catalogue
basic document
brief introduction
Architectural history
Leaning tower history
architectural style
Tilt indicates the cause of tilt.
history
Causes of accelerating tilt
repair
Rescue method
data
culture
Be selected as a World Heritage Site
Travel tips
film
Basic data of atlas
brief introduction
Architectural history
Leaning tower history
architectural style
Tilt indicates the cause of tilt.
history
Causes of accelerating tilt
repair
Rescue method
Data Culture Selected as World Heritage Tourism Tips Film Atlas Edit this paragraph of basic information.
English: Leaning Tower of Pisa Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa or Torre di Pisa Chinese: Geographical coordinates of Leaning Tower of Pisa: 43 43' 23 "north latitude,10 23' 47" east longitude.
Edit the introduction of this paragraph.
The bell tower was built in 1 173 and was designed to be vertical. However, shortly after the project started (1 178), the tower tilted due to uneven foundation and soft soil, and was completed on 1372, and the tower tilted to the southeast. The leaning tower of Pisa is the symbol of Pisa. 1987, because of its great influence on Italian architectural art from1century to14th century, it was selected as a world heritage site by UNESCO together with the adjacent cathedrals, baptisms and cemeteries.
Edit the build history of this section.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built in 1 173, and was presided over by the famous architect Nano Pisano. It is located on the right behind the Romanesque Cathedral and is a symbol of Pisa. At the beginning, the tower height was designed to be about 100 meters, but after five or six years of construction, the tower began to tilt from the third floor until it was completed. Before closing, the top of the tower has been tilted to the south (that is, the top of the tower deviates from the vertical line) by 3.5 meters. 1990, the Italian government closed it down and started renovation.
In practical work, many experts have fully studied the whole history of the leaning tower of Pisa, as well as its building materials, structure, geology and water source, and tested it with various advanced instruments and equipment. Professor Piroddi, a medieval historian in Pisa, believes that every Shi Zhuan in the tower is a masterpiece of stone carving, and the bonding between Shi Zhuan and stone bricks is very clever, which effectively prevents the tower from breaking due to inclination and becomes a factor that the leaning tower will not fall down. However, he still stressed that it is imperative to find out the secret of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Professor Gary, an expert who is engaged in observing the tower, speculates that the leaning tower of Pisa will collapse after 250 years, because the center of gravity of the tower exceeds the outer edge of the tower foundation. However, the relevant personnel of the Leaning Tower of Pisa Service Bureau of the Ministry of Public Affairs refuted Professor Gary's view that it is not reliable to calculate only by mathematical means, and the Leaning Tower of Pisa is "a comprehensive problem interwoven with many facts". Other researchers found that the leaning tower of Pisa once tilted to the east and then turned to the south. They also believe that the leaning tower of Pisa has been tilted for hundreds of years, and after 250 years, it may no longer be limited to simple assumptions and predictions. Of course, Pisa people are most concerned about the fate of the leaning tower. Although they are also worried about the inclination of the leaning tower, they are more proud and proud. They are proud that there is a leaning tower in their hometown that they think can rival the world famous buildings. They firmly believe that it will not fall. They have a saying that the leaning tower of Pisa is as strong and strong as Pisa people and will never fall down. They hate the suggestion of righting the leaning tower again. For example 1934, 90 tons of cement was sprayed in and around the foundation, and the foundation waterproof project was implemented, but the tower became more unstable, moved around and tilted faster. The construction of the bell tower of Pisa Cathedral began in August of 1 173. This project was interrupted twice and lasted for a long time, which took about 200 years to complete. Its designer is still unknown. Leaning Tower of Pisa
The inscription found on the right wall of the entrance of the bell tower records the time when the bell tower began to be built: "MCL XXIV. Campanile hoc fuit fun datum mense Augusti ",translated as" this bell tower was laid in August 1 174 "(note: it was actually August 1 173. This year has also appeared in historical archives and contemporary chronicles many times.
Edit the history of this leaning tower
In the past, people used to think that the bell tower was deliberately designed to tilt, but now people clearly know that this is not the case. As the bell tower of Pisa Cathedral, the design of 1 173 was erected vertically when it was built on August 9. The original design is 8 floors with a height of 54.8 meters. Its unique white flashing medieval style building will be one of the most noteworthy bell towers in Europe, even if it does not tilt later. However, in 1 178, when the bell tower was built to the fourth floor, it was found that the bell tower had tilted to the southeast due to uneven foundation and soft soil, and the project was suspended. During the period of 1 198, the existence of the bell tower was recorded, indicating that although the bell tower was tilted, at least one bell was hung, realizing its original intention as a bell tower. 123 1 year, the project continued, and the use of marble in the bell tower was recorded for the first time. The builder has taken various measures to correct the inclination, and deliberately built the upper floor of the bell tower to tilt in the opposite direction to compensate for the shift of the center of gravity that has occurred. When 1278 goes to the seventh floor, the tower is no longer straight, but concave. The project is suspended again. 1292, Giovanni Pisano measured the inclination of the bell tower with a plumb line. 1360, after almost a century of stagnation, the bell tower began its last sprint and made the last important modification. 1372 clock top floor completed. There are seven clocks in the 54-meter-high eight-story bell tower, but it has not been knocked off because it is in danger of collapse at any time. And it keeps falling.
Edit the architectural style of this paragraph.
The leaning tower of Pisa is undoubtedly an important building in architectural history. Before the serious tilt, its bold circular architectural design has shown its originality to the world. Although it is not uncommon for Italian bell towers to adopt circular foundation design in early years, similar examples can be found in ravenna, Tuscany and umbria, the Pisa Bell Tower is considered to be independent of these prototypes. To a greater extent, the circular building was independently designed and developed on the basis of previous architectural experience, forming a unique pizza style. Pisa Cathedral and Pisa Leaning Tower form a visual continuity.
For example, the circular design of the bell tower is considered to correspond to the reflection of the cathedral building on the side, so it deliberately imitates the arc design of the semi-circular back hall of the church. More importantly, the bell tower is consistent with the emphasis on circular structure in the square, especially after the completion of the grand circular Baptist church, the whole square is more like the modern version of Anastasi in Jerusalem. This design is derived from classic ancient architecture. The decorative style of the bell tower inherits the classic works of cathedral and Baptist church. This wall is made of marble or limestone and divided into two kinds of white belts. The arch with semi-exposed square columns, the carved gate in the arcade, the rhombic lattice flat top and the wall above the arcade form a strong contrast between the bright side and the dark side, giving people the illusion that the columns in the bell tower are quite heavy. There is a visual continuity between cathedral, Baptist church and bell tower.
Edit this paragraph tilt description.
For centuries, the inclination of the bell tower has been attracting curious tourists, artists and scholars, making the leaning tower of Pisa famous all over the world. Experts have been arguing about the reason why the leaning tower of Pisa leans. Especially in the14th century, people are wandering between two kinds of arguments, whether the leaning tower of Pisa is the result of the unpredictable and inevitable cumulative effect of land subsidence during the construction process, or whether the architect deliberately did it. In the 20th century, with the more and more accurate measurement of the leaning tower of Pisa, the in-depth investigation of foundation soil by various advanced equipment and the study of historical archives, some facts gradually surfaced: the leaning tower of Pisa should have been a vertical building at the initial design, but it began to deviate from the correct position at the initial stage of construction.
Tilt reason
The leaning tower of Pisa is inclined because of the particularity of the soil layer under its foundation. Under the leaning tower of Pisa, there are several layers of soil with different materials. All kinds of soft silt and extremely soft clay deposits are alternately formed, and the groundwater layer is about one meter deep. This conclusion is obtained after observing the composition of foundation soil. The latest excavation shows that the bell tower was built on the edge of the ancient coast, so the soil was desertified and sank when it was built.
history
Vertical section of the leaning tower of Pisa
According to the existing written records, the leaning tower of Pisa has been slowly inclined for centuries, and it has actually reached a certain degree of balance with the soil under the foundation. At the end of the third floor of the first stage construction, the bell tower leans about 1/4 to the north. In the second stage, due to excessive rectification, the seventh floor of 1278 tilted about 0.6 to the south, and it increased to 1.6 when the top-floor clock house was built in 1360. 18 17, two British scholars, Crecy and Taylor, measured the inclination with a plumb line, and the result at that time was 5. 1550 giorgio vasari survey and 18 17 Crecy and Taylor survey were 267 years apart, and the dip angle only increased by 5 cm. Therefore, people have not carried out special maintenance on the leaning tower.
Causes of accelerating tilt
However, a project of 1838 led to the sudden acceleration of the leaning tower of Pisa, and people had to take emergency maintenance measures. At that time, architect Alessandro della Gherardesca excavated around the original sealed leaning tower foundation to explore the shape of the foundation and reveal whether the cylindrical foundation and foundation steps were the same as expected. This behavior made the leaning tower lose its original balance, and the foundation began to crack. The most serious phenomenon was the influx of groundwater. The survey results after this project show that the tilt has increased by 20 cm, while the total tilt in the previous 267 years was only 5 cm. After the completion of the project of 1838, the accelerated inclination of the leaning tower of Pisa lasted for several years, then stabilized and decreased to about 1mm per year. Now the tower has deviated from the "natural posture" by more than 5 meters.