In 960 AD, the generals of the Later Zhou Dynasty launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, made Songzhou emperor and Zhao Kuangyin our time, and established the Song Dynasty. In order to avoid the chaos of the regime and eunuch's authoritarian power in the late Tang Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin adopted the policy of emphasizing literature and restraining military power, strengthened centralization and deprived military commanders of their military power. After Song Taizong succeeded to the throne, the whole country was unified, and after forming a single-source alliance with Liao, he gradually stepped into the rule of the world. In A.D. 1 125, Jin invaded the south on a large scale, which led to the shame of Jingkang and the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Zhao Gou, King of Kang, ascended the throne in Yingtianfu and established the Southern Song Dynasty. After the peace talks between Shaoxing and Jin, Qinhuai River was the boundary, which ended in 1234 and song and yuan war broke out in 1235. In A.D. 1276, Lin 'an was captured by the Yuan Dynasty, and the Southern Song Dynasty perished after the Yashan Sea War. The Song Dynasty was an era of high prosperity in commodity economy, culture, education and scientific and technological innovation in the history of China. It is estimated that the total GDP of China in the year of 1000 was $26.55 billion, accounting for 22.7% of the total world economy, and the per capita GDP was $450, exceeding the Western Europe's $400 at that time. Although later generations thought that the Song Dynasty was "poor and weak", the people's wealth and social and economic prosperity in the Song Dynasty far exceeded that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, Confucianism revived and Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism appeared. Science and technology developed rapidly, politics was enlightened, and there was no serious eunuch dictatorship and warlord regime. The number and scale of mutiny and civil strife are relatively small in the history of China. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the rice-growing population in Zhancheng increased rapidly, from 3,765,438+million in 1980 to 1 124.
Chen Yinque once said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has developed for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties." Some western scholars and Japanese historians believe that the Song Dynasty was the period of Renaissance and economic revolution in China's history. The Song Dynasty was founded more than 300 years ago and was overthrown twice, both because of foreign invasion. It is the only dynasty that did not die directly from civil strife.
Founder of the Song Dynasty; zhao kuang yin
Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin was born on March 265438, 927 and died on March 65438, 976.1October 65438. His nickname is Yuen Long, and his nicknames are Xiang Haier and Zhao Jiuzhong. Zhuo Jun was born in Jiamaying, Luoyang. Zhao Kuangyin defected to Guo Wei in the Tang Dynasty and became an officer in the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Zhou Shizong and Chai Rong, he attacked the Northern Han Dynasty and the Southern Tang Dynasty, and repeatedly made meritorious military service. When Chai Rong was seriously ill, he was promoted to spot check before the temple and became the supreme commander of the imperial army. In the seventh year of Xiande, in 960 AD, he was ordered to resist the Northern Han and Qidan allied forces, was immediately proclaimed emperor in the "Chen Qiao mutiny", and returned to Beijing to force Emperor Gong to meditate in the later Zhou Dynasty. In the same year, he proclaimed himself emperor and changed his country name to "Song", which was called Song or Northern Song Dynasty in history.
During Zhao Kuangyin's reign, according to Prime Minister Zhao Pu's strategy of "south first, north first, easy first, and then difficult", the southern separatist regimes such as Jingnan, Wuping, Houshu, Nanhan and Nantang were eliminated successively, and the unification of most parts of the country was completed. He "released the military power with a glass of wine" twice, which relieved the military power of the imperial generals and local buffer towns, thus solving the problem that local provinces have used their own resources to open treasures for nine years since the middle of the Tang Dynasty-they were buried in the Yongchang Mausoleum of the Ming Emperor for sixteen years.
Chen Qiao mutiny;
On February 2, 960, Zhao Kuangyin left Tokyo and marched on Chen Qiaoyi. Shortly after the army left, there was a rumor in Tokyo that "if you leave the army, you will be the son of heaven." I don't know who spread this rumor, but most people don't believe it, and hundreds of North Korean officials know something about it, and they are in a panic. Zhao Kuangyin is not in North Korea at this time, but he knows everything in Tokyo like the back of his hand. When he was in office, he used this plan to remove Xu Dianqian from the post of chief inspector. Zhao Kuangyin knew the emperor's psychology. He was afraid that his country would be taken away, so they were very suspicious. This time, in order to cause confusion in the court, his army had no choice but to obey him absolutely, so it did the same thing again.
After the mutiny plan began, some of Zhao Kuangyin's cronies spread their opinions among the soldiers that night, saying, "The emperor is young and weak today and cannot lead the country. We work for our country and crush the enemy. Who knows? " If you don't let Zhao Kuangyin be emperor first, then set out for the Northern Expedition. ". The mutiny of the soldiers was quickly stirred up. At this time, Zhao Kuangyin's younger brother Zhao Kuangyi and confidant Zhao Pu saw that the time was ripe, so they instructed the soldiers to put the yellow robe prepared in advance on Zhao Kuangyin who had just woken up drunk. They all bowed to the imperial court and shouted long live, so they made him emperor, but Zhao Kuangyin showed a forced expression and said, "You are greedy and rich, and you can make me the son of heaven. If you can follow my orders, I can't be the host. "
After the mutiny plan began, some of Zhao Kuangyin's cronies spread their opinions among the soldiers that night, saying, "The emperor is young and weak today and cannot lead the country. We work for our country and crush the enemy. Who knows? " If you don't let Zhao Kuangyin be emperor first, then set out for the Northern Expedition. ". The rebellion of the soldiers was quickly stirred up. At this time, Zhao Kuangyin's younger brother Zhao Kuangyi and confidant Zhao Pu saw that the time was ripe, so they instructed the soldiers to put the yellow robe prepared in advance on Zhao Kuangyin who had just woken up drunk. They all bowed to the court and shouted long live, so they made him emperor. However, Zhao Kuangyin showed that he was forced to say, "You are greedy and rich, and you can make me the son of heaven. If you can follow my orders, I can't be the host. "
Chen Qiao mutinous soldiers took control of Kaifeng, the capital of the latter Zhou Dynasty. On the fourth day of the first month, Zhao Kuangyin led the troops to Kaifengfu, forcing Emperor Gong to settle down, easily seizing the regime of the Later Zhou Dynasty and reducing the Duke of Zhou Chai Zongxun to the king of Zheng. After being appointed as a vassal of the German army, Song established a dynasty with Song as its title in Kaifeng.
Northern Song Dynasty unification war;
After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, and took the opportunity to become bigger and stronger in the provinces. However, after the Huang Chao Rebellion, the situation of "seeing thousands of miles, but not fireworks" appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The chaos spread to Huaibei and Jiangnan, and heroes from all over the country rose up to resist the enemy. After the Huang Chao Uprising at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the separatist regime of the buffer regions generally appeared, and some powerful buffer regions successively became kings, which was actually a highly autonomous kingdom.
After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, local buffer regions stood on their own feet, among which the powerful regime in the north controlled the Central Plains. Since then, in the 53 years since the establishment of the Song Dynasty in 960, the regimes of Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Friday have successively appeared in the Central Plains, which are called the later Tang, Jin, Han and Zhou Dynasties. Although these five regimes were powerful in turn, they were replaced by the Central Plains. Shanxi also has many separatist regimes in the north and south. Among them, Qianshu, Houshu, Wu, Nantang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Nanhan, Nanping and Beihan, as representatives of local separatist regimes in this period, are collectively called the Ten Kingdoms, and even together with the five little emperors who ruled the Central Plains, they are called the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. During this period, local powerful factions often rebelled and seized positions, which made more than one war.
After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty in Zhao Kuangyin, the north and south were still controlled by the five generations of residual separatist regimes, and there were three states of Gaobao Jianghan in the south of Jingnan. Zhou Xingfeng occupied fourteen states in Hunan; After Chang, there are Erchuan and Hanzhong 45 States; According to Herry Liu, there are 60 states in Lingnan. Li Jing in the southern Tang Dynasty has ten Kyushu in the south of the Yangtze River; At the beginning of Qian, Wu and Yue people occupied thirteen states in Zhejiang. Liu Jun in the Northern Han Dynasty occupied twelve states in Hedong. In addition, the Khitan coexisted with the Song Dynasty, which hindered the economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South and the development of social production, and also threatened the security of the Northern Song Dynasty.
In the later period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the trend of unification was constantly strengthened. After Zhou Shizong and Chai Rong acceded to the throne, they adopted the idea of "easy before difficult" put forward by Wang Bi in Ping Bian Ce, that is, they first seized Jiangnan (Southern Tang Dynasty) and Lingnan (Southern Han Dynasty), then seized Bashu (Later Shu Dynasty), then seized the land of Yanyun in Liao country, and finally seized Hedong (Northern Han Dynasty), and made a unified plan accordingly. Later, Zhao Kuangyin's unification strategy of "south first, north later, easy first and difficult later" is in the same strain as Zhou Shizong's unification strategy. In the second year of Xiande, Zhou Shizong (AD 955), Chai Rong sent troops to explore Shu in the west. From the second year of Xiande (AD 955) to the fifth year of Xiande (AD 958), he successively recovered Qin (now southeast of Wudu, Gansu), Cheng (now Chengxian, Gansu) and Feng (now northeast of Fengxian, Shaanxi).
Jingnan and Hunan are located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, adjacent to the north and south, with Nantang in the east, Houshu in the west and Nanhan in the south. The occupation of Jinghu Lake and Lake can separate the countries in the south of the Yangtze River and create conditions for their respective breakthroughs. To this end, Song Ting decided to find an opportunity to send troops to Jing and Hu. In October of the third year of Stegosaurus (AD 962), Wu Ping saved Zhou Xingfeng from illness, and Zhou Baoquan, who was eleven years old, succeeded to the throne. Zhang Wenbiao, the secretariat of Hengzhou, took the opportunity to defect, occupied Tanzhou (Changsha, Hunan) and bullied Langzhou (governing Wuling, Changde, Hunan). In order to win Zhang Wenbiao's help from Song, Zhou Baoquan decided to strike first in Hunan.
In the first month of the first year of Kangdi, Murong Zhaoyan, the host city of Shannan, was ordered to deploy in front of the camp in Hunan, and Li Chuyun, the deputy envoy of the Tang Dynasty, served as the supervisor, leading the soldiers of the ten States to borrow from Jingnan in the name of soliciting visitors in Hunan. On the ninth day of February, Murong secretly sent Li Chuyun to lead thousands of Qingqi to capture Jiangling (Hubei) city, forcing Gao Jichong to surrender and Jingnan to die. When Zhou Baoquan stopped the civil strife, he knew that Song was going to Hunan. In order to stop going south, he ordered Zhang Lingbing to intercept it. At the end of February, Song Jun went hand in hand, broke through the Sanjiangkou (Nanyue Yangbei), captured 700 warships and occupied Yuezhou (now Yueyang, Hunan). On the tenth day of March, Langzhou was occupied, Zhou Baoquan was captured, and Suiping, Hunan.
The unification war in the Northern Song Dynasty lasted for eighteen years, which ended the separatist regime and the division of five dynasties and ten countries since the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, realized the unification of the main areas in the North and South, and promoted the development of social economy and culture. The military reasons for the victory of the Northern Song Dynasty's unified war are as follows: First, the strategic strategy of "south first and then north" was in line with the situation that the south was weak and the north was strong at that time; Second, Song Taizu and Emperor Taizong adopted the strategy of disintegration and divide-and-conquer according to different objects. Seize the fighter plane, make full preparations, use troops skillfully and win the victory, which occupies a very important position in the history of China war. The Northern Song Dynasty basically unified ancient China, laid the foundation of social stability, and developed the economy and culture of the North and South.
Diplomacy in Song Dynasty;
There were frequent foreign enemies in Song Dynasty, and the importance of diplomacy was increasing day by day. According to different diplomatic objects, we should give different hospitality and make it professional. Liao and Jin Dynasties in the north posed a great threat to the Song Dynasty, and its external affairs were mainly handled by the Privy Council, including correspondence, envoy dispatch and all reception matters. During the Yuanfeng period, the Privy Council changed to the northern government soldiers, and was in charge of Guo Xin on the northern border, followed by the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, Guo Xin College was specially set up in the Song Dynasty to communicate with Liao and Jin. Xixia, Korea, Vietnam and other countries, because the Song Dynasty regarded them as vassal States, the diplomatic documents and gifts issued were called "imperial edicts" or "gifts", and the diplomatic recognition of their countries was called "conferring". In the Song Dynasty, many diplomatic reception hotels were set up in Beijing as places for the country to receive envoys from various countries. Liao is in Duting Inn, Xixia is in Duting West Inn, Korea is in Wentong Hall of Anzhou Lane outside Liangmen, Uighur and Khotan are in the concierge, and Sanfoqi, Zhenla, Dali, Dashi and other countries are in Zhanyunge or Huaiyuan Inn.
Song Dynasty pursued the tributary system, but focused on political and economic interests, that is, "if you come, you will not refuse, but if you go, you will not chase". It maintains a relationship of "can't want to be a coach, can't want to be a minister" with southwest Dali, and develops a tea-horse trade. Fu Bi, Shen Kuo and Hong Hao were famous diplomats in the Song Dynasty. Facing the great pressure of Liao Dynasty, Fu Bi made great achievements in diplomacy. He convinced people by reasoning, defeated the proud envoys of Liao country, forced them to pay homage, and then sent him to the court of Liao country twice, which frustrated the request of Liao Xingzong to cede territory. Fu Bi analyzed the relationship between Song, Liao and Xia.
Shen Kuo, as a student of Hanlin Bachelor, sent an envoy to the Liao country to negotiate demarcation, but he was rewarded. On the way to the mission, he painted the mountains, rivers, obstacles, customs and customs of Liao country, completed the copy of the road map and presented it to the court. "History of Song Dynasty" said: Shen Kuo "made the Khitan, Fan and the enemy listen to a thousand generations, and there was no way to refute his theory." Hong Hao went to the state of Jin when he was in danger in the Southern Song Dynasty and was detained at 15, but he still refused to pay. Hong Hao repeatedly sent secret messages to Song Huizong and Song Qinzong imprisoned in Wu Guocheng (now yilan county, Heilongjiang) and Song Gaozong in Lin 'an. After returning home, Song Gaozong called him "although Su Wu can't pass".
Urban development in Song Dynasty;
The commodity economy in cities and towns was particularly developed in Song Dynasty. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were 46 cities with a population of over100000. Including Kaifeng, Luoyang, Yingtian (now Shangqiu), Daming, Hangzhou, Zhenjiang, Suzhou, Jiangling (Jingzhou), Guangzhou, Chengdu, Fuzhou, Tanzhou (now Changsha) and Quanzhou. Kaifeng House in Bianliang has a population of over one million and more than 6,400 shops. The Song Dynasty broke the system of market segmentation, shops could be opened at will, and there were night markets and dawn markets. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the population of Lin 'an Prefecture (now Hangzhou) reached 654.38+0.274 AD, and the city was extremely prosperous. At that time, it was called the first state in southeast China.
Even after the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, Kyle Poirot still called Hangzhou "the city of paradise".