? Multicolored four-opening lion ball market? The device has a round lip, an opening, an inclined arc-shaped abdomen, short round feet and a sand bottom. The foot is unglazed, but there is glaze splash, and the unglazed place is flint red. The matrix is thick, gray, with high sintering degree and loud knocking sound. The whole body is painted with white glaze, the glaze color is blue, the glaze is painted with red and green patterns, the bottom of the dish is painted with two lions playing balls, the inner wall of the dish is painted with four flowers and birds, the outer surface is painted with brocade patterns, and the outer wall of the dish is painted with four flowers and broken branches. The whole vessel-like painting pattern is dense and interesting, complete and complete, which echoes the color of pan-blue glaze bottom. There is partial loss of glaze color, which indicates that the secondary firing temperature of glaze color is insufficient. The caliber is 34 cm, the foot diameter 15.2 cm, and the height is 6.4 cm, as shown in the above figure.
Multicolored "Gankun Meteorology" opened for four times? The device has a round lip, an opening, an inclined arc-shaped abdomen, short round feet and a sand bottom. The foot is unglazed and splashed with glaze, and the unglazed place is flint red. The matrix is thick, gray, well sintered and slightly deformed. White glaze is applied to the whole body, and the glaze color is grayish. Draw five concentric circles at the bottom of the dish, draw petals on the outside of the outer circle, and have four heart-shaped openings in the mural in the dish. The words "Gan", "Kun", "Qi" and "Xiang" are outlined in black, with irregular fonts and four alum red seal lines between the openings. The caliber is 33.6 cm, the foot diameter 17 cm and the height is 6.8 cm.
? Plain tricolor "Fu" incense box cover? Round cover, oblique arc belly, short round foot. Grey fetus, dense fetal quality. The whole vessel is painted with green glaze. The inner wall of the box cover is not glazed. There are three decorative ribbons printed by die on the lid of the pot, with cursive font "Fu" printed in the middle and yellow glaze applied, with two concentric circles in the middle, a coin pattern on the periphery, a concentric circle outside the coin pattern and three tooth patterns on the periphery. The box seat is the mouth of the child and the mother, the mouth edge is not glazed, the inner wall is glazed with white, the glazed surface has brown rust spots, and the outer wall has die teeth. 3.8 cm in height and 6.9 cm in diameter? Figure 3. To the left
? Su tricolor "Shou" incense box cover? Round cover, gray tire, compact tire quality, blue glaze applied to the surface of the device, white glaze applied to the surface of the device, showing a small sheet shape. The center of the top surface of the box cover is printed with the traditional regular script "Shou" and painted with yellow glaze. The word "shou" has iron red paint. There are two concentric circles in the middle, and there are six diamond-shaped flowers and teeth on the periphery. Diameter 6.8 cm, height 1.8 cm? Figure 3. That's right.
? Plain three-color folding fragrant flower cover? Round cover, gray tire, compact tire quality, blue glaze applied outside the mold, bright glaze applied on the inner wall of the mold, folded flower printed in the center of the top surface of the mold, yellow glaze applied to the mold, folded flower painted with iron red paint, 8 squares on the shoulder outside the two concentric circles, and patterns printed in the squares. Height 1.6 cm, diameter 6.8 cm? Figure 3. middle
Zhangzhou kiln is the main producing area of export porcelain in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. According to previous archaeological investigations and excavations, the kiln sites for firing colorful porcelain are Huazilou kiln site in Pinghe Nansheng Town, Zhangzhou, Goutou kiln site in Wuzhai Township, Tongkeng kiln site, especially Tianzhong kiln site. Figure 4; There are Tiankeng Kiln and Huazilou Kiln, which are both peaceful and victorious in the south. From the collected specimens and the analysis of the covers of colored plates and three-color incense boxes, it can be seen that the firing methods of colored porcelain and three-color incense boxes in Zhangzhou kiln are obviously different from those of blue and white porcelain produced at the same time. Blue-and-white porcelain is fired at a high temperature, and colored porcelain is fired at a second time, that is, after the first high temperature firing, colored glaze is applied to the surface of the ware, and the second low temperature firing is carried out. Multicolored porcelain generally has a thick carcass, gray or grayish white fetal bones, dense fetal quality and high sintering degree. Mainly white glaze, mostly full of glaze color, slightly gray or blue glaze color. The circle foot is generally unglazed, and some have irregular splash glaze and sand bottom. Bowls and plates are common types of containers. They are also used as flasks, jars, boxes and other containers. Decorative patterns mainly include flowers and birds, playing with lions, birds, broken branches and seal patterns; The wall of a large plate is decorated with four or eight lamps, and the central theme pattern is painted inside the lamps. The decorative patterns of utensils are complex but not chaotic, and they are patchwork. The glaze color is mainly red, supplemented by green, blue and black. From the samples of multicolored porcelain collected by investigation, it can be seen that some colored glazes fall off, which is caused by insufficient secondary firing temperature and poor adhesion and permeability between colored glaze and bottom glaze.
Tri-colored porcelain and multicolored porcelain in Zhangzhou kiln are both fired by secondary low-temperature glaze, but the use of colored glaze is different. It is generally believed that Su Sancai porcelain is a new variety created and fired in Zhengde period of Ming Dynasty, and its color glaze is mainly blue, yellow, purple or brown glaze, not red glaze. In our traditional culture, weddings, birthdays and other festive events are all red, called meat; Funeral uses white, blue, green, yellow, purple and other colors, which are called plain or white, hence the name plain tricolor porcelain. The three colors of Zhangzhou kiln are mainly incense boxes, and small pots, jars, vials, saucers and small plates are also burned. The decorative techniques on the surface of porcelain include impressing various animals, plants, flowers, "blessing" and "longevity", as well as carved patterns such as plum blossom, lotus flower, peony, chrysanthemum, Xiantao, waterfowl, flower and bird, ruyi moire, etc., and uncovering the lid. /kloc-0 During the autumn of 1997, the Fujian Provincial Museum conducted an archaeological excavation of Pinghe Tiankeng Kiln, and unearthed a large number of tricolor porcelain specimens, which is a rare folk professional kiln site for firing tricolor porcelain in Ming Dynasty in China. The container is mainly made of incense boxes, including dishes, plates, bowls, cans, bowls, bottles, cups, lamps, pen holders and Mo Dou. The three-color incense box collected by Zhangzhou Museum is basically similar to the 73-75 page burnt toe incense box published by Tokyo Tea Ceremony Hall and MOA Art Museum in Japan. In particular, the orange incense box on page 73 of the "cross-toed incense box" in Figure 66, the pattern printed on it is basically the same as that of the broken-branch flower box collected in Zhangzhou Museum; There are many similarities between the decorative patterns of "Shou" incense box on page 74 of "Jiaotoe Incense Box" and the "Shou" incense box in Zhangzhou Museum. But the use of glaze color is different. Compared with the specimens collected by Tiankeng Kiln and the artifacts excavated by Fujian Provincial Museum from Pinghe Tiankeng Kiln, the author thinks that the products of Tiankeng Kiln are dignified and delicate in artistic expression, with soft points, lines and surfaces, unclear edges and corners, smooth lines, elegant colors and rich and diverse decorative techniques. The three-color incense boxes collected by Zhangzhou Museum are simple and elegant, and the patterns are complicated and not chaotic. The theme patterns of "Fu" and "Shou" are fluent and powerful, showing their calligraphy skills, and the flower patterns with broken branches are more prominent against the background of surrounding patterns and green glaze. These shapes are thick and angular, and the relief effect is strong, but the lines are not smooth, and the temperament is different from that of Tiankeng kiln products, which may be the products of other kilns in Zhangzhou City. Although Tiankeng Kiln has been excavated by archaeology, the kiln site has been seriously damaged before excavation, and only a small part of the specimens found are the same as those handed down from Japan. There are still three-color porcelain fired in other kiln sites in Zhangzhou area, and a small amount of three-color porcelain found in Huazilou kiln site not far from Tiankeng kiln is a good illustration. Therefore, how many Su Sancai kiln sites there are in Zhangzhou area needs further investigation and study. In the artifact map of "Toe-crossing Incense Boxes", we can see that many plain three-color incense boxes are "painted with vermicelli, which is toe-crossing, but actually very delicate". This kind of pigment can also be found in the three-color incense box collected by Zhangzhou Museum, but it is not found in the specimens found in kiln site investigation and archaeological excavation, which shows that many products of these three-color porcelain have undergone artistic processing again before being exported to Zhangzhou, thus achieving a more perfect artistic effect. Therefore, the three-color porcelain of Zhangzhou kiln is exported to foreign countries, and it is quickly popular and cherished in the upper class of Japan, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Because there are many blue and white, multicolored and plain products produced in Zhangzhou Kiln, multicolored porcelain is rarely found in China, and most of the handed down products are found and collected in Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and other countries. Mr. Ye Wencheng, the former president of China Ancient Ceramics Research Association, mentioned the red and green four-crack trays collected by private collectors in Malaysia in the article "Some Zhangzhou Kiln Porcelains Seen in Malaysia". The multicolored platter mentioned by Mr. Xin Jiabolin in the article "Colorful platter of Zhangzhou Kiln —— Study on Cracked Tower Decorations" has a heart-shaped opening pattern, which is similar to the opening of the aforementioned multicolored "Gankun Meteorology". Colored porcelain produced in Zhangzhou kiln has also been found in the relics unearthed from Yuemachi site and Hamamachi site in Japan. Before the excavation of Zhangzhou Kiln, Japanese scholars called the blue-and-white porcelain produced in Zhangzhou Kiln "Wu Xushou" and the multicolored porcelain "Wu Xuchi Painting", and set its production kiln site in eastern Guangdong to southern Fujian; Su Sancai is called "cross-toed porcelain" and is considered as a product of Vietnam. In recent years, through the continuous study of Zhangzhou kilns by Chinese and foreign ancient ceramics scholars, especially the archaeological excavations of Pinghe Nansheng and Wuzhai kilns, it is revealed that the so-called "Shantou Kiln", "Clark Porcelain", "Jiaotou Porcelain", "Wu Xushou" and "Wu Xuchi Painting" have long been produced in Pinghe, Zhangzhou. The collection of colored porcelain, three-color incense boxes and a large number of specimens in Zhangzhou Museum provides a batch of precious physical materials for the study of Zhangzhou kilns, and provides new clues for finding the origin of three-color and five-color porcelain.