Xia Zi asked, "I am smart and smiling. I look forward to my beautiful eyes. I always thought it was gorgeous. " What is it? Confucius said, "Draw hindsight."
Say, "After the ceremony?" Confucius said, "Giving is also business! I can already say' poetry'. "
The article is gorgeous and full of twists and turns. Literally, it is easy to understand, but it is not. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, people have been misreading it. Please look at the key sentence "After painting". The Collection of Shuo Wen Jie Zi quoted Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Painting, writing also. All paintings are painted with various colors first, and then elements are distributed in the middle to become their words. "
After Zheng Xuan's note, [Song] Xing Bing's essay further explained: "The case of Kao says:' Painting and painting are mixed with five colors. "Under the cloud,' painting is a thing, and then it is done'." It is to know that each painting can only become an article by first laying out the colors and then allocating the elements. "
It is indeed the original basis for Confucius to say "painting afterwards" to introduce two sentences from Kao Gong Ji into the essay. Well documented, it seems that there is no need to doubt its correctness.
Doubts still exist. Zheng Xuan's note that "painting after the event" is not in line with the actual painting operation, and it is even more difficult to cooperate with the makeup of women who read through "think themselves gorgeous". Poetry and music can't be "painting after the ceremony". [Song] Zhu's Annotations to the Analects of Confucius did not continue, and he commented on Painting the Afterlife: "Painting is also a matter of painting. After the element', after the element also. "Flower King Gong Ji" said: "Painting is a success. It is said that the quality of silt is the first, and then five mining is applicable; Jews have beauty, and then they can add ornaments. "
Zheng Xuan's first cloth is multi-color and then white line, and multi-color and pre-element; Zhu changed it to powder the ground first and then apply five picks, and after five picks (multi-color), it was vegetarian food. The prime number changes before, and the prime number changes after, which changes a lot. After Zhu, some people quoted "Bai Shoucai" to help his words, which seems to be related to understanding "I thought it was gorgeous". However, Zhu's innovation does not conform to the actual painting operation, nor can he convince people with powder.
In the Qing Dynasty, Ling Tingkan wrote rudely: "Zhu doesn't need the old note, but takes' Houyuan' as the Houyuan. On the other hand, it is pointed out in "Flower King Gongji" that the "post-yuan Gong" is the first, and the silt is the quality and then the five grains are applied. Modern Confucianism takes ancient teachings as hard work, but will not invent the purpose of' post-ceremony', so scholars will eventually become suspicious. "
Ling Tingkan and others. Confucianism Studies in Qing Dynasty, Xia Zi Department: "After Rites?" Confucius gave a lofty affirmation, and "painting afterwards" means ceremony, which is very important. According to Zhu's creation, this ceremony is a blank sheet of paper, and its great significance is gone.
Even so, Hou is reasonable. The imperial examinations in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties were all based on Zhu's Notes on the Analects of Confucius, which has influenced so far. Today's middle school Chinese syllabus of the Ministry of Education stipulates the annotation of "painting the afterlife" in The Analects: "painting things" and "painting". After, after, after. Sue, Bai. Meaning: There is always a white field before painting. On the one hand, women first paint flour, and then dress up beautifully with rouge, indigo naturalis and other colors. "
It is still written according to Zhu's notes, and its full text is difficult to read with modern translation:
Xia Zi asked, "What a beautiful smile! The eyes are black and white, the eyes are turned, and the powder is painted. " What does this mean? Confucius said, "There is a white field in front of the painting. "(Xia Zi) asked again," (That reminds me, is the ceremony behind (benevolence)? Confucius said, "Shang Bo, can you explain what I mean! Now I can talk about poetry with you. "
The author of this translation is bound by the key of "painting afterwards" and tries his best to remedy the etiquette and benevolence under "ceremony afterwards". It is really well-intentioned. I checked the vernacular version of The Analects in the bookstore now, and most of them are based on Zhu's theory, which is still a misunderstanding. Please look at the first and second editions of The Analects translated by Li Zehou:
Xia Zi asked: "Beautiful smile, dimples micro-motion;" Beautiful eyes, black and white vivid; "Bright color on white paper" What does this mean? Confucius said, "There is a white background in front of the painting." Xia Zi said, "So what's after the ceremony? Confucius said, "You inspired me to tell you poems. " [5]
After the ceremony is not translated. In Historical Records, he disagreed with the conclusion of "treating benevolence outside courtesy" or "treating benevolence before courtesy". "I think that courtesy is human nature and benevolence is human nature. What do you want to say? " I don't understand. What's more, the question and answer between master and apprentice is not benevolence. "I think it's gorgeous" refers to women, which obviously doesn't match the color of white paper painting.
We can't keep attacking for a long time. Let's put it aside and start over.
Related to "Zhou Li copying Gong Ji", "Everything painted was made later." It is indeed a female parent who draws after the event. Let's pay attention to it. However, this is also a long-standing problem, which originated from Zheng Xuan's note: "Vegetarian, white mining, after the division, because of easy pollution." Embroider with silk instead of embroidery. Zheng Sinong said that The Analects of Confucius said, "Afterwards, I will be a vegetarian."
Zheng Xuan (A.D. 127-200), whose name is Kang Cheng, is known as the largest scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty and is proficient in classical Chinese and modern Chinese classics. Because of his authority, the theory of painting afterwards has far-reaching influence. Because the back white line makes five picks appear, it is more important than five picks. In fact, he is looking for words to create meaning, misinterpreting "painting", and even less understanding "post-work". He also speculated that the reason for post-painting was "easy to get dirty". Zheng Sinong, namely Joe Cheng, was quoted before Zheng Xuan's annotation of The Book of Rites. Zheng Zhong said that Confucius' "ex post facto factor" was correct, but he made the same mistake in understanding the meaning.
"painting afterwards" means "everything painted is done afterwards."
"Painting" is "painting".
"Post-prime minister" means "post-prime minister's work".
This is obvious, there is no objection. The craftsman's "painting is done later" came out early, while Confucius's "painting is done later" came out late. It is necessary to point this out. Therefore, it is more beneficial to solve the problem from the previous speech.
In order to solve this eternal mystery, we should first examine: what is "painting" and what is "post-material work"?
Gong Ji is the correct way to solve these two problems. There are many sentences in it, and the answers are all buried in the last article. Let's find out.
First of all, we must understand that "painting" is different from ancient times. In Zheng Xuan's time, he knew that "painting" was the whole process of artistic operation, while ancient "painting", including folk "painting", was limited to the second half of the works of art, not the whole process. The "painting" in the flower king's base refers to painting with five-color pigments, and its "painting" is to embroider five-color silk threads into gorgeous patterns, which is limited to the color operation part. I relate the folk painting to explain the painting in Gong Ji, which is easy to understand, because the country has always kept the old saying that painting is painting, and painting is color matching, which is the same as painting.
Painting and painting, "testing Gong Ji" is called "coloring work", which is unambiguous. Point out "five colors" and list their names in detail. "Colors: painting, curtain, bell, basket and towel." That is, painters, carpenters, bell workers, basket workers of different occupations,
Scarf workers: five kinds of colored workers. Zheng Xuan noted: "Embroidery is not necessary, but also embroidered with silk." He misused the word "painting", but it was actually two jobs, one was silk weaving and the other was silk embroidery. "Kao Hua" also explained "dyeing the feathers of the clock" and "panicking the silk". The last three jobs are quite special and most people don't know. Therefore, these five coloring techniques were briefly described as "painting" in Kao Gong Ji, and were directly called "painting" by Confucius. All women are engaged in silk embroidery color matching, which is the largest team of color designers. It is appropriate to call it "painting" for short.
Painting and painting and coloring. "Flower King Gong Ji" begins with "miscellaneous things in painting". Note: "The other five colors"-cyan, red, yellow, white and black-refer to the color setting operation. Then I said, "I'll do the painting later." If you don't want to be verbose, this statement is equivalent to saying that the color mixing of various professions is a "post-work". Work first, then paint, and "paint later", a summary of the experience of the program steps passed down from mouth to mouth by craftsmen.
The concept used in Kao Gong Ji is not unique. It can be seen everywhere in literary works, and it is also very popular in society and used by the people. For example, "Yili Township Shooting Ceremony": "The doctor draws tigers and leopards after the step, and draws deer after the step." Hou Wei is the target. "Zhou Li Chun Guan Chang Si": The flag objects "all drew their own images". The word "painting" refers to the painter setting colors and painting on canvases and flags to complete his works. It is recorded in Shangshu Gu Ming that the mourning hall where Zhou Chengwang died in BC 1004 was decorated with "pure paintings". What is "painting"? Old legend: "Color is painting." Kong in the Tang Dynasty further explained: "As the Kao said,' The thing of drawing a ribbon is mixed with five colors'." This is "the color of painting". Gai is based on colored paintings and silks. "The curtains hanging in the mourning hall are all' painted', that is, the side of the cloth is decorated with colorful patterns. The spread and diffusion here are correct, which shows that Kao Gongji has a long history.
Shangshu Yiji: "Five kinds of embroidery" means "embroidery". Silk reeling or painting, from silk to silk (not necessarily silk), embroidery is a flying needle thread operation, and silk reeling is a general term. Today, folk embroidery women are called color matching lines. There is no difference between painting and painting, and it is synonymous with homonym. Literature is mixed. Literally, embroidery is expensive; Draw from the "meeting", especially the gathering: color mixing. Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, it has been regarded as a common character.
Understand that "painting" is coloring, and then ask "later works"? Confucius' "painting after the event" also emphasizes the role of "element". What does "element" mean? This is the core of this paper.
"Su" means natural color, background color, white and colorless (without mixing five colors), but the usage of this "Su" is quite special and it is hard to see today. To be sure, "Su" is not the "white color" of Zheng Xuan's back cloth, and there are white pigments in the five colors. This is by no means Zhu's "powder land". A piece of white paper is worthless. On closer inspection, no matter what the Analects of Confucius or Gong Ji said, "element" is the real ideological focus.
When we know that "painting is coloring", no matter whether a painter paints or a painter paints, someone must draw a picture first, and the sketch is called "element", which should be called "sketch" in the double-voice habit of language. Pure black or monochrome line drawing, unfinished sketch pattern, design draft, also known as line drawing (no color selection, no white cross). Nowadays, line drawing is popular in the art world, and it is no longer called sketch, so as not to be confused with oil painting sketches imported from the west. Sue designs sketches. Wang Gongji's painter is only responsible for color mixing, and he can't sketch himself. Sketch depends on inheriting the manuscript, and others learn to apply it. Although there is no clear explanation in the article (one article is omitted), it is obvious that sketch is the basis of high technical requirements. The people respected the painter, set an example first, and then gave it to the painter to paint, and the painter finished his creation.
In the folk, the master who designs the ink draft of woodblock New Year pictures has a lofty position. Few people use the secret book as data to design new samples, but the workers who draw New Year pictures are all over the street. Rural women weave white cloth, wait for the "gardener" to sketch it, and then embroider it with color matching. It is difficult to see "gardeners" in rural areas of Guizhou. Most of them are paper-cut, some of them are cut by themselves or bought at the dam. The patterns cut in the southern provinces of China are also "elements"-pattern design, semi-finished products, and their functions are different from those of the northern window grilles, but they are finished products.
It is called the meaning of sketching for color setting, but it is rare. Mandarin Wu Yu: "If you plan, you will see what you have accomplished, and then you will do it." Old note: "I hesitate." Footwear, ok. "Yu Tong pre-designed, pre-designed scheme. This element is like premeditation, getting things done in advance, and then following the plan. Strategize, and win thousands of miles. This is the role of the sketch, and it will be achieved when it is completed.
Temple murals prevailed in the Tang Dynasty. Records of Famous Paintings in the Tang Dynasty recorded "Su Long", "unfinished painting" and "unfinished painting", which are the direct evidence of stick figures. It can be seen that the people have always used sketch, line drawing, chalk book, draft and sample, and the author of the notes does not understand. Painter Wu Daozi sketched and disciple painted. The historical data of Tang and Song paintings are widely recorded. Wu Daozi himself called the sketch a chalk book, and everyone understood it.
"Post-element work": After the sketch design, it was successful.
For craftsmen, the process before and after calculation is not high or low, but it also emphasizes the laying role of the plain workers from the process steps. Confucius's "painting after the event" is a kind of ceremony, which advocates that sketching is the first merit and painting is the second merit, with hierarchy. Etiquette in agricultural countries stands out in grades.
Look at this. It says in the Examination Record, "All the paintings are made later." Today is a good translation: all painters and painters set colors, and make colorful patterns after sketching and drawing. For traditional painting, this is actually common sense, which is common in folk art so far. The embroidery unearthed from No.1 Warring States Chu Tomb in Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei Province is rich and wonderful. Witnesses said: you can see objects drawn in light ink or cinnabar in advance. Sketch first, then choose embroidery five times. Before liberation, the discovery of a large number of sketches and portraits in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes has attracted the attention of the whole world. Sketch samples have been treasured by mural artists in past dynasties, and some of them have been marked with colors.
In order to understand Confucius's "hindsight", we made a comprehensive investigation of the examination and achieved satisfactory results. Now back to the dialogue between Xia Zi and Confucius in The Analects of Confucius, it seems easy to understand, "painting after the event": painting after the color outline; Following other sentences, it is easy to read through at a shallow level. It must be pointed out that this dialogue between Confucian master and apprentice is of great significance and worth chewing slowly. They discussed the meaning of etiquette, with gorgeous literary talent and serious thoughts. It is a rare teaching material for understanding Confucianism and cannot be easily let go. The conversation of Confucius disciple Bu Shangzi Xia began with several folk wedding songs, which were ups and downs, which was of great educational significance. However, when reading, we should abandon the preface to The Book of Songs and the old annotations to The Analects of Confucius, which are not restricted by them, as if we met for the first time and only understood them literally. This is another main task of this paper.
"Poem Feng Wei Tells People" is Qi Huangong's daughter, Zhuang Jiang, who wants to marry Weiguo to be Mrs. Wei Zhuanggong. At the wedding, the jubilant patriotic people sang that she was extremely beautiful and beautiful. The songs are rich in content, vivid and touching, and the bride and groom are noble. It is estimated that folk weddings will be popular in the future to express guests' congratulations. When Xia Zi heard the bride sing "Qiaoxiaoqian, with beautiful eyes, she thought it was gorgeous", her heart shook and she was deeply infected. She couldn't help asking the teacher next to her, "What is it?" These poems are very clear and easy to understand. He just didn't know how to describe his beauty, and blurted out "nothing"? Xia Zi asked questions from the perspective of the bride's happy mood and flowers. "I always think gorgeous" is more important than gorgeous. How to appreciate magnificence? After asking questions in summer, I thought the teacher would feel the same way and agree. Confucius, who advocated tenderness, saw that he was carried away, valued "gorgeous" over "plain" and preferred the emergence of festival forms, so he did not support it. Using "painting after the event" lightly answers tepid, suggesting the importance of daily essence, and the color selection performance only ranks second. Very targeted, just right.
Comparison makes true knowledge. The element of "gorgeous thinking" and the element of "after painting" are the same element, the same foundation, the same essence, the same decisive original image, or the image of heavy makeup and light touch, or the image of line drawing with different colors. But the small difference is that the element of "gorgeous thinking" is a beautiful image of women, and the element of "painting after painting" is "painting after elements", with painters first and colorists second. Although "Su Yan" focuses on "beauty", "beauty" does not belittle the natural image of the original woman, nor does it rank "Su Yan" and "beauty" in the second place, but it is just icing on the cake. The answer is "painting afterwards", "elements" first, and five paintings second. Therefore, it is easy for Confucius to correct the deviation naturally revealed when he was excited in summer. As soon as I heard "painting Monday morning quarterback" in summer, the teacher emphasized Monday morning quarterback, immediately became alert and returned to rationality from sensibility. At the same time, from Su to Li, thinking that Confucianism advocated Li as the foundation of people, they immediately changed their minds and asked, "After Li?" Lead to new dramatic scenes.
Ritual element! In fact, Confucius didn't think of it at that time, and it came suddenly, so he highly affirmed: "This is your invention, and you Shang Bo inspired me! From now on, we can discuss poetry together. " Vivid examples of teaching and learning.
Ceremony is the element, focusing on ceremony, and the theme is "painting after". As far as the theme is concerned, more than 2,000 commentators in the five dynasties of Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing agreed. No matter how they misunderstand the painting, it is right to always take the ceremony as an element and focus on the ceremony. Xia Zi asked, and Confucius answered, twice. The first time was to lay out the truth, and the second time was to look at the spirit, and the spirit focused on ceremony. Confucius often reminds his disciples to pay more attention to gifts. "The Analects of Confucius Yongye": "Confucius said: A gentleman is knowledgeable in literature, and he can be a husband if he makes an appointment with courtesy!" One of Zi Han's disciples said, "Master is tempting me to follow suit. He will write to me and ask me to be polite." "Yan Yuan" revisits "Confucius said: Be knowledgeable in writing, make a courtesy, and serve your husband!" It is further emphasized: "see no evil, don't listen to indecent assault, don't say indecent assault, and don't move if you are indecent assault." There are many similar remarks, which shows that it is not accidental to realize enlightenment on the spot in summer, but the result of Confucius' daily teaching.
"I smiled and looked forward to it, and I felt very embarrassed." Three of the classic famous sentences describing the bride are from folk songs, and perhaps Shuo Ren came out later. The best moment of a woman's life is sung beautifully and vividly. Natural beauty immediately becomes a flower in the sun through makeup, jewelry and gorgeous clothes. Folk songs are easy to understand, and any translation will be detrimental, so I won't translate them. Confucius's "painting afterwards" comes from the experience of hundreds of workers, and its accuracy is amazing! They are all articles that "enrich my knowledge by writing", and the people disperse their knowledge.
Mencius Zhang Wan said, "Confucius is a masterpiece." In the process of moving towards Chinese culture, scattered original ecological knowledge such as folk songs and handicrafts is exactly what Confucius "epitomized". Although the question-and-answer between master and apprentice in Bashu is small, it vividly, incisively, truly and profoundly reflects this great process.
Etiquette is a vegetarian, so what is the corresponding etiquette? There are different opinions on this issue. The Analects of Confucius quoted earlier thinks that "courtesy corresponds to benevolence", which is really a hooligan and is caused by the comments of predecessors. In Confucius' thought, propriety is benevolence, and propriety and benevolence are not paired. Obviously: courtesy is the essence, and joy is proud; Rites and pleasures are opposites. Amazingly, none of the notes I checked mentioned it!
Confucius and his disciples are familiar with the operation process of folk painting, "painting after the event", sketching is straightforward, and after colorful, they are happy and happy, knowing that the elements and colors are right, and the ceremony and music are also right. This kind of happiness is a colorful art and also for people's hearts. Look at the wedding activities, art parties, singing and laughing everywhere, beaming, taking ceremony as the element, taking music as the belt, and making ceremony and music in pairs. This kind of music is artistic music, and it is also for people's happiness (lè), artistic music (yè), and it is both musical and entertaining. All moving joys and celebrations are ceremonial ceremonies, which is the need to complete the ceremony; Colorful colors are designed for patterns, and patterns are used to explain the meaning of ceremonies.
In Confucius' view, there is no distinction between ceremony and music. The ceremony is different, and the joy is different. Because in the Spring and Autumn Period, family ties were strong, there were few collective people, conscious harmony prevailed, and rites and music dominated life. After the Qin and Han dynasties, the administrative and legal authority of the country increased greatly, but it was still in the name of ceremony, while the governance function of music was greatly reduced. Therefore, it is difficult for scholars in centralized countries to know the weight of music governance in small countries and few people.
With this basic understanding, circumstantial evidence is easy to find. "Confucius' Family Language on Rites": "The ancients and the ancients, who are polite but not happy, are called elements. "Rites and music go hand in hand, and no music is like a miscellaneous essay." "The Book of Rites" also says: "You can't be happy, but you are in the ceremony." There is another sentence: "It is the essence to be polite but not happy. Similar to the rites and music of "thinking and painting afterwards", the happiness of literature and entertainment is voluntary, regardless of the role of low music. Xia Zi used three sentences of the folk song "I thought it was gorgeous", which led to Confucius' understanding of "after painting"; Confucianism, which attaches great importance to rites and music, has been highly praised by teachers unexpectedly. Today, we have a new understanding of this passage, and even more unexpectedly feel that Confucianism is rooted in the people.
"The Analects of Confucius Taber": "Confucius said: Prosperity lies in poetry, ceremony lies in ceremony, and success lies in joy." This poem is not 300 poems in a narrow sense, but folk songs and even oral knowledge of the people in a broad sense, including the experience of various laborers, so I don't add the title. "Xing", rise, all knowledge rise, spread knowledge among the people. Confucius collected and perfected rites and music. "Prosperity lies in poetry, standing in ceremony and being happy". I think this is the experience of Confucius, the program of folk culture moving towards national culture, which makes the traditional rites and music of agricultural society seamlessly connect with the new world.