Some information:
Valence formula of common elements
Univalent potassium hydrogen chloride, sodium silver,
Bivalent oxygen calcium magnesium barium zinc.
23 iron, 24 carbon,
246 sulfur, 35 nitrogen
Three aluminum, four silicon, three phosphorus,
One, two, copper, mercury, four, seven manganese,
Chlorine 157 is common,
The zero valence of a simple substance will never change.
(Monochloride, dioxide and sulfur are all negative, and the rest are positive)
Valence of common atomic groups
Monovalent nitrate, ammonium, hydroxide, permanganate, chlorate
NO3- NH4+ OH- MnO4- ClO3-
Bivalent sulfate, carbonate, silicate, manganate,
Ferrous sulfate-cobalt oxide-silicon oxide-manganese oxide-
Only trivalent phosphate,
PO43-
Ammonium is usually removed at a negative valence.
Some common chemical formulas of acid, alkali and salt
1, chemical properties of acid
(1) acid+metal salt+hydrogen
(2) Acid+metal oxide-salt+water
* Reaction of iron oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid: Fe2O3+6HCl ==2FeCl3+3H2O.
* Reaction of iron oxide with dilute sulfuric acid: Fe2O3+3H2SO4 == Fe2(SO4)3+3H2O.
* the reaction of copper oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid: CuO+2HCl ==CuCl2+H2O.
* Reaction of copper oxide with dilute sulfuric acid: CuO+H2SO4 == CuSO4+H2O.
(3) acid+alkali-salt+water (neutralization reaction)
* Reaction of hydrochloric acid with caustic soda: HCl+NaOH == NaCl +H2O.
* The reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium hydroxide: 2HCl+Ca(OH)2 == CaCl2+2H2O.
* Treating hyperacidity with aluminum hydroxide: 3HCl+Al(OH)3 == AlCl3+3H2O.
* Reaction between sulfuric acid and caustic soda: H2SO4+2NaOH == Na2SO4+2H2O.
(4) acid+salt-another acid+another salt
* marble reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: CaCO3+2hcl = = CaCl2+H2O+CO2 =
* Reaction of sodium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid: Na2CO3+2HCl = = 2NaCl+H2O+CO2 =
* Sodium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: nahco3+HCl = = NaCl+H2O+CO2 =
* the reaction of sulfuric acid with barium chloride solution: H2SO4+BaCl2 == BaSO4 ↓+ 2HCl.
2. Chemical properties of alkali
(1) alkali+nonmetallic oxide-salt+water
* Caustic soda will deteriorate when exposed to air: 2NaOH+CO2 == Na2CO3+H2O.
* Caustic sodium absorbs sulfur dioxide gas: 2NaOH+SO2 == Na2SO3+H2O.
* Caustic sodium absorbs sulfur trioxide gas: 2NaOH+SO3 == Na2SO4+H2O.
* The slaked lime deteriorates in air: Ca(OH)2+CO2 == CaCO3 ↓+ H2O.
* slaked lime absorbs sulfur dioxide: Ca(OH)2+SO2 == CaSO3 ↓+ H2O.
(2) Alkali+acid-salt+water (neutralization reaction, see above).
(3) alkali+salt-another alkali+another salt
* Calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate: Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3 == CaCO3↓+ 2NaOH
3. Chemical properties of salt
(1) salt (solution)+simple metal-another metal+another salt
* Reaction of iron with copper sulfate solution: Fe+CuSO4 == FeSO4+Cu.
(2) salt+acid-another acid+another salt
* Reaction of sodium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid: Na2CO3+2HCl = = 2NaCl+H2O+CO2 =
* Sodium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: nahco3+HCl = = NaCl+H2O+CO2 =
(3) salt+alkali-another alkali+another salt
* Calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate: Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3 == CaCO3↓+ 2NaOH
(4) salt+salt-two new salts
* sodium chloride solution and silver nitrate solution: NaCl+AgNO3 == AgCl↓+NaNO3.
* sodium sulfate and barium chloride: Na2SO4+BaCl2 == BaSO4↓+2NaCl.
Scientific names, common names and chemical formulas of substances
(1) diamond and graphite: c (2) mercury, mercury: Hg (3) quicklime and calcium oxide: CaO.
(4) Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide): CO2 (5) hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid: HCl (6) sulfurous acid: H2SO3.
(7) Sulfuric acid: H2S (8) hydrated lime, hydrated lime: Ca(OH)2 (9) caustic soda, caustic soda, caustic soda: NaOH (10) soda ash: Na2CO3 soda ash crystal: Na2CO3? 10H2O (1 1) baking soda and acidic sodium carbonate: NaHCO3.
(12) gallstone alum, blue alum, copper sulfate crystal: CuSO4? 5H2O (13) patina, malachite: Cu2(OH)2CO3 (14) methanol: CH3OH toxic, blinding and death (15) alcohol, ethanol: C2H5OH.
(16) acetic acid and acetic acid (16.6℃ glacial acetic acid) CH3COOH(CH3COO- acetate ion) have the commonality of acids.
(17) ammonia: NH3 (basic gas) (19) sodium nitrite: NaNO2 (industrial salt, toxic)
(18) ammonia water, ammonia monohydrate: NH3? H2O (a common alkali, which has the commonness of alkali and contains no metal ions).
A, sulfate:
1. Alumni: znso4.7h2o
2. Barium meal, barite: barium sulfate
3. Green alum, soap alum, soap alum: feso4.7h2o
4. Sodium sulfate, mirabilite and mirabilite: na2so4. 10h2o
5. Alum: potassium bisulfate 2.65438+2h02o
6. Gypsum: caso4.2h2o Gypsum: 2caso4.h2o
7. Bile alum and blue alum: cuso4.5h2o
8. Molar salt: (NH4) 2SO4 FeSO4 6H2O
Second, the ore class:
1. fluorite: caf2
2. Carnitine: potassium chloride, magnesium chloride and ·6h2o.
3. Chalcopyrite: cufes2
4. Bauxite: al2o3.h2o, al2o3.3h2o and a small amount of fe2o3 and sio2.
5.magnetite: fe3o4
6. Hematite: fe2o3
7. Brown iron ore: 2fe2o3.3h2o
8. siderite: fe2co3
9. Magnesite: magnesium silicate
10. Su Kou Tie: Carbon exists in the form of flake graphite.
White iron: Carbon exists in the form of fec3.
12. Kaolinite: al2(si2o5)(oh)4 or (Al2O3 2sio2 2h2o).
13. Orthoclase: kalsi3o8
Time: silica
15. borax: na2b4o7. 10h2o
16. Gangue: silica
17. corundum (sapphire. Ruby: natural colorless alumina crystal.
18. Pyrite (Fool's Gold): fes2
19. calamine: zinc carbonate
20. Chilean saltpeter: sodium nitrite
2 1. talc: 3mgo.4sio2 H2O
22. Marble (calcite, limestone): caco3
23. Malachite: copper carbonate.
24. Dolomite: magnesium carbonate
25. cryolite: na3alf6
26. Kaolin: alumina, silica, ·2h2o
27. Cassiterite: Tin dioxide
28. chalcopyrite: cu2s
Three. Gas:
1. Blast furnace gas: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other mixed gases.
2. Water gas, carbon monoxide and hydrogen
3. Natural gas (biogas): ch4
4. Liquefied petroleum gas: mainly c3h8 and c4h 10.
5. Coke oven gas: mainly ch4, co, h2 and c2h4.
6. Cracking gas: c2h4 is dominant.
7. Explosive gases: hydrogen and oxygen.
8. Laughter: n2o
9. Cracking gas: C 1 ~ C4 alkanes and olefins.
10. Carbide gas: c2h2 (usually containing h2s, ph3, etc. )
Four, organic class:
1. formaldehyde: formaldehyde
2. Formic acid: hcooh
3. Urea: (nh4cno) or co(nh2)2.
4. Chloroform: carbon tetrachloride
5. Lignin (industrial alcohol): ch3oh
6. Glycerol: ch2oh-choh- ch2oh
7. Stearic acid: c 17h35cooh
8. Palmitic acid: c 15h3 1cooh.
9. oleic acid: c 17h33oh
10. soap: c 17h35coona.
1 1. silver ammonia solution: [ag(nh3)2]+
12. Lactic acid: ch3-choh-cooh
13. Glucose: c6h 12o6.
14. Sucrose: c 12h22o 1 1.
15. Ribose: ch2oh-(choh)3cho
16. deoxyribose: ch2oh-(choh)2ch2-ch3
17. starch: (c6h 10o5)n
18. collodion, collodion: The main component is [(c6h7o2)-(ono2)3]n, but the former contains a high amount of N..
19. urea: co (NH2) 2nh4no is ammonium cyanate. (They are isomers)
20. chloroform: chloroform
2 1. oleic acid: c 17h33cooh.
22. Silver ammonia solution: [ag(nh3)2]oh
23. Deoxyribose: ch2oh-(choh)2ch2-cho
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Other categories:
1. chalk: caco3
2. Lime milk: calcium hydroxide
3. Hydrated lime: 2caso4.h2o
4. Football alkene: c60
5. Tonglu: cu2(oh)2co3
6. Soda (alkaline surface): na2co3
7. Aqua regia: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid (3: 1)
8. Sodium silicate (soda): sodium silicate
9.baking soda: sodium bicarbonate
10. Soda: sodium carbonate
1 1. soda (time): na2s2o3
12. Saline: magnesium chloride 6h2o
13. orpiment: as2s3
14. Realgar: as4s4
15. Cinnabar: Mercury
16. Asbestos: cao.3mgo.4sio2
17.as2o3
18. epsom salt: magnesium sulfate 7h2o.
19. bordeaux mixture: cuso4+ca(oh)2.
20. titanium dioxide: tio2
Sodium chloride; Sodium chloride and magnesium chloride salt; Salt water magnesium chloride *6h2o
Sodium carbonate; Soda. Soda soda sodium carbonate
Sodium bicarbonate; sodium bicarbonate
Sodium hydroxide; Soda. Caustic sodium naoh
Potassium hydroxide; Caustic potassium koh
Calcium hydroxide; Hydrated lime ca(oh)2
Potassium permanganate; Lime manganese oxide kmno4
Calcium fluoride; Fluorite. Fluorite caf2
Ferrous disulfide; Pyrite. Pyrite fes2
Copper sulfate crystal; Bile alum. Blue alum cuso4*5h2o
Zinc sulfate crystal; Alum znso4*7h2o
Ferrous sulfate crystal; Alum ferrous sulfate *7h2o
Aluminum sulfate crystal; Potassium aluminum sulfate 2* 12h2o
Calcium sulfate crystal; (Raw) Gypsum caso4*2h2o
Calcium sulfate crystal; Gypsum. Gypsum (caso 4)2·H2O
Barium sulfate crystal; Heavy crystal barium sulfate
Sodium sulfate crystal; Glauber's salt naso4* 10h2o
Magnesium sulfate crystal; Magnesium sulfate *7h2o
Sodium thiosulfate; Soda. Sodium hyposulfite
Potassium nitrate; Chilean saltpeter. Glauber's salt
Calcium sulfate and calcium dihydrogen sulfate; Calcium superphosphate ca(h2po4)2 and 2caso4
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate; Calcium superphosphate. Calcium superphosphate ca(h2po4)2
Carbon monoxide and hydrogen; Water gas, carbon monoxide and hydrogen
Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; Producer gas carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (solid); Dry ice carbon dioxide
Calcium carbonate; Limestone, calcite, marble and chalk caco3
Calcium oxide; Quicklime cao
Calcium carbide; Calcium carbide cac2
Silicon carbide; Emery silicon carbide
Silicon dioxide; Timely. Crystalline silica
Sodium silicate solution; Sodium silicate. Sodium silicate na2sio3
Alumina; Corundum al2o3
Low potassium oxide; Yellow blood salt K4
Potassium iron hydride; Hemoglobin k3
Potassium ferrous hydride; Prussian blue k4fe(cn)6
Basic copper carbonate; Cu2(oh)2co3 in patina
Bleaching powder; Calcium and calcium chloride
Wang shui; Concentrated nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid (1:3)
Arsenic oxide; Arsenic as2o3
Arsenic sulfide: realgar as2s3
Mercury chloride; mercury bichloride
Mercurous chloride; Sanxiandan hgo
Mercury sulfide; Cinnabar mercuric sulfide
First, according to the discovery or preparation of substances
1, marble: the common name of calcium carbonate, named after it is produced in Dali, Yunnan.
2. Bordeaux solution: a blue viscous suspension made of copper sulfate solution and lime milk, named after it was first used in Bordeaux, France in 1882.
3. Calcium carbide: the common name of calcium carbide, because it is a solid obtained by the reaction of quicklime and carbon at the high temperature (3000℃) heated by an electric furnace.
4. Alcohol: the common name of ethanol. In ancient times, wine was one of people's drinks. This wine contains a lot of ethanol, which can be distilled to obtain high-purity ethanol, so it is called alcohol.
5. Carbide gas: the common name of acetylene, because it is the gas obtained by the reaction of calcium carbide and water.
6, acetic acid: the common name of acetic acid, because vinegar contains a certain amount of acetic acid.
7. Coke: the substance obtained by high-temperature dry distillation of coal.
8. Biogas: one of the common names of methane, named because it is the main component of the gas produced at the bottom of the pond.
Second, foreign transliteration.
1, tnt: One of the names of explosives is TNT (trinitrotoluene).
2. Alum: Generally speaking, alum refers to sulfate containing crystal water, which is a transliteration of alum.
3. Haibo: The common name of sodium thiosulfate is the transliteration of Haibo.
4. Formalin: aqueous solution of formaldehyde, which is a transliteration of formalin.
Third, according to the purpose of the material
1, salt: the common name of sodium chloride, which is a colorless crystal for human consumption.
2. Limestone: the common name of calcium carbonate, named after it can be used to burn quicklime.
Bakelite: the common name of phenolic resin, named after it is a commonly used insulating material in the power industry.
The common name of sodium carbonate includes the following situations: soda: transliteration of soad. Natural alkali: the earliest used sodium carbonate is a natural sodium carbonate crystal, but its purity is not high. Alkali washing: It is named because it is often used to clean grease in industry.
Four, according to the composition or nature of the material
1, diamond: one of the allotropes of carbon, named for its high hardness.
2. Activated carbon: Compared with other carbon allotropes, it has higher activity and has the characteristics of adsorbing some substances.
3. Gypsum: Gypsum has two kinds: raw gypsum () and plaster of Paris (), which will form a paste-like substance after being mixed and stirred with water.
4. Hydrogen peroxide: the general name for hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution. Compared with water, its molecular structure contains two oxygen atoms.
5, the color of the material: bile alum (or blue alum) is commonly known as blue; Green alum is commonly known as green; Alum is a common name, alum is a common name, and they are all colorless; Tonglu is the common name of basic copper carbonate, which is green.
6. Bleaching powder: a mixture of calcium hypochlorite and calcium chloride. Its effective component is calcium hypochlorite, which has bleaching effect.
7. Picric acid: the common name of trinitrophenol, named after its bitter taste.