Shang Yang absorbed the experience of Li Kui, Wuqi and other Wei Chu legalists, and combined with the specific situation of Qin State, further developed the legalist policy, and then came from behind, and the reform achieved great results.
He further broke the well field system, expanded the mu system, emphasized agriculture and restrained commerce, rewarded the production of male ploughing and female weaving, encouraged reclamation, and promoted the development of small-scale peasant economy in Qin State. He generally carried out the county system, enacted laws and adopted the unified measurement system.
A centralized monarchy was established. He banned private fighting, rewarded meritorious military service, and formulated a system of 20 ranks, which was conducive to strengthening the combat effectiveness of the army. He cracked down on the old aristocrats who opposed the political reform, and "burned poetry and books to understand the law", which enabled the political reform to be implemented.
After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin changed the old relations of production economically, abandoned mines and reclaimed land, and fundamentally established private ownership of land. Politically, the old patriarchal clan system was impacted and disintegrated, and the state mechanism was more perfect.
The construction of centralization began from now on; Militarily, rewarding military achievements achieved Qiang Bing's goal, greatly improved the combat effectiveness of the army, developed into the most powerful country in the late Warring States period, and created favorable conditions for Qin's next strategic development.
2. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty initiated the rule of emperor.
Huang Kai's rule began during the reign of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, which lasted for more than 20 years. At that time, people's livelihood was rich, people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and politics was stable. Emperor Wendi advocated frugality, saved a lot of expenses in the government, abolished unnecessary miscellaneous taxes, and set up granaries to store grain.
The Northern Zhou Dynasty "left" a large number of hidden population accounts of 4 million households and 4 million households in the Sui Dynasty (according to the research of scholars Cen and Yang Zhijiu), and no major war occurred. The Sui Dynasty received a large number of people from the Northern Zhou Dynasty and Chen, and checked their hidden accounts.
When the emperor was in power, it reached 8.6 million households (while the rebellion at the end of Sui Dynasty "left" more than 2 million households in the Tang Dynasty ("The rebellion left by Du in the last year, there were more than 2 million households in Wude, Tongdian, and many powerful enemies at home and abroad, which caused unprecedented damage").
Five years after Yang Di the Great (609), there were 8907536 households with 460 19956 people. A large amount of food and property stored by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was consumed by Yang Di, and Li Yuan occupied Chang 'an, giving the meritorious military weapons into storage.
It was found that the treasures of the Sui Dynasty were scarce. "The treasures of the Sui Dynasty were poured in to honor people, but the country lacked them." After Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty unified the world in the ninth year of his reign, he took the rich country as the primary goal and neglected taxation to solve people's difficulties, so as to ensure national taxation and stabilize people's livelihood.
Since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the household registration was unclear and the tax revenue was unstable. So Yang Jian opened the emperor for five years, that is, he studied the emperor's appearance, accepted the advice of Gao Jiong, the left servant of Shangshu, carried out the law of losing his household registration, conducted a national household registration survey, increased national tax revenue and improved the economy.
Eliminate the disadvantages of concealing household registration accumulated since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and promote the prosperity of emperors. At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, people's livelihood dried up because of the war in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Therefore, Emperor Wendi of Sui accepted Sima Suwei's suggestion to stop the monopoly of salt and wine and the market entry tax, and then cut taxes several times to reduce the burden on the people.
Promote national agricultural production and stabilize economic development. The reason why Fu Rao in Sui Dynasty didn't collect from the people was related to the implementation of equal land system in the whole country. This can not only increase taxes, but also stabilize economic development, and the gentry in the Southern Dynasties gradually weakened and disappeared.
3, Han Wendi, Han Jingdi Wen Jingzhi.
Due to the peasant war at the end of Qin Dynasty and the four-year Chu-Han dispute, the society was in turmoil and the economy was severely damaged, which led to very poor social economy in the early Western Han Dynasty. History books record that ordinary people can't produce in the fields, and there are famines everywhere, and people eat people.
More than half the people died. At that time, even the emperor could not ride in four pure carriages, but the generals could only ride in ox carts. Faced with this situation, Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, adopted a relaxed recuperation policy to govern the world, allowing soldiers to demobilize and go home without corvee.
Emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce has restored the broken social economy. It is urgent to stabilize the feudal ruling order and restore and develop the autocratic monarchy society and economy. After the death of Emperor Gaozu, the rebellion of Zhu and Lu broke out in the Han Dynasty after a period of turmoil.
The prime minister, Qiu, Zhu, and other imperial clan ministers condemned Zhu Lu and made him emperor, known as Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty in history, and state affairs gradually stabilized. Later, Emperor Liu Qi of Han Jing ascended the throne, Emperor Gaozu and later Emperor Wendi and Han Jing.
Drawing lessons from the Qin Dynasty, they adopted measures of paying less taxes and forgiving the people, reducing the corvee and labor burden of farmers, focusing on restoring agricultural production, stabilizing the feudal ruling order and focusing on developing agricultural production.
During the Wenjing period, frugality was advocated, and "educating the people with morality" was emphasized. The society was relatively stable and the economy developed. It has always been regarded as the "prosperous time" of feudal society and is called "the rule of culture and scenery" in history.
During the 70 years from the beginning of Han Dynasty to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the two emperors, Wen and Jing, were kind, diligent and believed in the feelings of Huang Lao. They adopt the policy of keeping a low profile and not disturbing the people, and their families are rich and their national strength is strong. It laid a solid foundation for the martial arts of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.
4. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty opened a prosperous new century.
The prosperous time of Kaiyuan, or the rule of Kaiyuan, refers to the prosperous time under the rule of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. After Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne, he advocated cultural education based on Taoist quiet thought. Appoint political talents, reform official positions, and rectify official management.
Make great efforts to stabilize the political situation in the middle Tang Dynasty. It laid the foundation for future economic development and recovery. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty first reformed from the economic aspect. In order to strengthen national strength, increase fiscal revenue, formulate new economic measures, crack down on the rich gentry and liberate the labor force.
Reform and implement the ban system, increase government revenue and reduce people's burden; Strike against Buddhist forces and destroy monks and nuns; Vigorously develop agriculture. Tang Xuanzong also reformed the military system and took many other measures to consolidate the army.
Vigorously develop border wasteland, improve the combat effectiveness of the army and expand the territory. Carry out the national policy of reconciliation with foreign countries, improve ethnic relations and further unify the country.
At the same time, harmonious ethnic relations in the Kaiyuan period also played a great role in promoting social stability and economic development. Thanks to a series of positive measures taken by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and the hard work of the broad masses of the people, the Tang Dynasty ruled the world and the economy developed rapidly.
The Tang Dynasty here reached a very high level in all aspects, with unprecedented national strength, unprecedented social and economic prosperity and a substantial increase in population. During the Tianbao period, the population of the Tang Dynasty reached 80 million, and the national fiscal revenue was stable.
Commerce is very developed, domestic transportation extends in all directions, cities are more prosperous, foreign trade is developing day by day, Persia and big food merchants are in an endless stream, and businessmen from Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou and other metropolises gather.
Businessmen of all colors and languages come and go in different clothes, which is very lively. The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, and the feudal society in China reached its peak. Because the year number at that time was "Kaiyuan", it was called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" in history.
5, Li Shimin Zhenguan rule.
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, due to the chaos caused by Yang Di, the Sui Dynasty experienced serious destruction and depression of people's livelihood. The Northern Zhou Dynasty "left" 6.9 million households in the Sui Dynasty (according to research by scholars Cen and Yang Zhijiu), and there was no major war.
However, Emperor Yang Di caused chaos in the world and the population dropped sharply. The Sui Dynasty "left" more than 2 million households in the Tang Dynasty (according to Du's record in the General Code, after the emperor's consumption and chaos, there were only more than 2 million households in the Wude period in the early Tang Dynasty).
And many powerful enemies at home and abroad, the destructive power is unprecedented. Li Yuan and Li Shimin unified the Central Plains and the South, creating conditions for Zhenguan rule. After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he witnessed the rise and fall of the Sui Dynasty, and the peasant war disintegrated the Sui Dynasty.
Yang Di realized the importance of the peasant class to the stability of the absolute monarchy, so he was often used as a negative textbook to warn himself and his subordinates. Draw lessons from the demise of the Sui Dynasty, correct the disadvantages of the previous dynasty, adjust the ruling policy, practice internal economy, and let the people recuperate.
Relieve class contradictions, stabilize social order and restore the economy. Emperor Taizong attached importance to official management, selecting and appointing talents, and listening to opinions. He is meritocratic, regardless of his background and grievances. Among civil servants and military commanders, he was a Taoist priest and an old minister of Prince Li.
I once asked for the murder of Taizong; Weichi Gong is a blacksmith and a soldier, but both of them are highly valued. Emperor Taizong encouraged his subordinates to protest directly. Wei Zhi remonstrated about more than two hundred things before and after, and went straight to Chen Qi. Emperor Taizong refused to accept more, but chose to follow the good.
After Wei Zhi's death, Emperor Taizong said sadly, "My husband can dress himself up with bronze as a mirror; Taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall; Take people as a mirror, you can know the gains and losses. Wei Zhi died and I died in the mirror. "