The following briefly introduces several cloisonne:
First, copper (gold, silver) tires cloisonne enamel.
People generally call it copper tire cloisonne, and some people call it metal tire cloisonne. This kind of product is usually called "copper tire cloisonne enamel", which is the leading product of cloisonne. More than 95% of cloisonne in the market is "copper-tire cloisonne enamel", and there are basically no manufacturers of gold and silver-tire cloisonne enamel, because the matrix is expensive and the market demand is very small.
Second, the metal chisel tire enamel
Metal chiseled enamel ware, also known as "inlaid enamel", is the application of metal carving technology in the process of making enamel ware. Metal carving technology is an ancient traditional metal processing method. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, craftsmen at that time had widely applied this technology to the decoration of bronzes and produced many beautifully decorated bronzes. The manufacturing process of metal chisel-tire enamel ware is to draw the outline of the pattern on the thick copper tire according to the requirements of pattern design, then carve the ground on the blank outside the outline of the pattern with metal chisel carving technology to make the outline of the pattern convex, then coat the concave part with enamel glaze, and then bake, polish and gold plate.
Third, the metal hammer tire enamel
Metal hammer enamel is called "hammer enamel" for short. According to the requirements of pattern design, uneven patterns are hammered on metal tires such as gold and copper, and then blue, burnt blue and gold plating are added to the patterns. Enamel has a hidden effect, just like a gem embedded in a splendid land, dazzling. Hammer tire enamel technology is mostly used to make donors such as seven treasures and eight treasures. The similarity between hammer-tire enamelware and chisel-tire enamelware is that the concave-convex pattern outline is directly made on the metal tire by metal processing technology. The main difference between the two is that the enamelware with tread patterns is carved on the metal surface to reduce wear marks; Hammer the enamel ware with hammer thread on the back of the metal tire to make surface thread.
Fourth, the bronze tire is painted with enamel.
Painting enamel on a copper tire is also called "painting enamel", commonly known as "burning porcelain". The production process is to hang glaze on the copper tire first, then paint patterns with glaze, put them into the furnace for sintering after color filling and decoration, and finally gold plating. There are generally two kinds of porcelain firing processes. One is to carve finely on the carcass or match it with chiseled earrings as accessories, and then color it; The other is painting on a bare tire. The former is a high-grade handicraft, while the latter is a popular product. Enamel painting was introduced to China through Europe at the beginning of17th century, and became popular after18th century. The earliest existing porcelain products are Five Blessingg bottle and Yutang Fu Gui bottle, which were made in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. They are beautifully shaped, brightly colored and finely depicted. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Italian painter Lang Shining, who worked in the Qing Palace, instructed the court to burn porcelain, showing the scenery of the West and China with western paintings, which formed the "foreign flavor" in the early porcelain burning paintings.
V. Exposed enamel of metal tires
Metal fetal enamel is commonly known as "Di Chin cloisonne". Metal tire enamel products mostly use red copper to make tires. This is because copper is soft, malleable, easy to form, not easy to crack when making tires, and the adhesion between copper and glaze is good. Enamel products handed down from ancient times are also made of gold, and the glaze color is bright. Some works are only filled with enamel glaze in the contour line, and gold land is exposed outside the contour line, which is brilliant. This kind of gold-based enamel products are few, and most of them are works after18th century. Later, Di Chin Cloisonne, which was popular, was made of copper tires. The outline of Cloisonne was double lines parallel to form a pattern, or the joint of the outline was clearly explained, and only the glaze color was filled in the outline, and the rest was not filled in the original shape. After firing and polishing, the silk pattern and prototype are gilded in the open air. For example, Di Chin's "Gourd Bottle" and Di Chin's "Lion Top Pot", all exposed grooves are gold-plated, and the bumps are filled with colored glaze, which is like a relief. Gold and glaze are matched with each other and have a unique style.
Six, transparent enamel
Transparent enamel includes transparent enamel with metal tire and transparent enamel without tire. Transparent enamel ware with metal tire is generally called "transparent enamel ware", commonly known as "silver blue" or "burned silver blue". The production process is to coat all kinds of transparent glazes on the artistic gold tires and silver tires (or copper-plated silver tires), and after several decorations and sintering, the patterns on the tires are exposed. Generally, the glaze color is purple, blue, green and yellow, which can be monochrome or compound color. The treatment of the tire is divided into chiseling, or chiseling at the same time, or gilding after chiseling, or tracing gold on transparent enamel. The firing temperature of silver blue glaze is lower than cloisonne glaze, but its transparency and fineness are higher than cloisonne glaze. The biggest feature of silver blue is that it does not need polishing after firing, and it is smooth, delicate and bright as a mirror. This technology is mostly used in filigree jewelry, badges, signs and other handicrafts.
Some people call the burnt silver-blue color "metal tire bas-relief enamel" because its body needs to be chiseled or hammered by metal, and then coated with transparent or translucent enamel glaze. After firing, due to the different thickness of pattern lines, it presents the effect of visual shade and changeable light and shade. This manufacturing process mainly uses the transparent or translucent characteristics of enamel color glaze. This technology rose and developed when the enamel technology of metal chisel tire declined.
China's transparent enamel ware with metal tire first appeared in Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty, which was the most famous one made in Guangzhou during Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. The pots, bottles and five sacrifices made in Guangzhou are all light and thin, and then painted with gold and silver patterns and purple, blue and green enamel, which is very gorgeous. In addition, the Chu Guang Department, which belongs to the interior office of the Qing Dynasty, has "silver works" and also produces "silver hair and blue" and other objects. This kind of vessel is made of silver, chiseled and coated with translucent enamel glaze, and is often used to make some small first ornaments. Its surface effect is similar to translucent enamel, so it is also one of cloisonne crafts.
The invention discloses a transparent enamel vessel with wireless tire, which is prepared by mixing carbon powder and bletilla striata powder with water into paste, then molding it into the shape of the vessel, decorating the pattern with wireless tire method, filling it with glaze, and sintering to form the molded tire shape.
Seven, metal tire comprehensive process enamel
The comprehensive process of metal tire enamel is made by applying a variety of processing techniques and enamel glaze to metal tires. Some people call this product "composite enamel". It is a product that integrates two or three processes into one device, such as an enamel device that combines enamel technology and enamel technology, or an enamel device that combines enamel painting technology, enamel technology and enamel technology. Enamel technology can also be combined with inlay, flower carving and wire winding. This comprehensive technology is often used in the royal gold and jade crafts after the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.
Eight, cloisonne mechanism
The mechanism cloisonne was successfully developed by artists after 1958. After the concave-convex mold is opened according to the design pattern, the copper sheet is punched by a machine to make a green tire. The blank punched by this mechanism presents a pattern similar to the choke wire on the flat copper plate, and then four or six flat copper plates that meet the stamping conditions are welded and formed into the shape of bottles or cans. Some can bend a flat blank into a circle to make a powder box, and some can weld the upper and lower pieces into the blank shape of a small animal. Because the silk pattern punched by the machine can't reach a very high height, it doesn't need to be polished after glaze filling and baking. Machine-made cloisonne silk patterns are relatively simple, mostly small complete sets of bottles, cans, powder boxes and so on.
Nine, a variety of raw materials, a variety of processes combined with cloisonne
Cloisonne, commonly known as "Cloisonne Composition", is a kind of arts and crafts with cloisonne as the main body, combined with jade carving, filigree inlay, ivory carving, Qi Diao, mahogany carving, interior painting and other raw materials and technologies.
Ten, metal tire plane cloisonne enamel painting
Traditional cloisonne craft is mostly used for three-dimensional craft modeling, such as bottles and cans for utensils, towers, cranes and horses for furnishings. Later, the artist introduced painting into the cloisonne craft, and formed a new kind of painting combining painting with cloisonne craft-cloisonne enamel painting with metal tire plane, referred to as "cloisonne decorative painting". In the production process, the production process of metal tire plane cloisonne is basically the same as that of ordinary cloisonne. But from three-dimensional to plane, cloisonne has a broader artistic expression space in decorative painting. Cloisonne decorative painting boldly draws lessons from the techniques and rhymes of oil painting, meticulous painting, freehand painting, lacquer painting, printmaking and folk paper-cutting. Cloisonne decorative painting is not only a single painting, but also a large decorative painting composed of several works, which is used as a large decorative mural in buildings and halls. The size of cloisonne enamel painting is limited by the size of the firing furnace. At present, the largest sintering furnace in China is the natural gas intelligent sintering furnace built by Beijing Enamel Factory at the beginning of 20 1 1, which can burn cloisonne paintings up to 3 square meters. The deficiency of metal tire plane silk enamel painting is that the flatness is not good, and the larger the area, the more uneven it is.
Eleven, wooden flat cloisonne enamel painting
The plane cloisonne enamel painting of wooden tires, also known as "cloisonne crystal painting" and "sand painting", was invented by artists in the early 1970s. The reason why it is called cloisonne platinum crystal painting is because its technology draws lessons from cloisonne's shredding and blue dot technology, and all colors are made of cloisonne glaze. Only in the production process without firing, the wire used is not copper wire, but flat aluminum wire. Its manufacturing principle is firstly to pinch silk, point blue, spray glue and dry on the board, and finally to coat the surface with resin and match an outer frame. Because cloisonne glaze is expensive and costly, after 2005, most cloisonne crystal paintings no longer use cloisonne glaze, but are dyed with fine sand. Strictly speaking, the platinum crystal painting of cloisonne is not a kind of cloisonne.