1 Grand Commander of the Military Forces in the World (Zhengyipin)
Commander-in-Chief of the Army (Zhengyipin)
General Ce Tian (Justice Product)
4 Zhen Guogong (Zhengyipin)
5 Jing Guogong (Zhengyipin)
6 Fu Guogong (Zhengyipin)
Seven kingdoms (justice goods)
8 Gong Weiguo (Zhengyipin)
9 A title of generals in ancient times (from Yipin)
10 Anxi Our Mission (from Yipin)
1 1 General Guo Fu (positive level 2)
12 general Ce Shen (positive second grade)
13 General Longwu (positive second grade)
14 general SHEN WOO (positive second grade)
15 General Zhen Guo (Zheng Erpin)
16 General Shang (from the second grade)
17 right-back general (from the second grade)
18 champion general (grade 3)
19 General Huaihua (Grade 3)
General Yu Lin (plus three products)
2 1 General Xiao Wei (Activism)
22. General Wuwei (Activism)
23 General Wei Wei (Activism)
24 main generals (activism)
25. General Jin Wu (positive doctrine)
26 General Supervision (Activism)
27. General Qian Niuwei (positive doctrine)
28 General Guide (from Doctrine)
29. General Yun Hui (from the doctrine)
General Zhong Wu (in the fourth grade)
3 1 Chief Inspector arrives without pomp (positive four products)
General Zhuang Wu (below level 4)
Commander of Huaihua Corps (below Grade 4)
34. General Xuanwei (from Sipin)
Commander of the 35th Corps (from Sipin)
General Wei Ming (from the fourth grade)
At the age of 37, he returned to Germany as corps commander (from the fourth grade).
General Dingyuan (Grade 5)
39 Riding Captain (Positive Five)
General Ning Yuan (Level 5)
4 1 Huaihua Langjiang (below grade five)
42. General Right Banner (from five categories)
Guerrilla generals (from the fifth grade)
44 Guide Lang Jiang (from Grade Five)
45 Captain Zhao Wu (sixth grade) 46 Captain Xiaoqi (sixth grade)
Huaihua Division (below Grade 6)
48 Captain Wei Zhen (sixth grade student) 49 Captain Qi Fei (sixth grade student)
50 Captain Zhiguo (Grade 7) 5 1 Captain Yun Qi (Grade 7)
52 Huaihua Zhonghou (under the steam product)
53 Captain Yi Hui (from Qipin) 54 Wu Qiwei (from Qipin)
55 Returning to Germany and Waiting (from the seventh grade)
Captain Xuan Jie (Upper 8th grade)
57. Deputy Director Xuan Jie (below 8th grade)
58 Huaihua No.4 Brother (under the eighth grade)
59. Guard Captain (from Bapin)
60 deputy commanders (from Baping)
6 1 belongs to desco (from 8th grade)
62 Captain Ren Yong (ninth grade)
63 Huaihua holds a halberd (below Grade 9)
64 Accompanying Rong, a captain (from doing)
65 Return to Germany and hold a halberd (from Grade 9)
Sergeant 66
In the Tang Dynasty, emperors were often called "saints", while close people or their attendants were called "everyone". Interestingly, in the Tang Dynasty, women called their mother-in-law "everyone". As for the romantic son of heaven like Tang, people close to him call him "Saburo" and Princess Taizhen "Madam"; As for the crown prince, he is often called "husband" by people around him; The prince was crowned king and called "king", and the princess was called "Lord". For example, in Xue's Biography of Yulun Robe, "When the King of Qi entered the palace, he said,' When you leave, you will have a banquet'".
Princes and kings sometimes call themselves "I am a widow". Let's talk about a few examples first. There was a conversation between Emperor Taizong and Wei Chijingde, Duke of Hubei, who was the king of Qin at that time. The king of Qin said, "I hold a bow and arrow, and the public holds a spear. Although millions of people are helpless, Wang Yong Biography, another book of the old Tang Dynasty, says that the World Guild calls itself an "orphan", which can be seen from the speech of Li Yuan, Duke of the Tang Dynasty at that time, in the Notes on Entrepreneurship in the Tang Dynasty. For example, in Jiazidan in the summer and May of that year, Tang Guogong said to everyone: "In today's world, thieves have ten rooms and nine rooms, calling themselves kings and specializing in cities and counties. The lonely Dutch emperor Wen likes him very much and wants to repay his kindness and contribute to the royal family with the sages. " .
For Princess Taizhen and Prince Taizhen, the names of "Lady" and "Lang Jun" are not groundless. In the Tang Dynasty, slaves called their master or Lang. And call the young master "Lang Jun"; Address the hostess and the young lady as "ladies" But "Niangzi" and "Lang Jun" are not only used by slaves to address their masters, but also by others when they meet women, and by others when they meet young women. Older people will also call young people "Lang" or "Lang", as described in a poem by Li Bai: An old man asked Li Bai "Why Lang wants to live now"? Then warned him that "such a storm is not feasible."
In addition, when the emperors of the Tang Dynasty called their aunts and other Harlem, they would also call them "aunts" and "sisters" like the folks. For example, in the annotation of the Complete Works of Li Deyu, Li Deyu wrote a letter to Princess Taihe for Tang Wuzong, which wrote: "My aunt has been married for more than 20 years, so it is difficult to make a fortune, so she is prepared for it. I watch it here every time.
When the emperor calls his uncle and brother, he often puts the title on the title. For example, The Book of One Ruler and One Ruler has been published for three years: Teng and Jiang can't be honest and cautious, and the emperor gave five kings, not as good as two kings. He said, "Uncle Teng and Jiang Xiong don't give anything, but start their own business." "Youyang Miscellany" Volume 12: Knowing it in the Ming Dynasty, I laughed at the book and reported: "Brother Ning can work with this monk." Another example is "Quotations", which says: Ning Wang took a sip of rice on his throne and put his hand in the dragon's face. "Why does Brother Ning have a problem with his throat?"
Emperors often address their sons and nephews by titles and titles. For example, Yuan Zhen's "Lianchang Palace Ci" has a self-evident saying: cherish slaves, advocate Tianbao fame and be good at singing. There is a banquet downstairs every year. After a busy day, people start quarreling. The innovation of Yan 'an and Wei can't be banned, and all the music is over. Ming Chengzu sent Gao Lishi upstairs to shout, saying, "If you want to send domestic slaves to sing, I will play a small pipe with twenty-five lang to see if people will listen." ? The man is twenty-five years old, the son of Huai Wang and Wang Shouli, and the nephew of the Ming emperor, Wang Chengning.
In the Tang Dynasty, men who knew each other were often called by their surnames and first names. For example, Bai Juyi called Yuan Zhen Yuan Jiu, and Tang Dezong once called Lu Zhi Lu Jiu. Women usually add "Niang" before their surnames, such as "Gong Sundaniang" and "Li Erniang". As common pronouns, "Xiao Lang" and "Xiao Niang" have long been widely known.
In addition, when it comes to "Lang", two other titles have to be mentioned: at that time, women called their husband's younger brother "Xiao Lang"; This son-in-law is also known as the "prodigal son", just like in The Story of the Warrior, the unparalleled family called Wang Xianke the "prodigal son" from an early age.
At that time, when women were addressed, their surnames were often preceded by the word "A". For example, in "Pushing Women Together" (written by Niu Sangru), there is: "Yuanhe Zhong, Raozhou secretariat pushes the Communist Party of Women, which is suitable for Li in Longxi. ..... Sir, don't fall. Chasing A Zi is life. " Between husband and wife, husbands can also call their wives this way, which has been handed down from ancient times. For example, Youyang Miscellanies records that after Wei's death, his wife Liang married a subset. On the wedding day, you should go back to the court and shout, "Liang, please forget me"? In the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty-Volume101-Biography of Xin Tifei, Xin Tifei wrote in her memorial to Zong Rui: "Your Majesty was the Crown Prince at that time, and he was in Awei ..." In the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, volume 92, Biography of Wei Anshi's ancestral brother Juyuan, there was: "Therefore, Princess Taiping corrected.
In addition, after marriage, women in the Tang Dynasty were generally regarded as wives, but the previous surname was female. For example, a supplement to Tang Shi wrote: "Mrs Miao, her father is a teacher (Miao Jinqing), her uncle is Zhang Hedong (Zhang), her husband is a reward, her son is Hongjing, and her son-in-law is Wei Taiwei". For example, Volume 1 of One's Ruling in One's Ruling in One's Ruling shows that Peici in Hangzhou was seriously ill, which made Xia Rong, the owner of Qiantang County, read it. Rong said, "Your majesty has nothing to worry about, and your wife should have worshipped you a long time ago." Mrs Cui said, "What do you want?" . Another example is "North Dream Lock Eyes" Volume 8: Zhang Brown's book is in Jinzhou, and the foreign shop loves prostitutes and children. Among them, the Su family was jealous and didn't dare to take it back ... Mrs. Su cried and said to the philosophers, "I know that there is such a son." There are many records in the official history, such as the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, such as the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty-Volume 166-Biography of Yuan Zhen, which also records: "His mother, Mrs. Zheng, is also a virtuous daughter, and her family is poor, so she teaches books and calligraphy by herself." In the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty-Volume 171-Biography of Li Bo, Cui Fa's mother was called "Mrs. Wei": "When Ji Feng and others fought with him, it was really disrespectful to say that Cui Faling was a Chinese. However, this mother is Wei Guan's sister ... Mrs. Wei wailed, made her staff forty, thanked Zhang, and the emperor sent an envoy to comfort her. " There is also a repetition in The Book of the New Tang Dynasty Biography of Empresses-Biography of Empresses-Biography of Virtue: "I will be buried, and my stepmother, Mrs. Zheng, will offer a libation. Sacrifice is useless, so I want to hear it. "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty-Volume 163-Biography of Liu Gong Chuo": "Mrs. Shannan's great-grandmother and grandson are toothless, and Mrs. Tang's grandmother is filial, and she will be promoted to a wet nurse every time she goes down the stairs, and her grandson will not eat for several years. "And I haven't seen anyone named by her husband.
Having said that, I find that I haven't talked about my ideas at that time. At that time, most men called themselves "a certain", and some modestly called themselves "servants", so they called themselves more. Besides being called "slaves" like later women, women also call themselves "children".
In the Tang dynasty, only the prime minister was called "xianggong", not as widely used as later; Officials in Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province call each other "Ge Lao"; Thorn makes people honored as "ambassadors"; The honorific title of the county magistrate is "Mingfu"; As for Xian Cheng and others, they are called "Shaofu". They are often called "Gong Ming".
In addition, if we look at the mutual address in the officialdom of the Tang Dynasty and the address of the people when they meet the emperor or officials, we will feel that the relationship between people at that time was far more equal than that in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
In the Tang dynasty, "adult" was only a title of respect for his father, and was not used to address officials with higher status than himself. Moreover, when lower-level officials meet higher-level officials, or when people meet officials, they are not as servile as later generations. At that time, officials were generally called official positions unless they knew each other well. When the prime minister meets an assassin, he will call himself "a certain", "an assassin" or "an envoy", which makes him call himself "a certain". Similarly, the people he managed called him "an assassin" or "an envoy", and the assassin called the people the same as the people called the assassin.
For example, a person in Guo Ziyi calls himself "XXX" when he talks to a worker who is repairing a wall in his house, and the worker calls himself "XXX" when he answers.
Similarly, for an assistant minister, no matter his officers, subordinates or even the people, he is called "assistant minister", while for Dali Temple officials and even prisoners awaiting trial in prison, he is also called "a minister". For example, when Zhang Wenxian was the director of Dali Temple, the convicted person said, "Zhang Qing's punishment was not in vain." Even in court, people call themselves "a certain" if they are men, while women call themselves "children" as usual. For example, it is recorded in Kaiyuan Chuanxinji that Pei Kuan received a petition asking for a cat for two women. The petition said, "If it is a cat, it is a cat. Not a cat is not a cat. " This paper can also be a smile.
In the Tang Dynasty, some officials called themselves "humble officials", but it was rare in the records. In the third volume of The Legend of the Tang Dynasty, Wang Qiuli told the King of Qin to say, "Why don't you let Beizhi know and bully him? Is it the handle of the country? "
In addition, when people meet the emperor, they also call themselves "ministers" like officials, which can be seen in the dialogue between the Ming emperor and an old man when he fled and a farmer when Dezong patrolled.
It is strange that the word "Your Highness" was used in the Tang Dynasty. It seems that this word is only used for princes, not for kings.
However, since the Three Kingdoms period, the word "Your Highness" has been applied to kings of Jin Dynasty, Song Qi Liang Chen Nan Dynasty and Northern Dynasty. Sui established this title in a prescribed way. In Sui Shu, "the king speaks orders, and in China they call him Your Highness."
Is the usage of the Tang Chengsui system so different from that of the past dynasties?
In the Tang Dynasty, emperors and generals addressed their relatives differently from other dynasties. For example, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty called himself "I" and sometimes used "I" or "I". You can give your son a nickname if you are close. Usually, you can call him by his first name or by his ranking, such as Jiu Lang. For your aunt and other harem, you will call them the same as ordinary people.
Most of the ancient appellations we are familiar with now are those of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. From the Tang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the appellation of China changed greatly, and the appellation of the Tang Dynasty was very interesting.
In China, couples often call each other "husband" and "wife". According to legend, this title first appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and it has been 1000 years.
In the Tang Dynasty, there was a man named Mai. After he succeeded in the senior high school entrance examination, he disliked his wife's aging and wanted to have sex again. But after all, the old lady has taken care of herself for most of her life, and it is cruel to divorce her. So I wrote a couplet and deliberately put it on my desk: "When the lotus flower declines, the fallen leaves turn into old lotus roots." Show it to his wife who tidied up his study. After the wife saw it, she continued to write a couplet: "Huangdao has ripe grains and new rice." Mai Aixin was ashamed to read his wife's second couplet and gave up the idea of divorcing her.
Seeing her husband change his mind, Mai Aixin's wife wrote: "My husband is fair." Mai Ai Xin went on to write: "My wife is a woman." "Husband" and "wife" are also called out among the people.
In the Tang Dynasty, emperors and generals addressed their relatives differently from other dynasties. For example, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty called himself "I" and sometimes used "I" or "I". You can give your son a nickname if you are close. Usually, you can call him by his first name or by his ranking, such as Jiu Lang. For your aunt and other harem, you will call them the same as ordinary people.
Ji Shuike mentioned in "Random Talk on Appellations in Tang Dynasty" that when the emperor addressed his aunt and other wives, he would call them "gu" and "elder sister" like the folks. The Collation of the Complete Works of Li Deyu contains a letter written by Li Deyu to Princess Taihe for Tang Wuzong, which reads: "My aunt has been away from home for more than 20 years, so it is difficult to write an afterword, so be prepared for hardship. Every time I read it, I will make good use of it ... I want to see the cities in my old country, but I can't get fascinated. I hope that the Han Dynasty will tell me this, and I will shed tears ... ".
When the emperor calls his uncle and brother, he often puts the title on the title. There are three things in the third volume of A Book of Ruling and Ruling: Teng and Jiang can't be honest and cautious, and the emperor (Emperor) gave five kings, which is not as good as two kings. He said: "Uncle Teng and Jiang Xiong engage in their own economy and give them nothing." "Youyang Miscellany" Volume 12: Knowing it in the Ming Dynasty, I laughed at the book and reported: "Brother Ning can work with this monk." Another example is "Quotations", which says: Ning Wang took a sip of rice on his throne and put his hand in the dragon's face. "Why does Brother Ning have a problem with his throat?"
Emperors often address their sons and nephews by titles and titles. For example, Yuan Zhen's "Lianchang Palace Ci" has a self-evident saying: cherish slaves, advocate Tianbao fame and be good at singing. There is a banquet downstairs every year. After a busy day, people start quarreling. The innovation of Yan 'an and Wei can't be banned, and all the music is over. Ming Chengzu sent Gao Lishi upstairs to shout, saying, "If you want to send domestic slaves to sing, I will play a small pipe with twenty-five lang to see if people will listen." ? The man is twenty-five years old, the son of Huai Wang and Wang Shouli, and the nephew of the Ming emperor, Wang Chengning.