Yu Wenjue, the filial piety emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, was young, and the power was in the hands of his cousin Yuwen Hu. In September, Yuwen Hu killed Xiao Min and made Yu Wenyu emperor (Ming Di). In the second year of Wucheng (AD 560), Yuwen Hu poisoned Yu Wenyu and made Yu Wenyong emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. [ 1]
In the first year of Jiande (A.D. 572), Emperor Yu Wenyong of the Zhou Dynasty killed Yuwen Hu, took charge of state affairs and carried out various reforms. [ 1]
In 577, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi and unified the North. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty was proclaimed emperor by the Zen Zhou Dynasty, renamed Sui, and died in the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Chinese name
Northern Zhou Dynasty (557-58 1)
English name
Zhou kingdom
abbreviation
week
Belong to the mainland
Asia
Shoudu
Chang'an
political system
autocratic monarchy
national leader
Emperor: Yu
Major ethnic groups
Han (ha)
Major religions
Buddhism and Taoism
Founding time
557 years
When the country perished.
58 1 year
die by
Sui dynasty
catalogue
1 history
Northern Wei dynasty split
Catch nishikawa
The Establishment of Northern Zhou Dynasty and Political Chaos
Unify the north
Put down rebellion and national subjugation
2 politics
Advocate the rule of virtue
employment policy
Control corruption
law
Reform the official system
3 military
Promulgate a new system
Government military system
Enhance military strength
Eight pillar countries
Twelve new systems
4 Economy
5 culture
Thought culture
Restrain Buddhism and Taoism
6 royal descent
1 History Editor
Northern Wei dynasty split
He Bayue was one of the main generals who suppressed the uprising in six towns in the late Northern Wei Dynasty, and he was also the chief commander under Er Zhurong. Guan Long and Gao Huan, who later supported the army, were the leaders of the two military groups, which had an important influence on the unification and division of the regime in the late Northern Wei Dynasty. They were afraid of each other, and finally he was killed by Gao Huan. [ 1-2]
The death of Hobayue shook the ruling and opposition parties. Emperor Xiao Wu gave his servants, teachers, ministers and commanders in Guanzhong.
Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534)
20 state military region, general, Yongzhou secretariat. Shu Yue Wu Zhuang. He Bayue's men collected his body and buried it in Anyuan, North Shi, Yongzhou. Yu Wentai united his old employees and continued to finish his unfinished business. Gao Huan, who controlled Luoyang, thought He Bayue was unfaithful, so he asked soldiers from Qin Zhou in Longxi to assassinate He Bayue. With Yu Wentai as the commander in chief, the general became the master of Guanlong. Yu Wentai only obeys Gao Huan on the surface. Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty fled to Guanzhong after failing to crusade against Gao Huan. Yu Wentai took him in. Shortly after Emperor Xiaowu was killed by Yu Wentai, Yu Wentai established the Western Wei Wendi and the Western Wei Dynasty (535). In the East, after Emperor Xiaowu fled to Shanhaiguan, Gao Huan established Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, moved the court to Yecheng, Hebei Province, and established the Eastern Wei Dynasty (534). [2-3]
At the beginning of the Western Wei Dynasty, Yu Wentai became prime minister, but the situation was still unstable. However, Yu Wentai decisively poisoned Emperor Xiu Yuan of Wei Xiaowu and made Wang Baoju of Nanyang Emperor. In this way, the new emperor surrendered to him and was in charge of state affairs. [2][4] The defeat of the Eastern Wei army in three wars laid the foundation for entering Guanzhong.
Yu Wentai is good at recognizing people and employing people in an eclectic way, which enables these celebrities to give full play to their talents and functions. Make the Western Wei Dynasty stronger. He vigorously promoted Wang Pi and Yang Zhong, who made a fortune in the Sui Dynasty. [2][4]
Catch nishikawa
In the same year that Hou Jing fell, Xiao Yi proclaimed himself emperor in Jiangling, and at the same time, his younger brother Xiao Ji proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu. The following year, Xiao Ji sent his troops to attack Jiangling and was defeated and died. The Western Wei took the opportunity to capture Chengdu and occupy Yizhou. [2][5]
In the third year of Liang Taiqing (549), Jiankang, the capital of Liang, was captured by Hou Jing, and the counties in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River were mostly occupied by the Eastern Wei Dynasty. With the help of the strength of the Western Wei Dynasty, the kings of the Liang imperial clan stationed in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River were independent, attacking each other and vying for the throne. According to Xiangyang Liang Yongzhou secretariat, Yueyang Wang Xiaoyu attacked Jingzhou secretariat.
Xichuan
Xiao Yi, the king of eastern Hunan, was defeated, took refuge in the Western Wei Dynasty and was named King Liang. In the third year of Dabao (552), Xiao Yi proclaimed himself emperor in Jiangling (Emperor Liang Yuan). Ask the Western Wei Dynasty to send troops to capture Liang and Yi, cut off the secretariat of Liang Yizhou and Xiao Ji, the king of Wuling, and claim the title of emperor in Chengdu. In the third year of Sheng Sheng, Emperor Yuan of Liang sent messengers to claim the land occupied by the Western Wei Dynasty, and his words were quite arrogant. In September, Yu Wentai, the prime minister of the Western Wei Dynasty, sent Zhu Guo, General Yu Jin, General Zhong Shan Yu Wenhu and General Yang Zhong to attack Du Liang Jiangling with 50,000 troops. In October, West Wei Jun marched from Chang 'an (northwest of Jin 'an) to Fan (now Xiangfan, Hubei Province) and Deng (now Dengzhou, Henan Province) and led troops to help. When Emperor Yuan of Liang heard the news, he ordered martial law and mobilized troops to resist the West Wei Jun. In November, the Western Wei army crossed the Hanshui River, and Yuwen Hu and Yang Zhong were ordered to lead elite troops down the Yangtze River (now southeast of Jingsha), cutting off the river, making Liang Shoujun no way back unable to cross the river. Emperor Yuan of Liang sent generals to Jiangling and surrounded the outer city with trees. As soon as Yu Jin arrived, he ordered to build a long defense line to isolate the inside and outside. Xu Shipu, the secretariat of Liang Xinzhou, and Sima Renyue, the king of Jin 'an, led troops to build a base at the south bank pier of Jiangling to show their support from afar. Under the condition that the military forces recruited by Liang did not arrive everywhere, West Wei Jun attacked the city in multiple ways, first frustrated, then stormed, and with the help of my wife, he attacked Simon and conquered the outer city. Emperor Yuan of Liang surrendered to the inner city and ordered the official to burn 654.38+04 thousands of books that night. He came out the next day and was killed. In December, Yu Jin returned to Li and drove tens of thousands of captured Liang princes and people to Chang 'an. The Western Wei Dynasty established Cha Xiao as the beam master. Since then, Jing, Yong, Liang, Yi and other countries in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River have been owned by the Western Wei Dynasty. [2][6]
The Establishment of Northern Zhou Dynasty and Political Chaos
Yu Wentai died in the third year of the Western Wei Dynasty (AD 556), and his eldest son, Yu Wenxuan, succeeded to the throne, and was the Duke of Anding County, a surname and Otsuka. Yuwen Hu is in charge of state affairs. Hu Yuwen is a native of Wuchuan, Inner Mongolia, and a nephew of Yu Wentai. Yuwen Hu was an important figure in the history of the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and was the key link in the transition of Yuwen regime from the Western Wei Dynasty to the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Yuwen Hu, with the support of Yu Jin, a general who fought side by side in the past, took charge of military affairs, became a fu, and was named Duke Xiang of Jin. In 557, he took Yu Wenjue, his successor, as his weak son, and wanted to seize power as soon as possible while his power and influence were still there, because he forced the Western Wei Dynasty's commons (Mingyuankuo) to be located in Zhou. Soon, he killed Yuan Kuo. [2][6]
In the same year, Yu Wenxuan called Zhou Tianwang and founded the Northern Zhou Dynasty. protect
Fighter image
Fu, Duke of Jin. Yu Wenjue is also a resolute young man, and he is dissatisfied with Yuwen Hu's autocratic power. Zhao Gui and Du are also quite dissatisfied with Yuwen Hu. Together, they encouraged Yu Wenjue to get rid of Yu Wenhu. So Yu Wenjue recruited a group of warriors and often practiced how to capture Yuwen Hu alive in the back garden of the palace. He consulted with the minister and decided to seize Yuwen Hu and kill him at a palace banquet one day. Who knows that before their plot could be implemented, someone tipped off Yuwen Hu, and he beat him to death, killing Zhao Gui (full of doors), just an official of Duguxin, and then Duguxin was sentenced to death. In 559, Yu Wenxuan was deposed (later poisoned). [2][6]
Later, Yuwen Hu moved the capital to Otsuka (the prime minister at that time) and made another son, Yuwen Hu, Emperor Zhou. In Yuwen Hu's view, Yuwen Hu was gentle, so he was made emperor. Yuwen Hu, on the other hand, is not as weak and incompetent as Yuwen Hu imagined. He gradually showed his intelligence in handling affairs. A group of old ministers and fathers gradually gathered around him. He devoted himself to developing the economy and won more and more prestige among the people. In order to test it, Yuwen Hu hypocritically made a move of "belonging to the emperor" and returned all power except military power to the emperor. Who knows that Yu Wenyu accepted everything rudely and officially changed his name to Emperor (before that, the supreme ruler of the Northern Zhou Dynasty was called the King of Heaven instead of the Emperor). All these have aroused Yu Wenhu's suspicion and anxiety. Then, in 560 AD, a chef was ordered to poison Ming Di's food and killed Ming Di. [2][6]
Later, Yu Wentai's fourth son, Yuwen Yong, became emperor for the sake of Emperor Wu of Zhou, and the actual power was still in his hands. Although Yuwen Hu was lenient and ignorant, he appointed non-human, and he was authoritarian for a long time without arrogance or rashness. He failed in cutting Qi twice. The philosophers are greedy and disabled, and their subordinates are arrogant and stupid, which harms the people. Yu Wenyong and his younger brother Wang Yuwen planned to kill Yuwen Hu and regain power in the first year of Jiande (AD 572). [2][7]
Unify the north
Main entry: the unification of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Battle of Pingyang
After the Northern Qi Dynasty, Gao Wei was a famous bad king in history. He is not interested in politics, but his daily life is very luxurious. Gao Wei hangs out with several minions and Maggie all day, playing the piano and singing carefree, and nearly 100 people wait on him. Qi people nicknamed him the carefree son of heaven. Gao Wei also appointed officials at will, and even his beloved dogs, horses, eagles and chickens were appointed as Yitong, county magistrate and Kaifu. Northern Qi politics was dark. [2][9]
Emperor Yuwen Yong of Zhou Dynasty
Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty saw the chaos in the Northern Qi Dynasty and decided to send troops to cut Qi. In July 575, Emperor Wu of Zhou ordered Sima to solve problems, and Tahiti served as the former commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, while Wen Sheng, Hou Qiong and Yu Ren served as the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces. Sui Wendi, Xue Jiong, Li Mu, etc. Lead the troops to part ways. Emperor Wu of Zhou led an army of 60,000, pointing directly at Yin He (see the Battle of Yin He). Zhou Jun entered the territory of Beiqi and was disciplined. "It is forbidden to cut down trees and practice crops, and all offenders will be beheaded." [8][ 10] won the hearts of the people. Soon, Emperor Wu of Zhou and his men successfully occupied Yin He City (now east of Mengjin County, Henan Province). King Xian of Qi drew his sword, entered around Luokou and captured the east and west cities. Zhou Jun surrounded Midtown (now southwest of Meng County, Henan Province) for 20 days, but he could not attack for a long time. Emperor Wu of Zhou led troops to attack Jin Yong. In September, Qi Right Prime Minister Gao Anahu led an army from Jinyang to save Heyang, and Emperor Wu of Zhou fell ill and had to retreat. [2][ 1 1]
In October of the second year (576), Northern Zhou sent troops to cut Qi again. This time, Emperor Wu of Zhou concentrated145,000 troops, changed the previous marching route, and personally led the troops to attack Jinzhou. When explaining the intention of this move to ministers, he said: "Going out of the river before is a slap in the face, not choking him. Jinzhou is the place where Gao Huan plays, and the town is very important. If you attack it today, he will come to help; I'm waiting for Yan Jun. I'll call. Then take the broken bamboo and drum eastward, which is enough to poor its nest and confuse its trace "[8]. Zhou Jun took Yue, Qi Gongliang and Sui Wendi as the right army, Wang Jian, Bao Tai and Guang Hua Gong Qiu Chong as the left army, and Qi and Chen as the front army. In late October, Zhou Jun's main force arrived in Pingyang, and Cui Jingyu, the secretariat of Jinzhou in the Northern Qi Dynasty, surrendered. Pingyang, as the gateway of Jinyang, is of great military significance. Emperor Wu of Zhou accepted the lesson of the failure of cutting Qi last time, and sent Liang Shiyan, the general of Kaifuyi and Anding, as the secretariat of Jinzhou, leaving 10,000 elite soldiers to guard Pingyang City. [2][ 1 1]
When Zhou Jun attacked Pingyang, Gao Wei, the queen of the Northern Qi Dynasty, was hunting with his concubine Feng in Tianchi (now Guancen Mountain in the southwest of ningwu county, Shanxi). Urgent documents from Jinzhou were sent by Pegasus three times from morning till night, but Gao Anahumer, the right prime minister, did not report them to Gao Wei, on the grounds that "everyone is joking, and it is common to get small soldiers, so why bother to fight!" Until the evening, the messenger came and said, "Pingyang has fallen." Gao Naier only fought in Gao Wei, but Feng asked Gao Wei to "kill one more lap". Gao Wei ignored such an urgent situation and began to hunt with Feng. Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in the poem Two Poems of Northern Qi Dynasty: "A smart smile makes you know that you can compete with thousands of opportunities, and the whole city had better wear military uniforms. Jinyang has been put on trial and invited Wang to hunt again.
The junction of Northern Zhou Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty
"It's ironic. [2][ 10- 12]
At the beginning of November, after the Northern Qi Dynasty, 100,000 troops, the main force of the Qi army, arrived in Pingyang and began to surround Pingyang City, attacking around the clock. The situation in the city is critical, the city walls are tired, and the benefits of the city walls are only a few miles. Qi and Zhou hand-to-hand combat, or cross horses. Zhou's foreign aid didn't arrive, and the soldiers guarding the city were a little panicked. Liang Shiyan was generous and said to the soldiers, "I am the first to die today." Therefore, Zhou Jun fought bravely for the first place, and everyone was outstanding. When the Qi army retreated slightly, Liang Shiyan immediately ordered the soldiers, civilians and even women in the city to repair the city day and night, and repaired the wall in three days. The Qi army dug a tunnel to attack the city, and the city collapsed, and the soldiers took advantage of it. But at this critical moment, Gao Wei suddenly ordered the soldiers to suspend the siege. It turns out that there is a relic of a saint on the stone in the west of Jinzhou. Gao Wei wants to see it with Feng. Feng painted her face, and it took a long time to come over. In the meantime, Zhou Jun has seized the time to block the gap with wooden boards. Gao Wei was afraid that the crossbow shot from the city would hurt Feng, so he took out the wood for siege and built a far bridge. After all this, the Qi army lost the favorable opportunity to attack the city. [2][ 1 1][ 13- 14]
In December, Emperor Wu of Zhou rushed to Pingyang from Chang 'an, and other Zhou armies gathered in Pingyang, with about 80,000 troops. Zhou Jun came to the city and fought for more than twenty miles. At first, the Qi army was afraid of the sudden arrival of Zhou Jun, and tried to cross the moat in the south of the city, from Qiao Shan to Fenshui. Gao Wei, the king of Qi, saw the arrival of Zhou Jun and ordered his troops to be deployed to the north of the moat. Emperor Wu of Zhou ordered Wang Xian of Qi to explore the reality. After the King of Qi presented it back, he confidently said to Emperor Wu of Zhou, "Please break it before eating." Emperor Wu of Zhou was very happy and said, "As you said, I have no worries!" [8] Emperor Wu of Zhou rode a horse to review Zhou Jun, and as he walked, he read out the names of various commanders loudly to show his comfort. The soldiers are glad to be known, and their spirits are even more exciting. [2][ 1 1]
The two armies are at war, with equal strength. Later, the Qi army retreated slightly, and Feng shouted in panic: "The Qi army lost!
Northern Zhou Dynasty (557-58 1)
The Qi army was defeated! Mutipo, King Chengyang and Minister of Qilu, hurriedly said to Gao Wei, "Quick, quick!" Gauguin took Feng and fled to the high beam bridge in a hurry. When Qi Shizhi fled, the morale of the army was suddenly in chaos, and Lien Chan was defeated, killing more than 10,000 people. "The army has broken a hundred miles and abandoned mountain products." [2][ 10- 1 1][ 15- 16]
In the battle of Pingyang, the main force of Beiqi has actually been defeated. Gao Qiu fled back to Jinyang, wanted to flee back to North Shuozhou (now Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province), and then went to Turkey. Once out of Jinyang City, hundreds of people fled, and even Mutipo saw that the tide was gone and turned to Emperor Wu of Zhou. [2][ 1 1]
Gao Wei, the queen of Qi, fled to Yecheng in an attempt to reorganize the army. Hu invited him to meet the soldier, and prepared a speech for him in advance, telling him to "shed tears to thank the people." Gao Wei went to the soldier and suddenly couldn't remember what to say, so he burst out laughing. Seeing Gao Weixiao, the left and right attendants couldn't help laughing. When the soldiers saw this scene, they were very angry and said, "Your emperors are not in a hurry. Why are we in a hurry?" So there is no fighting spirit. [2][ 1 1]
Gauguin, within his power, also used a unique skill of Zen Buddhism, giving the position of emperor to Gao Feng, an eight-year-old son, and became the father of the emperor himself. In the first month of 577 AD, Emperor Wu of Zhou led an army to attack Yecheng. Gao Wei fled to Jeju on the first day, and from Jeju to Qingzhou, ready to go to the Chen Dynasty. He was captured by the pursuers of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and escorted to Chang 'an, where he was killed the following year. [2][ 17]
It is of great significance in history that Emperor Wu of Zhou destroyed Qi and unified the North. It ended the separatist situation of the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties for nearly half a century, saved the people from the suffering of war, rebuilt their homes and resumed production, thus promoting extensive political, economic and cultural exchanges and development in the whole North, and laid a solid foundation for the reunification of China in the Sui Dynasty. Without the unification of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty, there would be no later unification of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. [2][ 10][ 17]
Put down rebellion and national subjugation
On May 11th, the second year of the elephant (580), Yu Wenyun, Emperor Xuandi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, died of illness. When Zhou Jingdi was young, he left the dictatorship of Prime Minister Wendi. In order to prevent the change of the northern Zhou imperial clan and stabilize its ruling power, Emperor Wendi summoned five kings, Zhao, Chen, Yue, Dai and Teng, to North Korea on the pretext that his daughter and princess were going to marry in Turkey. Because Wei Chijiong (nephew of the Northern Zhou Emperor Yu Wentai) is very important, he is afraid of different plans. In the name of burying Xuan Di, he ordered his son Wei Chiji to call him into the DPRK. And take Wei Xiaokuan as the manager of Xiangzhou to find Ye to replace Wei Chijiong. In June, Wei Zedong openly opposed Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty for fear that his autocratic power would be detrimental to the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In July, Qingzhou secretariat Wei (the son of his brother) turned against Yang. He unified Xiang, Kang, Li, Marsh and other places; At the same time, he betrothed his son to Chen Chao in Jiangnan and asked for help; He also sent messengers to Bing (governing Jinyang, now southwest of Taiyuan) to surrender Guo Jia and general Li Mu, but they were rejected. [2][ 18]
At that time, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty held a young emperor to command China and foreign countries. Tie up Li Bingmu and send his daughter and princess to kiss the Turks to destroy the north.
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty seized the Northern Zhou regime [19]
Affected party; Taking strengthening Luoyang's defense as a strategic base —— On Wei Chijiong: Yang Shangxi, a doctor in the planning department, was ordered to send 3000 soldiers to guard Tongguan to prevent its sneak attack. On the 10th of the same month, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty dispatched soldiers from Guanzhong, appointed Wei Xiaokuan as the marching marshal, Li Xun as the marshal's long history, Long Gongliang as a teacher, Le Anyong, Hua Zhenggong Yuwenxin, Puyang Gong Yuwen Shu, Wuxiang Gong Cui Hongdu and Qinghe Su as generals, and led an army to crusade against Wei Chilong. Subsequently, Wei Xiaokuan divided his troops to attack the forces belonging to Wei Chijiong in all parts of Kanto, and completely put down Wei Chijiong's rebellion. During the war, Sima Xiaonan, the general manager of Yunzhou (public security area, now Hubei), and Wang Qian, the general manager of Yizhou (governing Shu County, now Chengdu), responded to Wei Chijiong and opposed Emperor Wendi. Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty appointed Wang Zhiyi and Rui Liang as marching marshals at the right time, and led the army to attack and beg respectively, all of which won the victory. At the same time, the kings of the Northern Zhou Dynasty imperial clan tried several times to get rid of Emperor Wendi, but Emperor Wen of Sui dealt with it decisively and crushed their plot to seize power. [2][ 18]
In this war, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, while controlling the kings of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and strengthening the central rule, got close to the northern Turks and won over Li Mu and Bingzhou to consolidate his left wing and threaten the enemy's flank. Taking advantage of the poor cooperation of the insurgents at the beginning, they captured Liang, Cao, Cheng and Jin in one fell swoop, relieved the threat of the right wing and covered the main action, resulting in a favorable strategic situation and mastering the initiative in the war. During the main attack, ignore the enemy's strong strongholds on the way and look for the enemy's main battle; After Qinshui's victory, he went straight to Yecheng, wiped out the rebel center, and finally put down the rebellion quickly, laying a military foundation for his generation Zhou Jiansui. [2][20]
In 58 1 year, Yang Jian took the Northern Zhou Dynasty and changed his country name to Sui. The Northern Zhou Dynasty enjoyed the country for 24 years and died.
2 political editor
Yu Wentai paid great attention to the different opinions of his liegeman. As early as the fifth year of the Great Unification (539), he ordered a pen and paper to be placed outside Wu Yang, Beijing, for gain and loss. When Liu Qiu, the secretary of the Prime Minister's Office, put forward the proposal of expressing loyalty, Yu Wentai readily adopted it, and asked historians to take notes, without concealing the gains and losses. Yu Wentai's practice is helpful to clarify the official administration in the Western Wei Dynasty. [2 1-23]
Advocate the rule of virtue
Politically, Yu Wentai pursues the principle of ruling the country by virtue, giving priority to education, supplemented by the rule of law. Officials at all levels are required to cultivate themselves with Confucianism, practice benevolence, filial piety, loyalty, courtesy, honesty and frugality, and abide by these Confucian moral norms. At the same time, filial piety, benevolence, propriety and righteousness are instilled in the people, and these Confucian ethical concepts are used to restrain the people's thoughts, so as to stabilize the people's hearts and calm the ruling order. [2][5][22-23]
employment policy
In employing people, we pursue meritocracy, regardless of seniority. As long as we have both ability and political integrity, we are afraid of humble origins, but we can also occupy high positions. Yu Wentai's thought of selecting officials embodies the new spirit of breaking the tradition of gate and gate, which ensures the relative clarity of official administration in the Western Wei Dynasty and opens the way for a large number of Han scholars to enter the Western Wei regime. [2][5][22-23]
Under the guidance of this idea of selecting candidates, Yu Wentai gathered people from different aspects around him. For example, Li Bi was originally the Yue of the DuDu Hou under the account, and they were in-laws and later defected. Unsuspecting, Yu Wentai made great use of them and became one of the generals of the Eight Pillars State who commanded the soldiers of the government. Liu Min was originally the county magistrate of Hedong in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and was acquired after Yu Wentai conquered Hedong. He immediately joined the army of the Prime Minister's Office and later became a central figure in helping Yu Wentai formulate national policies. Another example is Su Chuo and Wu Shi. Yu Wentai trusted him and appointed him without gossiping. If he goes out, he is often given a blank piece of paper in advance. If there is a need for punishment, Su Chuo can implement it according to the situation and inform afterwards. It is precisely because Yu Wentai can appoint people on their merits, employ people on their merits, and the government of the Western Wei Dynasty went up and down Qi Xin, and the internal unity ensured the smooth implementation of various policies and measures. [2][5][22-23]
Control corruption
In order to rectify the bureaucracy, Yu Wentai relaxed the number of bribers to 30 horses before committing the capital crime. This is more lenient than Liang Fa's execution of ten horses and Northern Wei and Northern Qi's execution of one horse, but it is for better law enforcement. [24]
He suddenly announced: "If you kill the king of Bai Li Qing, you can also punish him severely." According to historical records, the usage of the Northern Zhou Dynasty is quite strict. Once officials who take bribes and bend the law are found, they will be punished. [24]
For former corrupt officials, the Northern Zhou Dynasty also enacted the "Law of Requisition and Preparation", which pardoned previous crimes, but as long as there are clues to trace, they must trace them to the end, file a case, and recover the proceeds of corruption. [24]
law
Legally, Yu Wentai advocates neither harshness nor criticism, and officials who violate the law should be treated equally. For example, Yu Wentai's brother-in-law, Wang Shichao, was arrogant when he was appointed as the secretariat of Qinzhou, and was executed as a result. General Kevin z disobeyed the law and was dismissed. On the other hand, judges are required to be cautious in sentencing, avoid false accusations and frame-ups under the poison of Chu, and minimize unjust, false and wrong cases. In 552 AD, in the 13th year of unification, Yu Wentai ordered the abolition of castration which had been circulating for more than 2,000 years. [2][5][22-23]
Reform the official system
Yu Wentai's official system reform, like the establishment of the officers and men system, has a strong retro color, but the former is based on the ancient society of Han nationality, while the latter is inspired by the tribal times of Xianbei nationality. Through this reform, Yu Wentai put on an orthodox coat for his rule, so as to show people that the Yuwen regime is not a tyrant and a forgery, and the psychological barriers between ethnic groups have been eliminated. In the system of government and soldiers, Xianbei takes care of the feelings of Xianbei people and eliminates the national boundaries between government and soldiers. Through these reforms, Yu Wentai consolidated its ruling foundation. [23]
3 military editor
Promulgate a new system
After the founding of the Western Wei Dynasty, the situation was extremely dangerous. At that time, the world was divided into three parts, with Gao Huan's army in the east and Xiao Liang in the south. Gao Huan, in particular, regarded the Western Wei as a formidable enemy and was eager to strangle it in its infancy. The power contrast between the Eastern and Western Wei was quite different. The Eastern Wei Dynasty has a vast territory and abundant resources, with a population of more than 20 million, and its soldiers are stronger than Ma Zhuang. Gao Huan can mobilize more than 200,000 troops; The Western Wei Dynasty was a small country with a population of less than10 million, but Yu Wentai directly controlled more than 30,000 troops. At the same time, at the beginning of the founding of the Western Wei Dynasty, Guanzhong was hungry and cold, and people's hearts floated. Yu Wentai also saw this situation. In March of the first year of the Great Unification (535), he ordered all government departments to consider the experience of governing the country since ancient times and apply it to reality, and formulated and promulgated 24 new systems. And promoted the surname of Wu Su Chuo to Zuo Cheng, participated in secret affairs, formulated the outline of governing the country, and innovated politics. [2][4][22-23]
Government military system
Yu Wentai's first task is to reform the military system and establish a government military system. [2][22-23][25]
In the third year of reunification (537), Yu Wentai began to rectify the army. First, the Eastern Wei Dynasty invaded for years. In August of the third year of Yongxi (534), Commander Gao Huan conquered Tongguan and advanced to Huayin (now southwest of Huayin, Shaanxi). In the first month of spring in the first year of Datong (535), Sima Ziru, the leader of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, led an army to attack Tongguan. Seeing that Yu Wentai was ready, he sent his troops to attack Huazhou (now Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province), and relied on the efforts of the secretariat Wang Pi to beat back the attack of the Eastern Wei Dynasty; In March of the second year of reunification, Gao Huan attacked Zhou Xia with thousands of horses and returned to 5,000 households. Soon, Lingzhou was captured and moved back to 5,000 households. In the first month of the third year of Datong, Gao Huan led Tunpu Sakan (now Zhou Pu Town, Yongji County, Shanxi Province) to set up a pontoon bridge on the Yellow River and cross the river to attack Tongguan. Gao Huan attacked the Western Wei Dynasty year after year. Although it didn't succeed, Yu Wentai knew that it would be difficult for the Western Wei Dynasty, which was at a disadvantage, to continue like this. The urgent task is to improve morale, enhance combat effectiveness, open up sources of troops and expand the army. [2][22-23][25]
In the third year of reunification, in July, Yu Wentai assembled the whole army in Xianyang, and in August, he led the army to Tongguan to rectify the army, declaring that military laws and regulations should not be greedy for money and underestimate the enemy, and should not deceive the people and attack the enemy. He will reward them with his life, and if he escapes, he will kill them. Through this reorganization, the combat effectiveness of the Western Wei army was greatly improved. Soon, Gao Huan led an invasion of 200,000 troops, and the Western Wei Dynasty defeated Gao Huan in Shayuan (now Huayin County, Shaanxi Province) and captured more than 80,000 people. [2][22-23][25]
Enhance military strength
With the improvement of the quality of the army, Yu Wentai has further expanded its army and strengthened its military strength. When Yu Wentai accepted He Bayue's army with Wu Chuanbing as the backbone, the number of this army was only a few thousand. After Yue defeated Hou, his general Li Mi returned with tens of thousands of people. Later, after Xiu Yuan, the filial piety emperor, nearly 10,000 people in the Northern Wei Dynasty, composed of Xianbei people, were forbidden to travel. Yu Wentai has a total of nearly thirty thousand troops, led by twelve generals. After the war in Shayuan, the number of soldiers was gradually increased by recruiting troops. In March of the eighth year of Datong (542), the Sixth Army was formally established, with about 100,000 soldiers. [2][22-23][25]
In February of the 9th year of Datong (543), Gao Huan led hundreds of soldiers to cross the Yellow River. According to Mangshan (now northwest of Luoyang, Henan Province), Yu Wentai led the troops to attack and was defeated in Mangshan. The foot soldiers lost more than 60 thousand people, and an army built after several years of fighting lost more than half. At that time, the number of Xianbei people in Guanlong area was limited, and it was impossible to supplement the army in large quantities. Therefore, after Mangshan War, Yu Wentai began to absorb troops from the Han people, and in March announced the recruitment of gentry in Guanlong area. During the Guanlong Uprising in the late Northern Wei Dynasty, powerful landlords organized village soldiers to safeguard their own interests. After the split of the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties, these landlords' armed forces were still in the hands of powerful landlords. By recruiting Qiang Bing to enrich the army, Yu Wentai turned these scattered rural soldiers into a part of the Central Army, and the government chose prestigious figures in Guanlong area to command them, which not only strengthened the central government's control over the army, weakened the local forces since the end of Wei Dynasty, but also promoted the alliance between Wuchuan Military Group and Guanlong landlords. Since then, in the 16th year of reunification (550 years), the recruitment targets have been further expanded to all the farmland-dividing households, which further increased the proportion of Han Chinese soldiers in the Western Wei army. [2][22-23][25]
Eight pillar countries
At the same time, Yu Wentai reformed its military governance system, formally adopted Xianbei's old stereotyped writing system, and established an eight-pillar country. In addition to Yu Wentai himself, he was appointed as Zhu Guo Jiangjun by the West Wei Wendi in the third year of Datong (537), and was the actual commander of the Western Wei army. In the 14th year of Datong (548), Wang Yuanxin, the imperial clan of the Western Wei Dynasty, was appointed as a general, but he had only a hollow reputation and no real power. Appointed Zhao Gui, Li Bi, Yu Jin, Du et al. Each column country has two generals, * * * twelve generals; Each general has two offices, * * * 24 offices; There are two documents under each government, * * * 48 documents; Yitong led the troops about 1000 people, 2,000 people after the resumption of operations, 4,000 people led by a general, 8,000 people led by General Zhu Guoyi, and the total strength of Liu Zhu was about 48,000 people. This army is the government army mentioned in history. [2][22-23][25]
Yu Wentai organized government soldiers by using the kinship of clan and tribe, and cast a layer of clan intimacy between officers and men, thus improving the combination of soldiers and soldiers and improving the fighting capacity of government soldiers. In fact, the composition of government soldiers has not and cannot really regress to clan relations. However, this military system has some colors of the tribal military system in the past. Therefore, from the perspective of Xianbei, the status of the six towns that were once soldiers has been improved, thus enhancing the combat effectiveness of government soldiers. [2][22-23][25]
Twelve new systems
In September (54 1), the seventh year of the Great Unification, Yu Wentai promulgated six imperial edicts drafted by Su Chuo, which read: "Treat the mind first, educate thoroughly, make the best use of the geographical position, make the best use of morality, be sympathetic to prison proceedings, and all serve hard labor." 1 1 month promulgated 12 new systems, combined with 24 new systems promulgated in March of the first year of the Great Unification (535), there are * * * 36. The contents of the six imperial edicts and these new systems are very extensive, including politics, economy, ideology and culture, and a series of measures have been taken accordingly. [2][22-23][25]
4 economic editor
Economically, according to the traditional Confucian concept of getting rich first and then teaching, Yu Wentai actively advised farmers to teach mulberry, rewarded farming, and formulated some corresponding measures. The first is to restore the destroyed land equalization system, so that farmers who lost their land due to land annexation, war and natural disasters can reunite with the land, thus providing conditions for farmers' production activities. Although there are differences in land grant, land rent and adjustment in the Western Wei Dynasty, the service system has changed a lot, and the service age, service time and service number have been redefined. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the service age was changed from fifteen to eighteen. Service time depends on the number of years of prosperity and regret. The fertile year does not exceed one month, the middle age does not exceed twenty years, and the following year does not exceed ten days, which greatly shortens the service period. In terms of the number of people, it is stipulated that each farmer's active military personnel should be limited to one person to avoid excessive use of human strength and hinder agricultural production. At the same time, Yu Wentai also promulgated the household registration system and accounting system, that is, the accounting method of estimating corvee in the following year, so as to make the corvee collection more reasonable, and also made unified regulations on the length of silk, taking 40 feet as a horse. [2][5][22-23]
Yu Wentai not only formulated and promulgated the above-mentioned economic policies, but also clearly defined the responsibility of local officials to develop production. At the beginning of each year, the county magistrate must urge those who can operate farm tools, regardless of their length, to ensure that the farming season is not delayed. Punish those producers who are lazy, love leisure and hate work. Because one of the criteria to measure Yu Wentai's grazing performance is to persuade farmers to teach mulberry, most local officials attach importance to agriculture and mulberry production, and the economy has gradually developed. Before Yu Wentai died, the granary was well off. [22-23]
Hope to adopt, thank you.