The first chapter of sophomore physics (special exercise 0 1)
First, fill in the blanks:
1. It is reported that Argentine scientists have invented a new dehydration method for fruits and vegetables-sublimation dehydration. Its principle is: first freeze the fruits and vegetables, and then put them in a low-pressure environment to directly change the ice from solid to _ _.
2. In view of the increasingly severe situation of land desertification in China, experts suggest that the vegetation coverage rate should be increased, the bare land area should be reduced, and the soil moisture should be evaporated.
3. Fill in the status changes related to the following process on the horizontal line after the question:
(1) casting model with wax water _ _ _ _ _ (2) Cryopreserved bottles will sweat at room temperature _ _ _
(3) Long-term use of the bulb filament became thinner _ _ _ _ _ (4) The lighted candle shed tears.
4, daily life Fried dough sticks with oil, boiled hinge water, because oil and water _ _ _ different.
5. In physics class, Mr. Zhao wrote a hot couplet. The first part is "There is ice water in a cup, but the temperature of the ice has not decreased", and the second part is "There is ice water in a plate, but the temperature of the ice water has not increased". The state changes contained in this pair of couplets are _ _ _ and _ _, reflecting that a * * * is _ _ _.
6. Put the red-hot iron bar into cold water, and you will hear a "squeak" and see "white gas" coming out of the water. In this process, the change of physical state of water is _ _ _ and _ _ _.
7. When the rocket was just launched, the high-temperature flame was sprayed down to the ground of the launch pad, and many objects would encounter such high-temperature flame. In order to protect the bottom of the launch pad, a large pool was built to let the flame spray into the water, and a lot of heat was absorbed by the water. We see that the white air mass with rapid diffusion is formed at the moment of rocket launch.
8. When you wipe the sweat on your face in summer, you will feel cool. This is mainly because of _ _ _ _ _. A gust of wind blows, and I feel cool, because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
9. As shown in figure 1, the temperature in figure A is _ _ _ _ _ _,
The temperature in Figure B is _ _ _ _ _.
10, the melting points and boiling points of several substances are listed below (all at standard atmospheric pressure). If these substances are used as temperature measuring materials for thermometers to make thermometers.
(1) Measure the melting temperature of lead, select _ _ (2) to measure the melting temperature of solid toluene, select _ _ (3) to measure the melting temperature of naphthalene, and select _ _ _ _.
Benzene, lead, alcohol, naphthalene and mercury.
Melting point (℃)-95 328-65 438+065 438+07 80.5 38.8
Boiling point (℃)111740 78.5218 357
Second, multiple-choice questions:
1, the following are some examples of physical changes listed by Xiaoli, of which the wrong one is ().
A. In winter, the "ice flower" on the window glass is formed by condensation of water vapor in the indoor air.
B, the "white gas" of the ice cream we see is vaporization.
C, using dry ice to obtain low temperature is realized by sublimation of dry ice.
D. There is water on the surface of the soda bottle taken out of the refrigerator, which is liquefied by the steam outside the refrigerator.
2, the following phenomenon is impossible ()
In the cold winter, frozen clothes will dry.
B, wet summer, the bottle out of the refrigerator will appear water droplets.
C, windy weather, you will feel cold after swimming.
D, people who wear glasses in winter, from indoor to outdoor, water droplets appear on the lenses.
3. Among the following natural phenomena observed by a classmate by the river, the change of endothermic state is ().
A, the melting of snow on the river in early spring B, the formation of large fog on the river in early summer
C, crystal ice is formed on the river bank in late autumn, and beautiful fog appears on the river bank in early winter.
4, summer is summer, reduce the indoor temperature, the following statement is feasible ()
A, install an electric fan indoors to cool down; B, put large ice cubes indoors.
C, open the refrigerator door indoors d, and correctly install and use refrigeration and air conditioning.
5, the following belongs to the liquefaction phenomenon is ()
A, the water spilled on the ground is dry. The tiles on the roof are frosted.
C, dense fog in the morning d, winter, outdoor frozen clothes dry.
6. After five days' flight, Shenzhou VI landed successfully in the scheduled area. There is a special material on the surface of the spacecraft, which can avoid the danger of the spacecraft burning due to high-speed friction with the air. The main reason why this material can play this role is ().
A, the material is hard and not afraid of heat. B, the material is very smooth, and it is not easy to heat up when rubbing with air.
C, the material does not transfer heat d, the material is heated and melted, and the heat generated by friction with air is vaporized and absorbed.
7, the following statement is correct ()
A. By lowering the temperature, the gas in the gas lighter is liquefied and stored in the lighter.
B, the gas in the gas lighter is liquefied and stored in the lighter by compressing the volume.
C, being scalded by steam at 100℃ is more serious than being scalded by water at 100℃, because a lot of heat is released when steam is liquefied.
D, 100℃ steam burn is more serious than 100℃ water burn, because water needs to absorb heat and become steam.
8. As shown in Figure (2), it is the melting image of three solids, A, B and C, from which () can be judged.
A, A and C are crystals and B is amorphous.
The first chapter of sophomore physics (special exercise 0 1)
B and B are crystals, while A and C are amorphous.
C and b are amorphous, and a has a lower melting point than C.
D and b are amorphous, and the melting point of A is higher than that of C.
9, the following substances, all belong to a group of crystals is ().
A, plastic, asphalt, beeswax B, alum, ice and seasonable.
C, naphthalene, iron, rosin D, crystal, salt and gold.
10, facing the dry thermometer fan, the thermometer reading will be ()
A, rising b, falling c and constant d are all possible.
1 1, aluminum can be melted in an iron pan, but iron can't be melted in aluminum pot, because ().
A, the heat transfer capacity of aluminum is greater than that of iron; B, the heat transfer capacity of iron is greater than that of aluminum.
C, the melting point of iron is d higher than that of aluminum, and iron is harder than aluminum.
12, after a hot bath in the bathroom, the glass mirror in the room became blurred, and after a while, the mirror became clear again. The two state changes that occur on the mirror are ().
A, vaporize first and then liquefy b, liquefy first and then vaporize c, liquefy only d and vaporize only.
13, about boiling, the following statement is correct ()
A, water can only boil at 100℃ b, water can also boil at 80℃.
C, boiling water temperature must be greater than the boiling water temperature d, if you want to raise the boiling point, you must raise the pressure.
14, a classmate cooked eggs twice. The first time, he continued to cook with "quick fire" after the water boiled, and the second time, he cooked with "small fire" after the water boiled, but he still kept the water in the pot open until the eggs were cooked. Two comparisons were made ()
A, saving time for the first time b, saving time for the second time is basically the same c, saving fuel for the first time d, saving fuel for the second time.
15, the following analysis of "popsicle phenomenon" is correct ()
A, peeling paper, popsicles release "white gas", which belongs to vaporization phenomenon.
B, peeling paper. After a while, the popsicle began to "sweat", which belonged to liquefaction.
C, popsicles into the cup, the cup wall will "sweat" is a melting phenomenon.
D, just take out the popsicle from the refrigerator, and the wrapping paper is stained with "white powder", which belongs to sublimation.
Third, the experimental questions:
1, and Figure (3) shows the temperature change curve with time when a crystal is heated. Please answer the following questions according to the pictures:
(1) During 2-5min, the crystal is in _ _ _ _ _ state, and the heat is _ _ _ _.
(2) As can be seen from the figure, the melting point of this crystal is _ _ _ _℃.
2. In the experiment of "observing the boiling of water", when the water temperature rises to 90℃, with the heating process. Record the water temperature every 65438 0 minutes. A classmate recorded the following data:
Time/(minutes) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Temperature (℃) 90 92 94 96 98100100100100100 65438.
(1) Draw the boiling image of water according to the record in Figure (4).
(2) Try to summarize the characteristics of water boiling according to the experimental phenomena: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3. In the experiment of "observing the boiling of water",
(1) The purpose of the experiment is to observe _ _ _ when water is boiling and _ _ _ when water is boiling;
(2) In the experiment shown in Figure (5), the function of using cardboard with a hole in the center in the equipment is _ _ _.
(3) As shown in Figure (6), it is a schematic diagram of bubbles rising when Xiaohua observes the boiling experiment of water, where _ _ _ _ is the situation when boiling.
(4) The following table is the data recorded by Xiaohua.
Please analyze, the unreliable data is _ _ _ _, and the measured boiling point of water is _ _ _ _ _ _, which is caused by _ _ _ _ _.
Time/(minutes) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Temperature (℃)90 92 94 96 96 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98
Fourth, the open question:
1. In winter, residents in northern mountainous areas often stick notes on the window joints to keep warm indoors, commonly known as "sliding window joints". In order to prevent the note from falling off due to moisture, they usually stick it outside. Please explain why you don't stick a note on the window seam indoors.
The egg just fished out of boiling water is not very hot in your hand. When the water on the surface of the eggshell is dry, it will be very hot. Why?
Reference answer:
1. 1, gas 2, deceleration 3, solidification, liquefaction, sublimation and melting 4, boiling point 5, solidification and melting temperature unchanged 6, vaporization and liquefaction 7, melting, evaporation and liquefaction 8, increasing the evaporation area of sweat, accelerating evaporation, accelerating airflow speed on the surface of sweat, and accelerating evaporation 9,-21℃ 22℃/kloc-.
Second,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15
BC, BC, BC.
Iii. 1, (1) Solid-liquid storage and absorption (2)220℃ 2, (1) Sketch (2) The temperature is constant when water boils; Continue to absorb heat. (1) Temperature phenomenon (2) Prevent heat loss and facilitate the fixing of thermometer (3) A (4)4 minutes at 98℃.
1, the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor is relatively large in winter, and the water vapor in the indoor air will liquefy into small water droplets when it meets cold glass. If the note is attached to the indoor window seam, it is easy to fall off due to moisture.
When the eggs are just fished out, there is water on the surface. When the water evaporates, it will quickly absorb the heat of the eggshell, so the eggshell is not very hot at this time. After the water evaporates, the internal heat is transferred to the eggshell, reaching a higher temperature, so it is hot again.