou with the famous monk Ye Kai, and continued in Chao Hai Temple. Influenced by it, Hongyi edited Hua Yan Shu Chao in Zhaoxian Temple. Some cultural scholars, such as Ma Yifu and Zhang Taiyan, have studied Hua Yan's theory one after another, and explored the development and way out of Buddhism with the principle of six phases of Hua Yan as the highest realm of understanding and "Zhi Zhi is in law" as the doctrinal basis.
Tiantai Sect was founded in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province by Sui Chenshi Zhiyi. Tiantai Sect, based on Hokkekyo, the theory of great wisdom and the theory of the middle way, adheres to the principle of paying equal attention to teaching and divides the content of Buddhism into four religions (Tibet, Tong, He and Yuan). It is believed that empty view, false view and middle view can be learned. In the Song Dynasty, Zhili attached great importance to explaining the pure land theory with the method of samadhi of Guanyin in Tiantai. The respected teacher (964- 1032), who is as famous as Zhi Li, established a refined house in Xiatianzhu, Hangzhou, popularized the pure land confession method, led many people to practice samadhi, and wrote "Going to the Second Gate of Pure Land with Questions". Through "wish" and "resolute doubt", we have established a true belief, persisted in practice, and advised the public to honestly recite Buddha and practice oral chanting. In the 19th year of the Republic of China (1930), Chen Mo, a famous monk, set up the "Tiantai Sect Buddhist College" in Brahma Temple to teach Tiantai Sect's Notes on Four Rites. In the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1938), Jing Xiu, a devout disciple, also held the "Sex Buddhism College" in Shui Sheng Temple to teach the outline of Tiantai religious view, notes on teaching instruments, Hokkekyo and so on. , and wrote "Always Mindful of Lecture Outline" and "Teaching Viewpoint".
Nanzong, also known as Nanshan Famen, is famous for its founder Daoxuan living in Zhong Nanshan. At the end of the Tang Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty (880-88 1), legalist thought was introduced to Hang Cheng. Yuan Biao's lawyer once attended a magic weapon lecture at Ximing Temple in Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi). He first came to Zhejiang to preach the Nanshan Fa Tie, and Qiantang (Hangzhou) Buddhists went to listen to the lecture. His master, Xiao Jing, was so profound that he wrote 20 volumes of Jane's records, gradually forming the authenticity of Nanshan. Hui, another disciple of magic weapon, also came to Hangzhou to give a lecture at this time.
The spread of Buddhism to the east, and the Wu Yue State in the Five Dynasties provided the necessary conditions for the spread of Buddhism. When Qian was in power, he built the Hokkeji and set up an altar in Guangjian Temple, and successively built Bodaiji (Zhaoqing Temple), Liu Tong Temple, Hokkeji, Ganoderma lucidum (Chongfu) and Guanghua Temple. The altar set up in Zhaoqing Temple regularly guides monks to be ordained according to law. Qian Hongchu also took the lead in accepting the "Bodhisattva Commandment", which attracted lawyers from all walks of life to Hangzhou. Among them, Daoxuan and Daoding, which are called "three phoenixes among monks", carried forward the legalist thought in the famous Temple Law and Liu Tong.
Zanning (9 19- 100 1), a legalist monk from Hou Liang in the Five Dynasties to the Northern Song Dynasty, was also a Buddhist historian. In the late Tang Dynasty, he became a monk in Xiangfu Temple in Hangzhou, and then he was taught to study Sanzang on foot in Tiantai Mountain. While living in Lingyin Temple, Hangzhou, lawyer Huize came to Hangzhou to give lectures, strongly recommended Ning, and was proficient in Nanshan Law. "No one can bend his words or his arguments." At that time, people respected him as "Fahu". Qian Hongchu rebuilt Guanghua Law Temple in Gushan, and asked the abbot Zanning to preach the law in the temple. Zanning, in addition to internal learning (internal learning refers to knowledge within the scope of Buddhist classics), is good at Confucianism and the words of a hundred schools of thought, with profound knowledge, strong memory, good at poetry and high reputation. Qian Wang named him "Zhejiang Buddhist monk and nun combination" and gave him the title of "Ming Yi master of literary synthesis".
In the third year of the Northern Song Dynasty (978), Qian Hongchu returned to the Song Dynasty, and Zanning arrived at Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) at the same time, and was regarded as a "master of general benefits" by Song Taizong. After that, he transferred to Buddhist historical writings and national Buddhist affairs management. He is the author of A Brief History of Monks in the Great Song Dynasty and Biography of Sages of Three Religions.
Under the influence of Zanning's inheritance, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, a famous lawyer, Master Ganoderma lucidum, built an altar in Zhaoqing Temple and became a famous Taoist Dojo in the south. In 978, the third year of Taiping's rejuvenation of the country, Yongzhi's lawyer built the "Wanshan Tan Jie" in Zhaoqing Temple. On March 3rd every year, there is a flood in the sea. Only its elders can tell the story of five religious rules going to the altar to give precepts. Disciples kneel down and listen, which is called precepts. As a result, Nanshan law was carried forward in Hangzhou. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty (1078), when Yuan Zhao, the venerable Ganoderma lucidum, presided over Zhaoqing Temple, he studied the method of Nanshan and wrote down more than 100 volumes of "Making Money". One day when the North Korean monk Tong entered the Song Dynasty to seek dharma, he asked Yuan Zhaokai to do so. Later, a lawyer named Yunkan in Hangzhou wrote Notes on Banknotes, which divided Nanshan law into two schools, namely "Zi" and "Banknotes", and legal research was very active. However, by the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao had given up what he had learned all his life due to illness and majored in the Internet. The unknown monk advocated it at that time. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the legal school of the Han Dynasty was in a downturn, which was called "800 years of annihilation" by master Hongyi.
In the early Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kang and Emperor Gan worshiped Buddhism, and folk monks and nuns rose quietly. Yi Jie Yu Shu came to Hangzhou from Baohua Mountain and revived the Legalist school in Zhaoqing Temple. He wrote the Sanskrit and Bodhisattva Commandments, Bini's Daily Tips, Misha Fa lue and so on. After Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty visited Hangzhou, in the 19th year of Qianlong (1754), he wrote to cancel the official order system of monks and nuns and ban Buddhism.
During the Republic of China, Master Hongyi, who had just completed the pure land, switched to the specialized law department and was honored by the Buddhist community as "a generation of eminent monks who revived the Nanshan method". In the seventh year of the Republic of China (19 18), he became a monk in Dinghui Temple in Hupao, with the law number "Hongyi". He was originally a pure land Sect, but he majored in law. He was familiar with the four divisions of the Song Dynasty and Yuan Zhao's legal works, including the four divisions and the precepts of the Zen master. Later, he traveled around the world and visited famous teachers. In the 20th year of the Republic of China (193 1), he made a vow to spread Nanshan Law in front of Hokai Buddha in Shangyu, and established Nanshan Court in Wulei Temple in Cixi. He also went to Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou to collect 10 scholars to study the law, which was called Nanshan Court, and personally counted the three major parts of Nanshan Law invited back from Japan: Notes on Making Money and Notes on Dividing Four Points. Legalism is the most important practice among Buddhist sects, and it is very rigorous. He was strict with legalists all his life and practiced himself, which was beyond the reach of later scholars. He is regarded as the 11th ancestor of Nanshan Legalists.
During the Southern Song Dynasty and the Qi Dynasty, bodhidharma, an ancient Indian temple, sailed to China and went to Songshan Shaolin Temple for nine years. At that time, he got rid of other thoughts, realized Buddhism and innovated Buddhism, and was regarded as the ancestor of Zen in China. This Sect advocates understanding the self-nature and finding the Buddha's heart, so it is also called "Buddha School". This sect is based on the Lengga Sutra and the King Kong Prajna Sutra, but it has long pursued no words and no language. Zen flourished in the Tang Dynasty and was originally divided into Tauren School. After tolerance, the Five Ancestors were divided into two sects, the South and the North, with numerous branches, which quickly developed into one of the largest Buddhist sects in China. The early tauren sect influenced the formation of Hangzhou.
Niutouzong (Zen) was founded by Farong, a disciple of the fourth ancestor Daoxin, in Niutoushan, Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). This school believes that "the mood is quiet, not empty", "if you have it, you will be fascinated, that is, seeing glory, decline and expensive things", emphasizing that life is like a dream, so you should be above dust and refined. In the first year of Tang Tianbao (742), disciple Faqin traveled to Yuhang Jingshan; Climbing mountains and mountains, I lived in a thatched cottage. In winter, when it was snowing heavily, Faqin was determined not to move, so "the villagers gave him gifts and the monks followed him". In the third year of Tang Daizong's Dali period (768), he was named "the head of a country", and 32 people, including Li Bi, the minister, voted for Faqin, which made him famous. Jingshan Temple was founded the following year, and then moved to longxing temple, Hangzhou. In the history of Buddhism in Hangzhou, Xiu Yuan, formerly known as "Bird's Nest Zen Master", once lived in LAM Raymond Temple (Gudingye Temple) when Tang Changqing was a disciple of Faqin. It was only because this concept was too vain that it tended to decline at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
After the split between the southern and northern schools of Zen Buddhism, the northern school (Shen Xiu) was devastated by the "Anshi Rebellion", while the southern school (Huineng), with the support of God, quelled the "Anshi Rebellion" and gradually gained a position in the north. The rise of Nanzong Zen is a major turning point of Buddhism in China. People realize that becoming a Buddha is more than just sitting by the wall chanting scriptures and chanting Buddha. Moreover, it emphasizes "epiphany" and "Buddha is the heart, and there is no need to seek outside". Buddhists can live in monasteries in the mountains or in "urban seclusion" (called "urban seclusion"), which opens the door for Buddhists to achieve their careers and Buddhism flourishes. So there are five families and two departments in the southern Sect of Zen:
Nanyue School (Huairang): Luyang School, Lin Ji School (Huanglong School, Yang Qi School)
Qingyuan School (linear thinking): Cao Dongzong, Yunmen School and Fayan School.
Together with Huanglong and Yang Qi of Lin Ji School, they are called "Seven Schools of Southern Zen" in the history of Buddhism. In the historical changes, most decline never spread, only Lin Ji and Cao Dongxing flourished.
Pure Land Sect Pure Land Sect originated from the famous monk Hui Yuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty who founded the Lotus Society in Lushan Mountain and believed in the pure land of previous lives, so it was also called "Lotus Sect". This sect, based on the main classic of Jiao Hong, "Three Classics and One Theory", proposes that as long as you sincerely read Buddha all your life, you can live in the pure land of western bliss with the help of Amitabha or Guanyin when you die. Because it is simple and easy to enter Buddhism without knowing Buddhist scriptures, it has become one of the most influential Buddhist sects in China. Hui Yuan was revered as the ancestor, and this sect prevailed in the Central Plains in the Tang Dynasty. It was not until Shaokang, the fifth ancestor, entered Zhejiang in the Tang Dynasty and established a Dojo in Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort, Gumuzhou (Jiande) that Pure Land Sect began to spread in Hangzhou.
The spread of the Pure Land Sect in Hangguang and the formation of the Pure Land Cultural Center are the result of many factors, among which the main factors are as follows: First, various Buddhist sects have returned to the stream, and many eminent monks spread the Pure Land. Second, Shaokang, the fifth ancestor, came to Hangzhou to establish a Dojo, calling him a Buddhist, and urging people to repair the pure land urgently; The sixth ancestor Yanshou blew the horn of "the confluence of Zen and purity" with "four materials of Zen and purity", so "the world is obedient" Since then, the pure land masters of all dynasties have established Li Hong's Pure Land Dojo in Hangzhou.
Throughout the Song Dynasty for more than 300 years, the Pure Land Sect in Hangzhou was very popular. After entering the Yuan Dynasty, some monks of the Linwa School in Hangzhou also specialized in pure land, and combined the "self-Zen" of Zen with the Buddhist practice of pure land.
In the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1394), the imperial court issued a proclamation and adopted a policy of limiting Buddhism from then on. Because the pure land is easy to repair, many Zen monks and monks turn to it.
Sages of Pure Land From Shaokang in Tang Dynasty to Shixian in Qing Dynasty, seven generations all regarded Hangzhou as a pure land Dojo. Since then, the Twelve Ancestors have been awakened by Yongming to live in the Pure Land and spread the Pure Land in Zifu Temple in Luohong, Beijing. He believes that "Yongming is a Zen master and still belongs to the pure land. In this last generation, it is especially suitable to follow it. " At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Yin Guang, the thirteenth ancestor, entered the temple to recite Buddha in Luohongshan, and then went south to give lectures in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai. He has written a lot of articles on pure land, such as On the Doubt of Pure Land, and has set up "Jingye Society" and "Honghua Society" to publish "Jingye Monthly" to publicize the belief in pure land. Later, he lived in Suzhou Guobao Temple, where he studied Buddhism and attended 198. He vowed all his life not to be a temple abbot, not to accept monks, but only to accept lay disciples, which had a great influence on the lay people in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai. It is said that he has received more than 100,000 disciples at home and abroad. Some Buddhist experts believe that the combination of pure land and the integration of various families is the trend of integrating pure land for more than 1000 years, and lithography has achieved great success.
The above Mahayana sects have a great influence on the inheritance of Hangzhou. Among them, Lin Ji School, which originated from Zen, has gradually become the mainstream of Buddhism in Hang Cheng. The Song Dynasty moved south, and the northern Linjizong monks went south one after another. Among them, the patriotic monk Dahui Gaozong is a famous Buddhist theorist. He was persecuted by Qin Gui twice and went to Yuhang Mountain twice to preach the Dharma. He strongly advocated "talking about Zen" to mobilize Zen people to think wholeheartedly, to be skeptical and open-minded about life, society and the universe, to develop self-esteem and self-confidence in practice, to keep pace with the times and to be liberated. It is precisely because Dahui changed the original style of "drinking" with "talking" that Lin Ji was handed down from generation to generation, and it was not until the Qing Dynasty that Lin Ji maintained its vigorous vitality. Dahui is also honored as "epoch-making Zen Master" and "Ganlu Gate".
Master Yongming Yanshou is also a generation of eminent monks in the history of Buddhism. He used to be a true disciple, but he deeply felt that Zen had "the disadvantages of emptiness" and devoted his life to helping the poor and saving the disadvantages. He led the sects to split up, questioned each other, and compiled hundreds of volumes of Jing Zong Records, which were spread overseas. He also advocated "double cultivation of Zen and purity", and his "four materials of Zen and purity" became the "horn" of the confluence of Zen and purity, and was honored as the sixth ancestor of pure land.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the monks in Lingyin Temple were all Yunmen monks, who devoted themselves to the innovation of Buddhist literature. Song Qi's writings quelled the debate of Confucian exclusion of Buddhism and made important contributions to the development of Buddhist culture. However, the obscure missionary way of Yunmen Sect "loneliness and fearlessness" restricted its development, and it also turned to pure land since the Southern Song Dynasty.
Because Hangzhou is located on the southeast coast, Buddhism in Hangzhou has maintained friendly exchanges with Buddhism in other countries for thousands of years. According to "Buddha's Light Dictionary", 20 of the 24 Japanese Zen schools belong to Lin Ji, which is closely related to the long-term inheritance of Buddhism in Hangzhou. As Zhao Puchu, former president of the Chinese Buddhist Association, pointed out, the Buddhism we believe in has become a "golden bond". In the new historical period, strengthening the international exchange of world Buddhism, mutual learning, understanding and tolerance will help to enhance friendship and safeguard world peace.