Planting techniques of pepper in greenhouse in autumn and winter
A, botanical characteristics:
1, root
Pepper is the main root crop. Compared with tomato and eggplant, its root system is underdeveloped and its regeneration ability is weak. The main root groups are mostly distributed in 15cm plough layer, which is not drought-tolerant and waterlogging-tolerant.
Step 2 stop
Pepper stems are erect, yellow-green, with dark green longitudinal stripes, some are purple, and the wood at the base is tough. Generally, there are two branches, and there are also three branches.
Step 3 leave
Pepper leaves are simple and alternate, oval or rectangular. The leaves are smooth and slightly shiny.
4. flowers
Pepper is bisexual, solitary or clustered 1-3 with white or greenish white corolla. The base of the calyx is connected with the calyx tube, bell-shaped, with 5 teeth at the apex, persistent. Corolla connate at base, with 5-lobed apex and nectaries at base. Stamens 5-6, pistil 1, ovary 2-loculed, rarely 3 or 4-loculed. This is an ordinary outcrossing crop.
5. Fruits and seeds
Pepper fruit is a kind of berry with rich pulp; The diaphragm is produced at the suture of the carpel. The surface of pericarp is smooth, usually with ventral groove, depression or transverse wrinkles. The shapes of fruits are conical, short conical, trumpet-shaped, long, cylindrical and lantern-shaped. The top of the fruit has a sharp, blunt, blunt and other shapes. The fruit droops, either upward or in the middle. The seeds are kidney-shaped, pale yellow, and the ovule is curved. The 1000-grain weight is 4.5-7.5g.
Second, the cultivation techniques
1, main varieties
When selecting varieties of red pepper cultivated in greenhouse in autumn and winter, two adaptability should be considered: one is market adaptability, and the selected pepper varieties should meet the needs of the market and meet the needs of consumers in terms of spicy taste and fruit shape; The second is the adaptability of cultivation conditions, that is, the selected varieties should be able to adapt to the greenhouse production in autumn and winter in this area. Jiangjiao No.2, Red Bull, Hengjiao No.8, Luojiao No.4 and Xiang Yan No.3 are the main red pepper varieties cultivated in greenhouse in autumn and winter in Huaibei area. All the above varieties belong to the middle and late maturity varieties of slightly spicy and coarse horn pepper, which have concentrated fruit setting in the early stage and strong disease resistance, and are suitable for planting in most areas of Jiangsu.
2, stubble arrangement and cultivation methods
In autumn and winter, red pepper is planted in greenhouse in late July and early August, fixed in late August and early September, and harvested continuously from 65438+ 10 to February of the following year. The seedling raising period of pepper in greenhouse in autumn and winter is in the high temperature and rainstorm season in August. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, it is necessary to cover the seedlings with top film and sunshade net in the greenhouse, which can effectively play the role of shading, cooling and preventing heavy rain.
The cultivation of red pepper in greenhouse in autumn and winter in Huaibei area requires that it can be cultivated normally under the conditions of covering plastic film, shed film, straw curtain film and shed film.
Step 3 raise seedlings
(1) seed treatment. Sun the seeds for 1-2d before sowing, so as to eliminate harmful germs on the surface of the seeds. Then blanch and disinfect the seeds in warm water at 55℃ for 65438 05 minutes. In the process of blanching, the seeds should be constantly stirred and hot water should be added to keep the seeds at about 55℃ all the time, so as to achieve the purpose of full disinfection. In order to effectively prevent virus disease, the seeds were blanched and disinfected, soaked in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20 min, and then washed with clear water after being taken out. Soak the seeds for 8- 10h to make the seeds fully absorb water, then wash the seed coat mucus and drain the water on the surface of the seeds to sow. High temperature seedling raising in summer is generally not suitable for sowing after germination.
(2) Seedbed preparation. About 20 days before sowing, the fields with high terrain, good drainage, loose and fertile soil and no solanaceae vegetable crops such as potatoes were planted for three consecutive years were selected as seedbeds. Weeds in the seedbed and surrounding areas should be eradicated, and the drainage ditch should be cleaned to ensure smooth drainage. Apply decomposed organic fertilizer 10kg per square meter of seedbed, and deeply plough and rake to fully mix the fertilizer and soil. After trimming and leveling, make a frame with a width of 1.5m, and then irrigate and sow with sole water. Generally, every square meter of seedbed should be watered with about 25 kilograms of bottom water. 667 square meters of pepper cultivation land needs 50 grams of pepper seeds and 35-40 square meters of seedbeds.
(3) Seedbed treatment. In order to eliminate harmful bacteria and underground pests remaining in the seedbed soil, it is generally necessary to disinfect and kill insects in the seedbed. There are many disinfection methods for seedbeds. Two commonly used methods are introduced here: one is to mix 70% thiophanate-methyl or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 8- 10g with 1.5-2kg sieved fine soil per square meter of seedbed, and keep it stuffy for 24h after mixing, in which 1/3 is used as bedding soil, and then evenly spread on the seedbed after sowing. Secondly, per square meter of seedbed,10g of 75% Dixon soluble powder and 200g of fine soil were evenly mixed to make medicinal soil, which was evenly spread on the seedbed. Insecticidal treatment of seedbed is mainly to use 1000 times of 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate or 1000 times of 85% dichlorvos emulsifiable concentrate to kill underground pests such as crickets and cutworms.
(4) sowing. After the bottom of the seedbed is soaked under water, the surface of the border is scraped flat and sown. There are two ways of sowing: sowing or drilling. When sowing, the seeds are evenly spread on the seedbed, and then covered with fine wet soil with a thickness of 65438±0cm; When drilling, a shallow ditch with a depth of 1cm should be made on the seedbed with an interval of 8cm, and then seeds should be planted in the shallow ditch and covered with fine wet soil with a thickness of 1cm. After the seeds are sown, the seedbed should be covered with a plastic film to keep moisture, and then covered with a straw curtain to cool down. The seedbed temperature is kept at 28-30℃ to promote the germination and emergence of pepper. When the emergence rate reaches 50%, the straw curtain and plastic film should be removed in time to enter the normal seedbed management in summer.
(5) Weeding among seedlings. Pepper seedlings are only 28-30 days in summer, so it is generally not necessary to divide seedlings. In order to ensure that the pepper seedlings have enough nutrition area in the seedbed, after the cotyledons of the seedlings are flattened, the seedlings should be interplanted in time, and the crowded two plants and the weak seedlings and weeds with poor growth should be pulled out. The seedlings are fixed after about 20 days, and the spacing between seedlings is 6-8cm. Cover the soil and protect the roots after weeding.
4. Seedling management
(1) Temperature and lighting management. Pepper seedling stage is strict with temperature. In principle, the temperature of seedbed after full seedling is 3-5℃ lower than that before full seedling, that is, 4-5 days after full seedling. By covering the sunshade net and spraying water, the temperature of the seedbed can be reduced appropriately to prevent the seedlings from growing white. Generally, it is maintained at 23-25℃ during the day and 15- 17℃ at night. After 4-5 days, the seedbed is managed normally, that is, it is maintained at 25-28℃ during the day and at 15-20℃ at night. The light saturation point of pepper is 30,000 lux and the light compensation point is 65,430. In summer, use a sunshade net to shade the pepper seedlings. Generally, the sunshade net is covered at 9- 10 on sunny days, and removed at 4-5 pm to let the seedlings see the light. Don't cover the sunshade net on cloudy days and at night.
(2) Fertilizer and water management. Pepper seedlings generally do not need topdressing. Before planting, topdressing can be done once in 1 week, and the diluted fertilizer can be decomposed and filtered every 667㎡ 1000kg. After pouring manure, the seedlings should be washed with clear water in time, or topdressing outside the roots with 500 times Huimanfeng liquid fertilizer. In summer, the temperature is high and the water evaporates quickly, so it is necessary to replenish water in time to meet the normal growth needs of pepper seedlings. When the seedbed is short of water, fine hole watering method can be used to quickly spray clean water for many times to wet the bed surface. In summer, it is generally advisable to water in the morning or at night when it is cool. When it rains, cover the canopy film in time to prevent rainwater from entering the seedbed and causing water accumulation in the seedbed.
(3) Prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests at seedling stage. Pepper seedling diseases mainly include damping-off, damping-off, gray mold, virus disease and so on. Fungal diseases, such as damping-off disease, damping-off disease and gray mold, can be controlled by drugs at the initial stage of onset. Commonly used drugs are: 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times, 70% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times, 70% dixon wettable powder 600 times, 50% prochloraz wettable powder 1500 times. The above drugs can be used alternately. When there is much rain and the temperature of the seedbed is high, 0.5 kg of 50% cardan wettable powder can be mixed with 20 kg of dry fine soil and sprinkled on the surface of the seedbed every 667㎡. Pepper seedlings are prone to virus diseases in summer, so it should be sprayed with 83 anti-agent 100 times before weeding and planting. When an infected strain is found, 500 times of 20% virus A wettable powder should be sprayed in time. At the same time, aphids should be completely killed to prevent aphids from spreading viruses.
(4) hardening seedlings before planting. 5-7 days before planting, topdressing and spraying the fertilizer in time according to the seedling situation, so that the fertilizer and medicine can go hand in hand, which is beneficial to the healthy growth of pepper after planting. For overgrown seedlings, measures such as shading, cooling and water control can be taken to control the vegetative growth of seedlings, and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or calcium superphosphate extract can be sprayed at the same time to improve the metabolic status of seedlings and promote the healthy growth of pepper seedlings.
Step 5 plant
(1) Preparation before planting. 20-30 days before sowing, the stubble must be removed, and all the diseases and residues of the previous crop must be removed from the field, and deep ploughing and air drying should be carried out. Comprehensive management should be carried out for fields with serious continuous cropping, and salt washing and disinfection can be carried out by irrigation, stuffy shed, high temperature and disinfection. Pepper has a high demand for soil nutrients, so base fertilizer should be applied again in pepper cultivation areas. Generally, before planting, 5000kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 25kg of calcium superphosphate, 0/0 kg of decomposed rapeseed cake fertilizer, 20kg of potassium sulfate and 20kg of urea are applied every 667㎡, and the fertilizers are deeply ploughed into the soil, fully mixed with the soil and raked. Cover the top film of the greenhouse and lay plastic film on the frame for planting. The experiment shows that the occurrence and harm of soil-borne diseases of pepper can be greatly reduced by using deep furrow and high ridge cultivation.
For the field with serious grass damage, 50 kg of 48% trifluralin 150g mixed with water can be evenly sprayed on the soil surface two days before plastic film mulching, and then the topsoil can be gently hugged for 3cm to prevent the photolysis of trifluralin.
(2) Colonization. The planting period of pepper in greenhouse in autumn and winter is selected in late August and early September, and the seedling age is 28-30 days. Because of the high temperature during planting, it should be planted after 3 pm on cloudy or sunny days to facilitate the survival of pepper seedlings. Planting row spacing is 45cm, plant spacing is 30cm, and about 4000 peppers are planted every 667㎡. Every 667㎡ after planting, 100g active root promoter and 1000kg water are mixed as root fixing water, and each plant is watered with 150-200g to promote the early development of new pepper roots.
6. Field management after field planting
During the growth of pepper in greenhouse in autumn and winter, the temperature is from high to low, and the suitable temperature and ground temperature time for pepper growth are short. Therefore, the greenhouse pepper cultivation in autumn and winter requires planting good trees in September and setting fruit before the first frost, so as to promote the growth and expansion of pepper fruit before the end of June165438+February, and to keep warm, prevent freezing and keep fresh after June 65438+February, so as to ensure the supply of red pepper during New Year's Day and Spring Festival.
(1) temperature management. The suitable temperature for pepper growth is 25-28℃ during the day and 15- 18℃ at night. Due to the high temperature in the early stage, only the top film is covered in the greenhouse, and no plastic film is needed on both sides, which is convenient for ventilation and cooling. When the temperature in the greenhouse is higher than 30℃ on sunny days, the sunshade net should be covered on the greenhouse or the straw curtain should be alternately covered on the top film to cool down. When the daytime temperature is stable below 28℃, the sunshade net or grass curtain on the greenhouse should be removed. As the temperature drops, around 5438+00 in mid-June, when the temperature is lower than 15℃ at night, both sides of the greenhouse are covered with plastic films. 10 10 in late October, the shed should be covered with two layers of shed film. When the frost comes in early and middle June165438+1early October, the second film should be covered with a straw curtain at night to keep warm. When the temperature continues to drop, cover the straw curtain with 1 layer of old agricultural film at night to form five layers of covering insulation. It's sunny at 8-9 in the morning, so it's necessary to remove the straw curtain in time and see the light heat up. When the temperature in the shed rises to 8- 10℃, the two films can be removed. Usually around 3: 30 in the afternoon, cover two layers of shed film and straw curtain in time to keep warm. At noon, the temperature in the shed is higher than 28℃, so it is necessary to ventilate and cool down in time to eliminate moisture. The ventilation of shed uncovering should be carried out in the lee of the south of the shed, and the ventilation volume should be gradually increased from large to small.
(2) Lighting management. In the early stage, the light is too strong, so it is necessary to cover the greenhouse with sunshade nets or grass curtains for shading, so as to reduce the light intensity in the greenhouse. In the middle and late growth period, it is necessary to extend the light-seeing time of pepper in the greenhouse as much as possible. Even if it is cloudy, as long as it doesn't rain or snow, we should remove the straw curtain in time to let the pepper see the light.
(3) Fertilizer and water management. Fertilization of pepper in autumn and winter crops is mainly based on base fertilizer, and it depends on top dressing at seedling stage. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer should be avoided, resulting in excessive growth of pepper nutrition and delayed fruit setting. Diammonium phosphate is best topdressing combined with irrigation, generally every 667m210kg. After delaying seedlings, apply fertilizer for delaying seedlings once, and then squat seedlings moderately. When the sweet pepper grows to 2-3cm, apply 1 double fertilizer for irrigation. In the fruiting period, topdressing should be done every 10- 15d 1 time. Results 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.4% urea can be sprayed on the leaves at peak period to supplement nutrition. In the later period, the temperature is low, so try to water and fertilize less. If you need to replenish water, you should choose sunny days for dark irrigation under the film at noon. When the weather is cold, the greenhouse should be ventilated for a short time at noon on a sunny day to minimize the air humidity in the greenhouse.
(4) Plant regulation. After normal fruit setting, the door pepper should be removed in time to promote the upper fruit setting. 165438+1before the first frost comes in the middle and early October, high-quality peppers are basically formed. It is necessary to destroy redundant lateral branches, shoots, small buds and young fruits in time, reduce nutrient consumption and promote the expansion of fruit. In general, it is appropriate to keep 15- 18 commercial pepper per plant.
(5) chemical control. The fruiting period of greenhouse peppers in autumn and winter is mainly from September to 65438+ 10. Generally, it is not necessary to treat flowers with anti-falling agent or 2,4-D. If red pepper needs to be harvested in advance, 1.5? 10-3-2? Full and long green peppers were treated with 10-3 ethephon solution, usually once every 6-7 days and applied twice continuously.
7. Pest control
Pepper diseases in autumn and winter mainly include Fusarium wilt, anthracnose, bacterial wilt and virus disease, and pepper pests mainly include aphids and tea yellow mites.
(1) Phytophthora capsici. Phytophthora blight is a fungal soil-borne disease, and the pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil in the form of oospores. High temperature, high humidity and rainy season, especially after heavy rain, are prone to diseases, and continuous cropping fields, water accumulation in fields and flooding irrigation will aggravate the occurrence of diseases. This disease will damage the stems, leaves and fruits of pepper. The main symptoms are dark green lesions and soft rot caused by waterlogging. When the stem is sick, the diseased part is often easily broken, and the diseased spot becomes light brown after drying. Agricultural control mainly adopts rotation, comprehensive management of continuous cropping obstacles, deep furrow and high border cultivation, increasing application of organic fertilizer to improve soil structure, formula fertilization and other methods. When a diseased plant is found in the field, it should be immediately pulled out and disinfected, and the diseased plant should be taken out of the field for destruction. Chemical agents can be sprayed or washed in the early stage of the disease. The commonly used chemicals are: 72% poisonous bangkelu WP 600 times solution, 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc WP 500 times solution, 64% antivirus alum Ms WP 500 times solution, 25% poisonous mildew WP 800 times solution and so on. The above agents can be used alternately. Spray/kloc-0 every 7 days for 3-4 days. Root irrigation: 250g per plant.
(2) Pepper anthracnose. Anthracnose is a major fungal disease of pepper, which is generally beneficial to the occurrence and development of anthracnose under warm and rainy conditions. Chemical agents can be sprayed in time at the early stage of onset, generally once every 7 days and continuously for 2-3 times. Commonly used chemicals are: 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder and 75% baiyinqing wettable powder; 600 times solution of 50% triamcinolone acetonide wettable powder, 50% codeine wettable powder and 80% anthrax thiram wettable powder. The above agents can be used alternately.
(3) Pepper bacterial wilt. Bacterial wilt is a bacterial disease, and the pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil as diseased residues. After bacteria invade plants, they multiply in the host under suitable conditions, destroying cell tissues and causing stems and leaves to wither. Symptoms of diseased stems are not obvious. Brown color can be seen at the base of the longitudinal section of the stem, and milky white mucus can be seen at the cross section when squeezed by hand, which is the main feature that distinguishes the disease from Fusarium wilt. Agricultural control can adopt rotation, paddy-upland rotation, deep furrow and high border cultivation and other methods. The diseased plants found in the field should be immediately pulled out for disinfection and taken out of the field for destruction. Chemical agents can be sprayed and administered at the initial stage of the disease, once every 7 days and continuously for 3-4 times; Root irrigation Each plant is irrigated with 250 grams of liquid medicine each time. Commonly used chemicals are: 77% kocide wettable powder, 30%DT wettable powder 500 times solution, agricultural streptomycin 2? 10-4。 The above agents can be used alternately in turn.
(4) Pepper virus disease. Virus disease is one of the common main diseases of pepper. High temperature and drought are conducive to virus reproduction, and aphids migrate to spread the virus. Its main symptoms are mosaic, yellowing, deformity and necrosis. The prevention and treatment of virus diseases must completely eliminate aphids and prevent aphids from spreading viruses. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen on-site management. Prevention and control methods:
Prevention programmes:
Scheme 1: 40g 15kg special for pepper virus disease is mixed with water every 7 days 1 time.
Scheme 2: Cui Jie 50g, water 15 kg, every 7 days 1 time.
Treatment plan:
Scheme 1: 40g 15kg water for pepper virus disease, 2 days, 7 days 1 course, 2-3 courses. After the disease is controlled, take preventive measures.
Scheme 2: Cui Jie for capsicum virus disease 40g+ 20g, 15kg mixed with water for 2 days, 1 course of treatment 7 days, 2-3 courses of treatment. After the disease is controlled, take preventive measures.
Remarks: In order to enhance its permeability, a proper amount of silica gel or pure milk can be added.
(6) tea yellow mite. Tea yellow mite has a short life cycle and strong fecundity. Warm and humid environmental conditions are conducive to the occurrence of tea yellow mites. Tea yellow mite often harms the tender part of pepper, making the damaged tender leaves stiff and grayish brown. The control of tea yellow mite should be carried out in the spot occurrence period, generally once every 10- 14d, and sprayed twice continuously. Commonly used drugs are: 73% propargite EC 1000 times solution.
3. Harvest: According to the market situation, red pepper can be harvested from the middle and late period of 65438+February to 65438+1October to February of the following year.
Cultivation techniques of pepper in greenhouse in summer and autumn
1, to ensure sufficient fertilizer and water for pepper, and the temperature should be controlled at 17-30℃.
2. Choose pepper varieties with light resistance and high temperature resistance;
3. In high temperature in summer and autumn, it is necessary to use nutrition pots to protect roots and raise seedlings, and plant them in the field with soil, with 2 ~ 3 seeds planted in each nutrition pot and 3,500 holes per 667 square meters;
4. Build a greenhouse and cover it with a film: the film on the greenhouse should be thicker, which can not only keep out the wind, but also have a better cooling effect.
5. Amount of base fertilizer: refer to the amount of spring ploughing, but due to the high temperature in summer, base fertilizer should be buried in advance 1 week.