Gardens not listed in the World Heritage List
Qu Yuan/Yiyuan Garden/Feng Tingyuan/Nanban Garden/Beiban Garden/Keyuan Garden/Li Can Garden/Taoyuan Garden/Wufeng Garden/Gusong Garden/Lingyanshan Museum/Chai Garden/Botanical Garden/Muyuan/Yin Paradise/Crane Garden/Taying Garden/Xiao Yuan Garden/Park Garden/Shiwan Garden/Yin Hui Garden/Gushi Garden/Qiyuan Garden (Xi
General situation of gardens
Suzhou is one of the famous historical and cultural cities in China. It has always been famous for its beautiful scenery and elegant gardens. It has the reputation of "Jiangnan Garden is the best in the world and Suzhou Garden is the best in Jiangnan". 1985, Suzhou Garden was rated as one of the top ten scenic spots in China. According to records, there are nearly 200 gardens in Suzhou. Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden represent Song (960 ~ 1279), Yuan (127 1 ~ 1368) and Ming (1369 ~/kloc) respectively. The "Four Famous Gardens", together with the Master Garden, Huanxiu Villa, Art Garden, Lovers Garden and Retreat Garden, which are also included in the World Heritage List, constitute outstanding representatives of Suzhou gardens.
Suzhou's classical gardens and homes are integrated, so you can enjoy, travel, live and experience a comfortable life. The formation of this architectural form is a creation that human beings attach themselves to nature, pursue harmony with nature, beautify and improve their living environment in a densely populated city lacking natural scenery.
Suzhou is located in a water town with many lakes and ponds. Because water gardening is very beneficial, Taihu Lake is rich in stones nearby, which is suitable for building exquisite rockeries and is unique. Suzhou has been prosperous for generations, rich in officials and yin, and is fully qualified to pursue a high-quality living environment. In addition, Suzhou folk customs have always advocated art, pursued perfection and spread through the ages. The design and construction of both rural houses and official residences are meticulous and ingenious. These basic factors have greatly promoted the development of Suzhou gardens. According to local records, Suzhou gardens have their own artistic characteristics in layout, structure and style. The four classical gardens, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master's Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa, which originated in the heyday of Suzhou gardens, fully embody the national characteristics and level of gardening art in China, with a wide variety of buildings and well-preserved. These four gardens occupy a small area, but skillfully use various gardening techniques and skills to combine pavilions, fountains and flowers and trees to simulate natural scenery and create an ideal space of "urban forest" and "living in downtown and close to nature". They systematically and comprehensively show the layout, structure, modeling, style, color, decoration, furniture, furnishings and other aspects of Suzhou classical garden buildings. They are representative works of Jiangnan folk architecture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (14 ~ the beginning of the 20th century), reflecting the high living civilization in Jiangnan area of China during this period, which once influenced the architectural style of the whole Jiangnan city and promoted the design, conception, layout, aesthetics and development of folk architecture. It has reached a historical height in beautifying the living environment and integrating architectural beauty, natural beauty and humanistic beauty, and has an irreplaceable position in the history of garden art development in China and even the world.
architectural feature
An important feature of Suzhou classical garden is that it is not only the product of history and culture, but also the carrier of China traditional thought and culture. It is manifested in the naming, plaques, couplets, calligraphy stones, carving and decoration of garden halls, as well as the meanings of flowers and trees and the feelings of stacking stones. It is not only a beautiful art that adorns gardens, but also stores a lot of historical, cultural, ideological and scientific information, and its material and spiritual content is extremely profound. Some reflect and spread various philosophical concepts and schools of thought such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; Some preach the philosophy of life and cultivate noble sentiments; With the help of classical poems and literary works, the landscape is embellished, germinated and rendered, so that people can turn the landscape into feelings, produce artistic beauty and obtain spiritual satisfaction in the process of living and sightseeing. The park has a well-preserved collection of calligraphy works by famous calligraphers in China, which is a precious work of art with high cultural value. In addition, Suzhou Classical Garden, as the first house garden in China, reflects the life style and etiquette of folk living and leaving their relatives in the south of the Yangtze River in ancient China, and is the material for understanding and studying the folk customs in the south of the Yangtze River in ancient China.
History of landscape architecture
As a famous historical and cultural city in China, Suzhou has preserved many unique private gardens for more than 1000 years since the Song Dynasty. All these classical gardens skillfully use various gardening artistic skills and techniques in architectural layout, structure, modeling and style, such as contrast, setting off, landscape contrast, scale transformation of landscape relics, level coordination, seeing the big from the small, winning more with less, etc. And combine pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, springs, stones, flowers and trees to create a harmonious living environment between man and nature in the city. It constitutes the overall characteristics of Suzhou classical gardens.
The history of Suzhou classical gardens can be traced back to the gardens of the King of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period in the 6th century BC. Private gardens were first seen in Pijiang Garden in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (4th century), which was called "Wuzhong No.1" at that time. Since then, gardens have flourished and there are more and more famous gardens. According to the official records of Suzhou, there are 6 gardens in Zhou Dynasty, 4 in Han Dynasty, 7 in Southern and Northern Dynasties 14, 7 in Tang Dynasty, 0/65,438+08 in Song Dynasty, 48 in Yuan Dynasty, 27 1 in Ming Dynasty and 0/30 in Qing Dynasty. The existing Suzhou gardens are mostly Ming and Qing architecture, including hundreds of classical gardens. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Suzhou became one of the most prosperous areas in China, with private gardens all over the ancient city. During the heyday of 16 ~ 18 century, there were more than 200 gardens in Suzhou, and now dozens of them are well preserved, making Suzhou known as "paradise on earth". As typical classical gardens in Suzhou, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master's Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa were all born in the heyday of private gardens in Suzhou. They have become models and representatives of many classical gardens in Suzhou with their profound artistic conception, exquisite construction, elegant art and rich cultural connotation.
World cultural heritage
The World Heritage Committee commented on Suzhou classical gardens in this way: no garden can better embody the ideal quality of Chinese classical garden design than that of Suzhou, a historic city, and recreate Gankun in a short distance. Suzhou garden is recognized as a model to realize this design concept. These gardens built in11~19th century, with their elaborate design, embody the profound artistic conception that China culture conforms to and transcends nature. Suzhou's Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master's Garden and Huanxiu Villa were listed on the World Heritage List in 1997 according to the cultural heritage selection criteria C (Ⅰ) (Ⅱ) (Ⅲ) (Ⅳ), and Canglang Pavilion, Lion Grove, Art Garden, Couple Garden and Retreat Garden were also expanded into the World Heritage List in 2000.
Chinese name: Suzhou classical garden
1. Heritage login process
From 65438 to 0997, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa, as representatives of Suzhou classical gardens, were listed as world cultural heritage.
In 2000, Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Lovers Garden, Art Garden and Retreat Garden, as expansion projects of Suzhou classical gardens, were also listed as world cultural heritage.
2. Heritage login criteria
Log in because it meets the following evaluation criteria of world cultural heritage:
A creative masterpiece representing unique artistic achievements and genius;
(two) in a certain period of time or in a certain cultural area of the world, it can have a significant impact on the development of architectural art, memorial art, town planning or landscape design;
(iii) It can provide a unique or at least special witness to the disappearing civilization or cultural tradition;
(4) Outstanding examples of architectural styles in the development of human history;
(5) It can be regarded as an outstanding example of a traditional place where human beings live or use, representing one (or several) cultures, especially under the influence of irreversible changes.
3. Classical gardens listed in the World Heritage List
pavilion of surging waves
Sanyuanfang, located in the south of Suzhou, is the oldest garden in Suzhou. Covering area 10800 m2. There is a clear water in the garden, with a reflection of waves and thousands of scenic spots. Canglang Pavilion was built in the billiard hall of Qian, the son of the King of the Five Dynasties. Su Shunqin, a famous poet in Song Dynasty, bought this abandoned garden for 40,000 yuan, built it, and built a pavilion by the water. Because the water in the rough waves is clear, you can lick my tassel; The turbid water in the rough waves can satisfy my feet. The book is called Canglang Pavilion, named Canglang Weng and called Canglang Pavilion. Ouyang Xiu was invited to write the long poem Canglang Pavilion. In the poem, "the cool breeze and bright moon are priceless, but it's a pity that they only sell for 40 thousand." Since then, "Canglang Pavilion" has become famous. After the Soviet Union came to power, Canglang Pavilion was abandoned several times. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty (65438+the beginning of the 2nd century), it was once the residence of Han Shizhong, a famous anti-gold star. In the thirty-fifth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1696), Governor Luo Song rebuilt the garden and moved the waterfront pavilion to the top of the mountain, which formed the layout basis of today's Canglang Pavilion, and took Canglang Pavilion in Lishu, Wen Zhiming as a plaque. In the 12th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (AD 1873), it was rebuilt again and became what it is today. Although Canglang Pavilion has not looked like the early Song Dynasty due to the changes of past dynasties, its ancient wood and antique style have always maintained the old style, which partly reflects the style of the Song Dynasty gardens.
Pacing Canglang Pavilion, before entering the garden gate, you will see a pool of clear water surrounding the garden, surrounded by rugged rocks and winding cloisters. The leaky window in the corridor integrates the mountains and rivers inside and outside the park. The park is dominated by rocks, with towering old trees, a pool chiseled under the mountain, and a winding corridor connecting mountains and rivers. Outside Canglang Pavilion, there are Linqingchi, Qulan cloister, old and gray trees and stacked lake stones. People call it "the eternal waves are cliffs, the waves are pavilions, and the gardens of water are also".
The main scenic spot of Canglang Pavilion is surrounded by mountains and buildings. The pavilion and the undulating promenade along the mountain also use the water paintings outside the park to communicate the mountains and water inside and outside the park through the infiltration of leaking windows on the promenade, so that the water surface, pool shore, rockery and pavilion are integrated. The garden is surrounded by stone paths, with lush old trees, green bamboos, vines hanging and wild flowers blooming. It is simple and natural, and the scenery is as green as the real Shan Ye forest.
The famous Canglang Pavilion is hidden at the top of the mountain. It stands high in the mountains and the eaves are towering. The pavilion has a simple structure and is in harmony with the atmosphere of the whole garden. There are five or six hundred-year-old trees around the pavilion. The stone forehead "Canglang Pavilion" on the pavilion was written by Yu Yue. Stone carvings on stone pillars: the breeze and bright moon are priceless; Get the moon first by being close to the water. The first part is selected from Ouyang Xiu's poem Canglang Pavilion, and the second part is from Su Shunqin's poem A Trip to Suzhou, in which "all the green poplar and egrets are complacent, and all the green hills near the water are affectionate". The leaky window of the whole garden is *** 108, with various patterns and exquisite workmanship. There are 59 leaky windows built on the mountain, which are unique in Suzhou classical water house garden.
The largest main building in the garden is the "Ming Dow Hall" in the southeast of the rockery, which is three rooms wide. Ming Dow Hall takes the name "If you listen to innocence, you will know". It is a place where scholars of Ming and Qing dynasties gave lectures. Surrounded by rockeries and ancient trees, the hall is grand and solemn. There are three rubbings of stone carvings on the Song tablet hanging on the wall, namely Astronomical Map, Song Yu Map and Song Pingjiang Map (Suzhou City Map). According to legend, during Emperor Qianlong's southern tour, Wang, a famous Suzhou pingtan artist in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, gave lectures here. In Tangnan, several pavilions, such as "Hua Yao Realm", "Initiating Stone Building" and "Kanshan Building", all have their own advantages. Folding to the north, there are three halls, named "Cuilinglong", surrounded by bamboo, named after the meaning of "sunlight penetrates bamboo, exquisitely carved".
Bamboo is a traditional plant in Canglang Pavilion since it was built in Su Shunqin, and it is also one of the characteristics of Canglang Pavilion. Now more than 20 kinds of bamboo are planted. The "Cuilinglong" pavilion connects several side rooms of different sizes, making the pavilion winding and green, surrounded by plantains, bamboos and cypresses, and the poles are empty at the beginning of the wind, dripping green and refreshing. Adjacent to Cuilinglong are 500 temples of sages. There are 594 plane stone carvings related to Suzhou history embedded in the stone walls on three sides of the temple, all of which were carved by Gu Tingzhou, a famous figure in the Qing Dynasty. 500 sages were just rounded up. Every five portraits are engraved with a stone and four words of praise, from which we can know the general situation of these ancient sages, who are related to the history of Suzhou, from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qing Dynasty for about 2500 years. Most of the celebrities were Wu people, and some foreign celebrities came to the Soviet Union to be officials. Most of the portraits of celebrities come from ancient books, and some of them come from celebrities' descendants, which are of documentary value.
There is a fake cave in the southwest of the garden, which is called "Guanding Stone House". There is a small building on the mountain, named "Kanshan Building". When you board this small building, you can see the scenery of Suzhou. In addition, there are buildings such as Yangzhi Pavilion and Yubei Pavilion. The famous building Canglang Pavilion also has a fish viewing place. There are also 34 stone carvings, accounting for more than 700 people.
Humble Administrator's Garden
Located atNo. 178, Northeast Street, Loumen, Suzhou, it is the representative of Jiangnan gardens and the largest classical landscape garden in Suzhou. Now it is listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit. This place used to be the residence of Lu Guimeng, a poet in Tang Dynasty, and Dahong Temple in Yuan Dynasty. In the fourth year of Ming Dynasty (AD 1509), Ming Hongzhi and Jiajing Yushiwang were frustrated and retired to Suzhou to buy them. It took 16 years for famous painters and representatives of Wu Pai to participate in the design blueprint. He borrowed the words of Pan Yue, a scholar in the Western Jin Dynasty, "Building a house and planting trees, enjoying yourself, selling vegetables (feed) in the morning and evening ... this is also my humble government," which was named after the garden. For example, I regard watering flowers and growing vegetables as my "political" thing. Shortly after the garden was built, Wang died, and his son Xu lost the whole garden to him in a night of gambling. Over the past 400 years, the Humble Administrator's Garden has changed its owners repeatedly, and it is divided into three parts with different names, either private, official or scattered as residential houses. It was not until the 1950s that it was completely integrated and its original name "Humble Administrator's Garden" was restored. Humble Administrator's Garden covers an area of 62 mu (the other three materials are: 565,438+0,950 square meters, about 50,000 square meters and 52,000 square meters), which is divided into four parts: East, Middle, West and Residential. Folk houses are typical Suzhou folk houses, which are now arranged as exhibition halls of garden museums.
Most of the existing buildings in the Humble Administrator's Garden were rebuilt in the tenth year of Xianfeng (AD 1860) when the Humble Administrator's Garden became the loyal palace garden of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and by the end of the Qing Dynasty, three relatively independent small gardens in the east, middle and west were formed.
The central part is the main attraction and essence of Humble Administrator's Garden. The area is about 18.5 mu. Its overall layout is centered on the pool, and pavilions are built by the water, and some pavilions are straight out of the water, which is quite characteristic of Jiangnan water town. The pool water area accounts for 3/5 of the whole park area (another data: 1/3). The swimming pool is lush and natural. Buildings of different shapes and heights are arranged at the water's edge, with clear priorities. The overall pattern still maintains the rich, simple and elegant artistic style of Ming gardens. The "Yuanxiangtang" featuring lotus fragrance is the main building of the main scenic spot of Humble Administrator's Garden in Central China. Located on the south bank of the pool, the pool faces the East-West Mountain Island. The pool is clear and vast, and lotus flowers are planted everywhere. The mountain island is covered with vines, and there is a bridge between the two valleys. There are two pavilions on the mountain island, "Xiang Xue Weiyun Pavilion" in the west and "Daishuang Pavilion" in the east, with four seasons scenery. The "Yu Yixuan" in the west of Yuanxiangtang is far from the boat-shaped "Xiangzhou" in the west (the name Xiangzhou means arrogant temperament with vanilla), and the two forms a tripartite confrontation with the "Lotus Pavilion" in the north, so you can enjoy the lotus as you like. There is a water inlet to the west of Yuxuan, which goes deep into Nanzhai. There are three water pavilions "Little Canglang" separated by the covered bridge "Little Hong Fei" in the north, forming a quiet water courtyard.
Judging from the architectural names of Humble Administrator's Garden, most of them are related to lotus flowers. The reason why Wang wants to vigorously promote Lotus is mainly to show his noble character. The central scenic spot-loquat garden also has fine gardens such as micro-architecture, Yulantang and Jianshanlou.
The west was originally a "supplementary garden" with an area of about 12.5 mu. Its water surface is circuitous, the layout is compact, and pavilions are built by mountains and rivers. Because after a substantial reconstruction, the ingenious and artificial artistic style formed after Qianlong gained the upper hand, but the water and stone parts were still close to the central scenic spot. The winding water gallery and the stream passing through Ling Bo were excellent works of Suzhou gardening art, and the main building in the west was the 36-yuan Yang Pavilion near the residential side, which was the place where the garden owner entertained guests and listened to songs at that time. The hall is well furnished. On a sunny day, looking at the outdoor scenery through the blue glass window is like a snow scene. The pool of the 36-yuan Yangge is in the shape of a curved ruler, which is characterized by the separation of pavilions and terraces and gorgeous decoration. Corridor ups and downs, water wave reflection, don't have fun. Another big building in the west, "Who sits on the porch with you", is a mystery pavilion. There are two fan-shaped empty windows on the solid walls on both sides of the fan, one facing the "inverted photo studio" and the other facing the "Thirty-six Yuan Yang Pavilion". The back window just reflects the Li Pavilion on the mountain, and the top cover of the Li Pavilion just matches a complete fan. "Who to sit with" is taken from Su Dongpo's word "Who to sit with, the moon will cool me". So when I saw the plaque, I thought of Su Dongpo, and immediately felt that I could enjoy the moon in the water and be cooled by the cool breeze. Other buildings in the west include Liuting, Yiliang Pavilion, Reflection Pavilion and Water Gallery.
The eastern part of the garden was originally called "rural residence", because the eastern part of the garden belonged to Wang Xinyi, the assistant minister in the fourth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 163 1). About 3 1 mu, because the Guiyuan Garden has long been deserted, all of them are newly built, and the layout is mainly flat hills, pine lawns and bamboo houses. With the pavilions in the mountain pool, it still maintains a spacious and lively style. The main buildings are Blue School, Furong Pavilion, Tian Quan Pavilion and Zhuoyunfeng, all of which are relocated.
Other buildings in the Humble Administrator's Garden include Chengguan Tower, Fucui Pavilion, Linglong Pavilion and Eighteen Datura Flower Pavilions.
The layout of Humble Administrator's Garden is dense and natural, characterized by water, vast water surface, simple and innocent scenery and nature. It takes the water in the pool as the center, and pavilions are built around the pool, which are connected by leaky windows and cloisters. The rocks, ancient trees, bamboos, flowers and plants in the garden form a distant and quiet picture, which represents the architectural style of the Ming Dynasty gardens. The different scenic spots such as lakes, pools and streams formed by the Humble Administrator's Garden reproduce the artistic conception of landscape poems and landscape paintings and the true and picturesque natural environment in the garden. Vivi pool water is famous for its leisure, vastness, elegance and calm atmosphere. It meanders down the bay head, and the endless flowing water is winding, deep and charming. Through the Pingqiao Trail as its context, the promenade fills the gap, and the island rocks are reflected in it, making the seemingly loose garden buildings have their own charm. The whole garden building seems to be floating on the water, and with the bearing of wood flowers, it has different artistic interests in different realms. The banana gallery in summer, the plum shadow and snowy moon in winter, the blooming flowers in spring and the reed pond in autumn are all timely, creating feelings everywhere, and the poems are subtle and tortuous, with endless aftertaste, which is worthy of being a typical representative of Jiangnan gardens.
Humble Administrator's Garden is a grand view garden-style classical luxury garden, which is known as the "mother of gardens in the world" because of its layout of mountain island, bamboo dock, Songshan Mountain and Qushui.
Stay in the park
It is as famous as Beijing Summer Palace, chengde mountain resort and Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden. Located outside the gate of chāng, Suzhou, it was built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty (1522 ~ 1566), and another information: Lingering Garden was built in Tianshun four years of Ming Dynasty (1460). Originally the East Garden of Xu Shitai in the Ming Dynasty, it was owned by Liu Rongfeng in the Qing Dynasty and renamed as Hanbilou, commonly known as "Liuyuan". In the second year of Guangxu in Qing dynasty, it was taken from Sheng and the name stayed in the garden. Lingering Garden covers an area of about 30 mu (other two materials: 2 hectares, about 30,000 square meters), and the number of Lingering Garden buildings ranks first among Suzhou gardens. Buildings such as halls, corridors, whitewashed walls and caves are combined with rockeries, pools and flowers to form dozens of garden sketches of different sizes. Its outstanding treatment in space fully embodies the superb skills and wisdom of ancient gardeners, as well as the artistic style and characteristics of Jiangnan garden architecture.
The building divides the garden into several parts, and each building is equipped with various doors and windows, which can communicate the scenery of each part, so that when people watch the outdoor scenery indoors, they can see all kinds of pictures composed of landscape flowers, plants and trees in an unobstructed view, and the visual field space is greatly expanded.
The whole garden of Lingering Garden is divided into four parts. In a garden, you can enjoy four different scenery: landscape, pastoral, mountain forest and garden. The central part is famous for its waterscape, which is the essence of the whole garden. In the east, Quyuan cloister architecture wins. In the east of the garden, there are more than a dozen places, such as the famous drizzle fast fish hall, the nymphs cutting hall, the place where my study is returned, the Yuntai and the Guanyun Building. There are three stone peaks standing behind the pool in the hospital, with the stone crown Yunfeng in the middle and RuiYunfeng and Yun Xiu Peak on both sides. There are pastoral scenery and new bonsai gardens in the north; The west area is the highest place in the whole park, full of wild interest, strange rockeries, and natural accumulation of rocks and stones. Bishan Building and B&B Building in Han Dynasty in Jinan are the main landscape buildings in Lingering Garden.
The park is centered on the pool, and there is a rockery pavilion in the north of the pool, with trees reflecting each other. The fragrance of osmanthus fragrans on the rockery to the west of Chixi is the best position overlooking the whole park, and there is a long corridor connecting all places.
There are also "Little Taoyuan (Little Penglai)", Cui Yuan Pavilion, Quxi Building and Qingfengchi Pavilion in the architectural landscape of Lingering Garden.
Shiyuan Wang
It is a masterpiece of medium-sized classical gardens in Suzhou. Located in Kuanjiatou Lane, south of Daicheng Bridge near Yaomen, Suzhou (another message: Shiquan Street, located in the southeast of Suzhou City, only tens of meters away from hotels such as Suzhou and Zhou Nan). The original site of the park was built by Shilang Stone during the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D.1174 ~1189). In the Qing Dynasty, the land of Guanglu Temple was bought by Song Shaoqing Zongyuan to build a garden during the Qianlong period (about AD 1770). Because the park is adjacent to Wang Si Lane, it is called "Master of Nets Garden". At the end of Qianlong, the garden belonged to Quyuan Village, and the pavilion was restored and built according to the original scale, commonly known as Quyuan. Today, the scale and garden architecture of Master Wang Garden are relics of Qu Yuan, maintaining a complete residential complex and medium-sized classical garden of the old aristocratic family. Master Wang's garden covers an area of about 8 mu (other two materials: about 5333 square meters, about 5400 square meters), which is the representative work of small and medium-sized classical gardens in Jiangnan, China. Master Wang Garden has exquisite layout and compact structure, and is famous for its exquisite architecture and coordinated spatial scale. The garden is divided into three different areas. There are houses in the east and gardens in the middle. Master Wang's garden is divided into stone areas, with Huangshi in the main garden pool area and lake stones in other courtyards, which are not mixed. Focusing on water, the pavilions around the pool are also surrounded by mountains and waters, spacious and elegant, and the promenade is surrounded by scenery and poetic and natural. Ancient trees and flowers are also famous for their antiquity, strangeness, elegance, color, fragrance and appearance, which complement each other with buildings and mountain ponds and form a closed water courtyard in the main garden. The water in the pool is clear, and there are duck-shooting corridors in the east, south and north directions, water pavilions in the tassels, pavilions in the wind when the moon arrives, painting pavilions in the pines and pavilions outside the bamboo. It focuses on the scenery in spring, summer, autumn and winter, as well as the scenery changes in the morning, afternoon, evening and evening. Therefore, when visiting the park, you should sit, stay and wait and see. Around the pool, you can count the fish and wait for the moon in the pavilion. The flower shadow moves to the wall, and the peaks act as windows, just like natural scrolls. I think its garden is not small. In addition to enjoying the night view of the garden, you can also enjoy programs such as Pingtan and Kunqu Opera.
To the west is the Inner Garden (Wind Garden), covering an area of about 1 mu. There are three rooms in Xiao Xuan in the north, which are called "Dian Chun Zhu" (sound: yí, a small house beside the pavilion, often used as the name of the study). In the past, it was famous for planting peonies here. "Dian Chunmao" used to be a study, a simple and clean Ming Dynasty building. Lake Stone is slightly located in the north of the porch, with plum, bamboo and banana as the small scenery of bamboo stone. The frame scene composed of rectangular windows edged with red forests is full of green bamboos, tall and straight, proud of the rockery surrounded by wintersweet, red bamboos and strange peaks in the green, just like elegant Chinese painting sketches, people inside, like outdoors, full of poetry and painting. The suite on the west side of the Xuan was originally the studio "Dafeng Hall" of the famous painter Zhang Daqian and his brother. The Zhang brothers once had a tiger in the garden. Today, the west wall of the south courtyard of this temple is embedded with gravel, and the "Tomb of the Tiger" is engraved, which was inscribed by the famous Taipei painter Mr. Zhang Daqian and sent someone to erect a monument. The rockery in the courtyard adopts a circular rockery layout, and the rockery on the east wall is surrounded by uneven curved flower beds of pine, cypress and maple. The winding flower terrace in the south, with peaks and overlapping stones interspersed, is surrounded by white walls and full of interest, which is in harmony with "Dianchunzi". Southwest of Huatai is a natural spring "Hanbi Spring". The cave is deep and cold, and it is connected with the water vein of the main garden. This spring is like a dragon spitting, so that the waterless "Dianchunzi" does not deviate from the water-centered theme of Netscape Garden. The "Cold Spring Pavilion" in the north half pavilion is named after "Hanbi Spring". There is a huge Lingbi stone in the pavilion, which looks like an eagle spreading its wings and flying. It's black and slippery, like a piece of golden jade. It is a treasure in Lingbi stone. In the pavilion, "sitting on a stone to taste tea and watching flowers on the railing" is pleasing to the eye.
1980, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA, became famous overseas for imitating temples to build the classical courtyard "Xuan Ming".
Huanxiu Villa
Located in Jingdezhen Road, Suzhou, the whole park covers an area of about 2000 square meters. Founded in the late Tang Dynasty, it was originally the residence of Jinguyuan in the Tang Dynasty, Jingdezhen Temple in the Song Dynasty and Shen Shixing, Prime Minister of the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Jiang Ji once lived here and built a "self-study building" to collect classics. There is a rockery behind the building, named "Huanxiu Mountain Villa". Dig a well in the ground, and there is a clear spring spewing into a pool in the well, which is called "Flying Snow Spring". The above constitute the rudiments of mountains, pools, springs and stones in Huanxiu Mountain Villa. Its garden style is "true and false, virtual and real", which is close to nature and full of changes. The overall layout is dominated by rockeries, supplemented by pools, and mountains and rivers are interdependent. The front is the hall courtyard, and the back is the pool rockery. Huanxiu Mountain Villa is famous for its fantastic rockery, which is known as one of the "Three Musts in Suzhou" and also known as "One-step Expropriation".
Shizi forest
Garden Road in Loumennei, located in the northeast of Suzhou City, was built in the Yuan Dynasty and is the representative of gardens in the Yuan Dynasty. There are rockeries all over the park, surrounded by long corridors, towers looming, winding paths leading to a secluded place, and there is always a feeling of confusion. The wall of the corridor is embedded with calligraphy plaques of four famous Song Dynasty artists, Su Shi, Mi Fei, Huang Tingjian and Cai Xiang, and inscriptions of plum blossom poems by Wen Tianxiang in the Southern Song Dynasty. Lion Grove used to be the back garden of Bodaiji. In 65438, Buddhist monk Tian Ru came to Suzhou to give a lecture, which was well received by his disciples. The following year (the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty went from Shun Di to Zheng Zheng), disciples bought land and houses to build a Zen forest for Jackson Tian Ru. Zen master Tian Ru learned his method from Lion Mountain in West Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province. In memory of his master, he named it "Lion Forest". It is also named after the word "lion roar" in Buddhist books. Many rockeries are shaped like lions.
Art garden
Located in Nagato, Suzhou, it was built in Ming Dynasty. Originally a medicine garden, it was renamed Jingting Mountain House in the early Qing Dynasty. Yaoyuan is a residential garden with an area of more than 3,330 square meters (another message: about 3,000 square meters). Among the gardens in Suzhou, it is famous for its open landscape and natural simplicity. There are wild interests in the mountains, which have kept the old appearance of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
Ouyuan
Located in the east of Suzhou, east of the moat. The whole garden is in the middle of the house, with two gardens, east and west, so it is called coupling garden (the sound of "coupling" is the same as that of "even"). Two people ploughing the fields is also called coupling, which means that the husband and wife live in seclusion and return to the fields. Ouyuan, with a small area, occupies a corner of Wan Cheng, facing the river on three sides and the street on one side, with strong water features. In terms of architectural artistic conception, it also embodies the idea of the garden owner returning to the field to live in seclusion, which is a good structure.
Tuisiyuan
Located in Tongli Town, Wujiang, it was built in the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty and is the latest luxury garden in the Middle Ages. The main reason for the garden was that it was demoted to its hometown, so he named it "Re-think", which means to retreat and think about it. The whole park covers an area of 6600 square meters, with residential buildings in the west and gardens in the east. The East Garden covers an area of about 2,500 square meters and is divided into two parts: the courtyard and the inner garden. The buildings in the park are unpretentious, fresh and elegant, and its mountains, pavilions, pavilions and outlines are close to the water surface, making it a unique waterside garden.
4. Gardens not included in the World Heritage List
Qu Yuan/Yiyuan Garden/Feng Tingyuan/Nanban Garden/Beiban Garden/Keyuan Garden/Li Can Garden/Taoyuan Garden/Wufeng Garden/Gusong Garden/Lingyanshan Museum/Chai Garden/Botanical Garden/Muyuan/Yin Paradise/Crane Garden/Taying Garden/Xiao Yuan Garden/Park Garden/Shiwan Garden/Yin Hui Garden/Gushi Garden/Qiyuan Garden (Xi
5. Heritage value
As the typical classical gardens in Suzhou, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Famous Teacher's Garden, Huanxiu Mountain Villa, Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Lovers' Garden, Art Garden and Retreat Garden were born in the heyday of private gardens in Suzhou. They have become the models and representatives of many classical gardens in Suzhou because of their profound artistic conception, exquisite construction, elegant art and rich cultural connotation.