It became the world's first space station to fly around the earth for a long time, marking the beginning of a new stage for mankind to enter space. Human space activities have gone from small manned spacecraft with short flight time to space application exploration and test stage with large scale and long flight time. As the first space station to fly into space, the salute 1 is experimental. The design is also based on the principle of simplicity, universality and gradual modification, which can shorten the development time, reduce the risk, tap the potential and lay the foundation for the future development of space station technology.
Salute 1 total length12.5m, maximum diameter 4.15m, total weight18.5t.. It consists of three cylindrical cabins with different diameters, namely, docking transition cabin, working cabin and equipment cabin.
The thinner part of the front end of the space station is the docking transition module. The cabin is 3 meters long and 2 meters in diameter. It is mainly loaded with astrophysical telescope, rendezvous and docking equipment, rendezvous radar, optical sight, TV camera, temperature control system, meteorite detector, instrument panel, fuel pump and other instruments and equipment. Docking antenna, attitude sensor, indicator light, etc. Installed outdoors. But more importantly, it has played a role in docking. Its front end has a docking interface, which can be docked with other aircraft, so that the materials transported by astronauts or other spacecraft can enter the space station.
The middle part is the working cabin. The whole working cabin is 9 meters long and 2.9 meters in diameter, which is called the first working cabin. The large cabin is the second working cabin, with a diameter of 4. 15m and a length of 4.1m. There is a connecting cone with the length of 1.2m between the two working cabins. The working module is the largest and most important module of the space station. Because there is not only a lot of equipment here, but also a place where astronauts work and live. Because people are the guarantee for the normal operation of the space station, it is the first control center for human beings to work in space.
The first working module. There is a main workbench and control instruments in the first working cabin, which are used to control all kinds of work and actions of the space station. It is also the astronaut's living cabin, which has necessities such as dining table, drinking water tank and food heater, which ensures the astronauts' dietary needs in space and is a "restaurant" in space. There is also a pair of solar panels similar to dragonfly wings outside the cabin. Its main task is to supply power to all parts of the space station.
The second working module. X-ray telescope, four instrument panels, gyro control system and other scientific detection instruments are mainly placed in the second working cabin. There is also a dormitory above the working cabin, equipped with sleeping bags. There is a space stadium behind the workbench in this cabin for astronauts to exercise. So this is also the astronaut's living cabin and sports cabin. There is a vacuum heat protection layer outside the cabin and a sealed working cabin inside to prevent the impact of micro-meteors.
It seems that the working cabin is very crude. In addition to some equipment, there are restaurants, bedrooms, gyms and so on, just like our houses on earth. In fact, everything here is the result of repeated research and design, and everything is extremely particular and strict. Because in the space hundreds of kilometers away from the earth, it is a high vacuum, microgravity and high clean environment with strong radiation. Astronauts living in this environment will have troubles that ordinary people can't imagine, and even fatal injuries. For example, intense radiation and weightlessness in space will have various effects on human body functions, such as the liquid in the body may be transferred to the upper body, the blood volume in the body will be reduced, and the minerals in the bones will be lost, leading to the decline of bone strength and muscle atrophy. Therefore, in the first cabin, instruments and equipment are regularly placed on the equipment rack, which can be like a drawer, which is not only convenient for disassembly and maintenance, but also makes the middle part of the cabin have a large space for astronauts to move; The first cabin also has a variety of food processing equipment, which can make delicious food and ensure the nutrition and health of astronauts. There are all kinds of fitness equipment (such as treadmills, tensioners, bicycle exercisers, etc.). ) in the second cabin, so that astronauts can exercise and ensure good physical fitness. In short, all the designs of the space station are as reasonable and scientific as possible, creating a good working environment and living conditions for human beings in space.
The last part of the space station is the equipment cabin. The equipment cabin has the same diameter as the second working cabin, which is 2.2m and 3.7m long respectively. This is an unsealed cabin, which is equipped with orbit correction engine and attitude control engine group, as well as fuel tank and ion sensor. A radar antenna and a TV camera for rendezvous and docking are also installed outside the cabin.
Although the Salute 1 space station is mainly experimental, the technology of the space station is much more complicated than that of manned spacecraft. Due to lack of initial experience, the voyage of Salute 1 was not smooth sailing.
The "Salute 1" space station was launched without manned. 197 1 On April 23rd, 2000, the former Soviet astronauts Vladimir Shatanov, Alexei yeliseyev and Nikolai Lukavishnikov docked successfully with the salute 1 on board Soyuz1,but failed to enter the space station due to mechanical failure, and actually docked only once. 197 1 At the beginning of June, Soyuz spacecraft 1 1 flew into space again and saluted the space station 1. The docking was very successful. Three astronauts of Soyuz 1 1 entered the space station. They inspected the working conditions of various systems in the space station, and at the same time carried out medical experiments, astronomical and atmospheric observation experiments, and technical experiments of soilless plants, and achieved gratifying research results. Unfortunately, when they returned to the spacecraft again on June 29, and successfully separated from the space station, on the way back to Earth, when approaching the ground, the spacecraft's return capsule suddenly leaked air. Because of the oxygen leakage in the cabin, the astronauts didn't wear spacesuits. As a result, three astronauts died of hypoxia and suffocation. This major accident made people realize the importance of the safety and reliability of spacecraft. The Soyuz spacecraft has undergone major modifications, and the salute 1 mission is over.
Salute/KOOC-0/Space Station was launched in April/KOOC-0/97/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/End the flight and fly in orbit/KOOC-0/75 days. Despite its shortcomings, its flight was basically successful. After all, it is the first space station of mankind, and the experience, lessons and achievements of space research gained from it will be of inestimable value in the future. It brings human beings closer to their dreams and is an important step for human beings to conquer space.
After Salute 1, the former Soviet Union successively launched Salute 2 to Salute 5, which constituted the first generation space station.
On April 3rd 1973, "Salute 2" was launched (it crashed out of control after 55 days of operation).
On June 24th, 1974, Salute 3 was launched.
1974 On February 26th, Salute 4 was successfully launched (it crashed on 1977 after flying for 768 days).
June 22nd 1976 Salute 5 was launched (* * * flight 4 12 days).
197 1 The years after the Soyuz accident were a bleak period in the space history of the former Soviet Union. Salute 2 exploded out of control. Salute 3 to Salute 5 are basically the same in appearance, with certain structural limitations and low docking success rate. Although the space station was launched frequently at this stage, the successive failures made the achievements of this generation of space stations not very remarkable.
Through the construction and operation of the above five experimental space stations, astronauts not only did a lot of experiments, but also created a record of 63 days in orbit, which provided valuable opportunities for people to work and live in space for a long time. These achievements made the former Soviet Union take an important step towards the goal of building a permanent manned space station.
It was not until "Salute 5" that the development and test mission of the first generation space station came to an end. The first generation space station was immature, with many accidents and short flight time. The development of space technology needs a step-by-step process, especially for a large and complex manned spacecraft like the space station. We must learn from failures and setbacks, constantly improve and innovate, in order to gradually develop in a mature direction.