Feathering appeared in the Warring States Period and remained in use until the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Its name gradually became "ear cup" and then gradually disappeared.
Since the advent of feather clothing, it is not only the provincial name of feather clothing, but also the general name of all wine glasses. Therefore, the ancients called wine travel "line" and wine administration "line". Cao Zhi's poem "Seven Wonders" in the Three Kingdoms says: "Full of green bottles, carved with discretion, floating ants boiling, cool and fragrant." Li Bai's poem "Leave Cao Nanguan in Jiangnan" says: "Leave Wan Li to worry, so I will resume this title." The cassock here may mean feathers, because feathers were really popular at that time. Ouyang Xiu's "Huanxisha Lights Shine on the Moon as Frost" says: "After dancing with both hands, the sleeves are dragged, and a song is golden." I'm afraid the golden coat here refers not to the feather coat, but to the wine glass, because there was no feather coat in the Song Dynasty.
Feathers are mostly unearthed in archaeological discoveries all over China, and the materials are lacquer, copper, gold, silver, jade, pottery and so on. Lacquer, bronze and jade are mostly practical products, while Tao Yu is a funerary product. A large number of lacquer feathers were unearthed, and 20 pieces were unearthed from Tomb No.6 in Yangjiawan, Changsha, Hunan. Related records ① "Book of Rites": "Go ahead."
(2) "Chu Ci Evokes Soul": "Yaojiang honey spoon is more like a feather." Wang Yi's note: "Feather, Cui Yu also. Hey hey. " Hong Xingzu added: "The cup is decorated with feathers and can be drunk quickly. A cloud shaped like a knight is actually a slap, but it is actually empty. "
(3) History of Han, Biography of consorts, Filial Piety, Filial Piety: "Look around." Yan Shigu said to Meng Kang, "Feathers are noble. They are born in the shape of nobles, with heads, tails and wings. "
④ Zhang Heng's "Xijing Fu": "Promoting nave to sit in a narrow position, feather does not count."
⑤ Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion: "There are mountains, lush forests and bamboos, and Qingxi, which are reflected left and right, thinking that they are flowing."
⑥ Li Bai's Preface to Brothers' Spring Banquet in Peach Blossom Garden: "Open a Qiong Banquet, sit on flowers, fly feathers and get drunk on the moon."
⑦ Xin Qiji's poem entitled "The Rhyme of Manjianghong Reusing the Cold Spring Pavilion" said: "I will ride a horse gracefully in a small place, and my feathers will fly quickly."
⑧ Preface to Zhu Yizun's "Feeling Old on the Qinhe River": "The owner made the calf welcome it and wait for it." The banquet of ancient people in wine culture must be accompanied by music and drums, so that the guests and the host can enjoy themselves. The cassock is a container for wine in ancient times. "Book of Rites Throwing Pots": "Please play the cassock" means offering the cassock to persuade wine. Yan Yanzhi's Zheng Tao Zhu Shi: "I miss the past banquets and learn from each other." Toast to others or drink by yourself is also called drinking. In Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Dayu said: "Guan Zi drinks Huan Gong", and Fan Chengda's poem "You can't drink wine". It means to persuade wine and propose a toast.
Feathers are generally lacquerware and pottery, which are ear cups used in ancient drinking. Ancient etiquette, drinking with both hands holding ear cups, unlike today's people holding cups with one hand.
Ancient emperors used knighthoods for drinking, and the following officials used feathers for drinking. "Songs of Chu" said: "Yao paste is thick and spoonful, really like feathers." That is, drinking in feathers with a lacquer spoon. "Han Shu Cheng Xiao Ban Jieyu" said: "Take care of feathers and get rid of troubles", which means pouring wine into feathers and drinking to get rid of troubles.
Feathers Feathers are oval. Yan Shigu quoted Meng Kang as saying: "Feathers, Jue leaves, like birds, have a head, a tail and wings." Feathers, which are usually seen, have no head and tail, and their wings are in the shape of ears, so people also call them ear cups, which are made of lacquer, wood, jade, copper and other materials.
Lacquer feathers have the largest number of excavations and the most complete preservation. No.6 Tomb in Yangjiawan, Changsha, Hunan Province, with 20 pieces unearthed at one time. Lacquer feathers are painted with four-leaf patterns and deformed dragon and phoenix patterns. Several pieces of lacquer feathers unearthed in Zuogong Mountain are mostly dragon and phoenix patterns. The unearthed feathers have vermilion patterns on the black ground, wired stripes on the inner and outer edges of the mouth, deer running on the ear surface, and four-petal patterns on the other end. The deer and petals have gray-blue patterns, which is very aristocratic.
Ordering drinking while drinking, also called urging politics, is a game for fun when drinking. The method is: promote one person to be an official, others take turns to say poems in order, and those who violate the order will be fined. The poet drank wine and wrote a poem, "Flying feathers get drunk with the moon." Li Bai's 3,000 poems about fighting wine are all related to feathers.
Li Bai's Preface to Brothers' Spring Banquet in Peach Blossom Garden wrote:
Those who love heaven and earth, those who travel against everything, those who spend time, are passers-by for hundreds of generations. And if you live in a dream, it is not bad to lead the ancients to a candlelight night tour for the happiness of geometry. Kuang Yangchun told me to smoke, and I made a big fake article. Meet the Peach Blossom Garden and tell the family happiness. Group Ji, all hui Lian; We sing, and we are ashamed of our happiness. You didn't get a reward. You can tell me. Give a banquet, sit on flowers, fly feathers and get drunk on the moon. If there is no good chanting, how can you stretch your arms? If the poem fails, it will be punished according to the number of wine fights in Jingu.
Li Baishan was called a poet because of his heavy drinking. Poets in history seem to be related to poetry, wine, literature and feasting. Xie Shi said: "The banquet is wonderful, and the banquet in central Guangxi is full of feathers." These feathers are probably painted, because the painted ones are lighter and more delicate. Zuo Si's "Five Degrees of Fu" said: "Soaring up and raising white", in which the word "soaring" was used to describe the banquet room, showing the poet's enthusiasm for drinking. In the hands of the poet, a small lacquer ear cup is like a winged cup, which is quickly filled with wine and then gulped down. This is "flying feather"
Without good chanting, how to stretch and flow.
Although by the Warring States period, the brewing technology had made remarkable progress. According to the Book of Rites, when making wine, "the rice should be neat, the tiller should be timely, the Nian Chi should be clean, the spring should be fragrant, the pottery should be good, and the fire should be neat." 1974, two bronze pots of aged wine more than 2,200 years ago were unearthed from the Warring States Tomb in Pingshan County, Hebei Province. 1987, a moire wine box with ear cups was unearthed from Tomb B in Baoshan, Jingmen, Hubei. Ear cups generally draw bird moire on the ears, with black lines or ink lines inside and ink lines outside. In addition to plain ear cups, there are painted double phoenix ear cups, painted moire ear cups, geometric ear cups and special-shaped bird ear cups. The so-called feather, some scholars think it is a feather inserted in a cup, which may be a form of feather. On the lacquer ear cup, birds are painted on both ears. Can this bird pattern replace flying feathers and call ear cups feathers? Qu Shui Liu Jian "Qu Shui Liu Jian" is an ancient game in China. In March of the Gregorian calendar, after people hold a ceremony, everyone sits on both sides of the canal, puts their glasses on the upstream and goes down the river. Whoever stops in front of them will have a drink. This game is very old. There is a saying in the escape poem: "Feathers drift with the tide". The "winding water flow" originated from the ancient custom of the third festival in March. Shangsi refers to the first day of March in the summer calendar. In the Zhou Dynasty, there was a custom of bathing on the seashore, which meant a ritual of cleaning the body to get rid of fierce diseases. The court appointed a full-time witch to take charge of this matter. The Book of Songs Zheng Yan records that Zheng's spring is in March. In the Han Dynasty, the third day of March was designated as a festival. The Book of Rites of the Later Han Dynasty records: "On the third day of March, the officials and the people were all immersed in the east water to wash away the dirt and make it clean." After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Shangsi was changed to the third day of March, which became an important festival. The custom of washing body gradually evolved into a banquet by the water and a spring outing in the suburbs. On the third day of March in the 9th year of Yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (353), 42 people, including Wang Xizhi, Xie An and Sun Chuo, folk history of Huiji, gathered in Lanting, Yin Shan (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). After the sacrificial ceremony, a water game was held, and 42 people drank and recited poems. Wang Xizhi's poems formed the Preface to Lanting Collection. From then on, meandering water, chanting poems, drinking and enjoying the scenery have been passed down for thousands of years. The custom of "Qushui flowing" also spread to Japan.