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Evolution of Chinese Characters in Calligraphy
Characters, or words, are written symbols that record and convey language, and the specific image carved or written by these symbols is fonts. The book contains the meaning of writing and font. There are many fonts in the symbol evolution of Chinese characters.
Chinese characters have a long and continuous history, from pictographic pictures to abstract symbols, until they form standardized characters, and their tracks are vivid and vivid. The general trend is from complex to simple, from round to square, which is more convenient for writing and printing.
6000 years ago, the symbols depicting similar characters on pottery of Dawenkou culture in Shandong and Yangshao culture in Banpo, Xi are in the same strain as later hieroglyphics.
The formation and development of Chinese characters also had a process, from pictographic characters to Qin unified characters as Xiao Zhuan, which experienced Xia, Shang, Zhou, Spring and Autumn, Warring States and Qin. Represented by Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jin Wen of Yin and Zhou Dynasties, Shi Guwen, stone carvings, bamboo slips of Chu and silk books of Qin Dynasty. Official script began in Qin dynasty and flourished in Han dynasty. During the 400 years of the Han Dynasty, fonts developed rapidly, and almost all existing fonts appeared at that time. The swallowtail silkworm head of official script is meticulous and slow, so it is not used everywhere. When writing some daily documents on bamboo slips and wooden slips that don't need to be solemn and neat, they are written casually. Is this what happened at that time? Simple script? . Formed for the convenience of writing? Cao Zhang? This? Okay？ One? Grass? , is a fast-paced official script. It gradually promoted the reform of the brushwork and form of the orthodox official script, and finally made it a new orthodox regular script to replace the official script in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Regular script experienced a long historical period from the germination in the late Han Dynasty to the final finalization in the Tang Dynasty, while cursive script and cursive script matured as early as the Jin Dynasty.
The first is the development of fonts. After the establishment of fonts, when different fonts are used in calligraphy art, various fonts or calligraphy forms are formed. Calligraphy can be divided into true (positive) calligraphy, running script, cursive script, official script, seal script and so on. , its style and genre are also diverse. Today, the common and commonly used running script and regular script styles are Zhong (Yao), Er Wang (Wang Xizhi,), Ou () and Yu (Yu). Ancient Chinese characters, in a broad sense, refer to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions on bronze, inscriptions on bronze and the characters prevailing in the six countries during the Warring States Period. From Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Xiao Zhuan, they are all called ancient Chinese. The popular figure from Lishu to now is Jin Wen. In a narrow sense, ancient Chinese refers to the prevailing characters in the Warring States period.
1, Oracle Bone Inscriptions
Abbreviation of tortoise shell animal bone writing. Also called? Cheven? 、? Oracle Bone Inscriptions tortoise shell writing? 、? Yin ruins figures? . Characters used in Shang Dynasty. It has a history of 3000-4000 years. 1899 was discovered in Yin Ruins (now Xiaotun Village, Anyang City, Henan Province) and excavated one after another. More than 0/00000 pieces of/kloc-0 were unearthed successively, and then the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty was discovered in Shaanxi. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest writing we can see and the earliest calligraphy treasure in China. The total number of known words is about 4,600, of which 1700 can be recognized. Oracle Bone Inscriptions hasn't been finalized yet.
2. Jinwen
Also called? Zhong Dingwen? , that is, inscriptions cast or carved on Yin and Zhou bronzes. It was popular in Shang and Zhou Dynasties (including the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period), especially in Zhou Ding. Bells are mostly musical instruments, and Ding are mostly ritual vessels. The inscriptions above are all records of the imperial edict of the emperor, the speeches and achievements of the governors, and the praise of the literati. More than 3000 years ago. The shape of bronze inscriptions changes with the development of the times. The bronze inscriptions in the Yin Dynasty were similar to those in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and they gradually became neat and majestic at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, but they were similar to the seal script at the end of the Warring States Period.
3. Big seal script
Or called an essay. 2800 years ago, Taishi Zhou Xuanwang wrote 15 pieces of Da Zhuan. Hey? It's a person's name, and a surname is an official name, so it's called? Essay? Or? Wei Shi? . Fonts overlap. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it passed through the State of Qin. Shi Guwen is the representative of this font. Shi Guwen is an inscription carved on a drum-shaped stone, which is the earliest stone inscription in China. There are ten stone drums engraved with ten four-character poems, which describe the hunting situation of the monarch. Three bolts were unearthed in Tianxing (now Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) in the early Tang Dynasty. After the Five Dynasties Rebellion, one stone character was destroyed and the other nine drums were damaged.
4. Xiao zhuan
Qin Zhuan, also known as, is a popular script in the Qin Dynasty. It was developed on the basis of the script about 2,200 years ago, and its font is simplified. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he adopted Lisi's opinion, implemented a unified writing policy, took Xiao Zhuan as the orthography, and other variant characters were eliminated. The small seal script is even and neat, with "Langyatai carved stone" and "Taishan carved stone". The seal script in the Qin Dynasty was the main one, which was divided into eight types in Qin Shu according to its uses, namely, the big seal script, the small seal script, the seal script, the insect seal script, the copy, the official script, the official script and the official script. There are only three kinds of Chinese characters: Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan and Gu Li.
5. Official script
It is a font evolved from the simplification of seal script, which changes the round strokes of seal script into square folds, and changes the pictograph structure into strokes for writing. It was widely used in Qin, Han and Wei dynasties. Jin Weiheng's "Four-body Book Potential" says: Because the Qin dynasty used seal script, there were many things to play with, and seal script was difficult to do. Even if an official (referring to a petty official) wrote a book, it was also called official script. ? Cheng Miao collected and sorted out this brushwork at that time, and later generations have the legend that Cheng Miao created official script. From the perspective of font structure, there were many characters in the early seal script, which later developed into two fonts with strokes and structures completely different from those in seal script, breaking the tradition of six scripts and laying the foundation for regular script, marking a turning point in the development history of Chinese characters.
6, cursive script
Fonts produced for writing convenience. It began in the early Han Dynasty, when the official script was scrawled. Later developed into? Cao Zhang? . The exact time when cursive script came into being is still inconclusive. Later Han Cai Yong said. During the Qin dynasty, the princes fought for a long time and passed down from generation to generation. They looked towards the summit and walked towards the post. Because it is difficult to save speed, they made a book in a hurry and covered the cursive script. ? In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Huaiguan said in "Ten Prescriptions for Divorce": During the Han and Yuan Dynasties, You made an urgent chapter. This is the outline of saving the word, which broke the rules of the official, let him escape and go to the first aid at once. Because of the original intention, he wrote in grass. ? The cursive script comes first with Zhangcao, and then with today's grass.
Cao Zhang: Zhang Huaiguan said? Cao Zhang is the victory of official script, and grass is also the victory of Cao Zhang. ? Cao Zhang's characteristic is that calligraphy and painting have waves (broken waves and brush strokes), and there is no connection between words.
Cao Jin: It is said that Zhang Zhi picked it? Cao Zhang? The strokes and strokes between the upper and lower characters in the official script preserved in the book are often interrelated and borrowed from each other, becoming? Grass today? , also known as cursive script.
Mad Grass: Zhang Xu and Huai Su in Tang Dynasty? Grass today? Writing is more indulgent, the brushwork is continuous and tortuous, and the font changes greatly, becoming a weed.
7. Regular script
Also called? Real books? 、? Block letters? 、? Real books? . In order to correct the cursive script and save Han Li's twists and turns. The figure is square and the strokes are straight, which can be a model, hence the name. It started at the end of Han Dynasty and prevailed in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and has been popular ever since. According to legend, Zhong You made great contributions to the processing and arrangement of regular script in the Three Kingdoms period.
8. Running script
After seal script was changed to official script, seal script became grassy and modular, and at the same time an intermediate character appeared, namely running script. Running script is a kind of calligraphy between regular script and cursive script. Its structure and stippling are close to regular script, its brushwork is natural and smooth, and its cursive script is concise. It is more convenient and flexible than regular script, and clearer and easier to argue than cursive script, so it is widely welcomed by people and is still the most popular font. According to legend, this kind of running script was created by Liu Desheng, a calligrapher at the end of Han Dynasty. In fact, before this, it has sprouted for a long time.