Archaeological excavations show that there are a large number of primitive merchants' cultural remains around Handan, Xingtai in the north and Anyang in the south, which is called Xia Qi Yuan Culture in archaeology.
There are abundant cultural relics in the Lower Qi Dynasty, which are mainly distributed in Wu 'an, Shexian, Cixian, Mining Area, Yongnian and Handan counties in the western half. There are nearly 100 Shang Dynasty sites in the middle and upper reaches of Zhanghe River, Fuyang River and Minghe River. Among them, the Xiaqiyuan site * * * is divided into four layers, with clear overlapping relationship and obvious relic characteristics, which provides a reliable stratigraphic basis for the division of Shang culture in southern Hebei, so it is named after the primitive culture of Shang nationality before the summer.
Xiaqiyuan culture is a branch of Shanxi type of Longshan culture in Central Plains, which rises in southern Shanxi, develops in Jinzhong and then develops in Hebei.
According to Records of the Historian Yin Benji, Qi, the ancestor of Shang Dynasty, lived in the times and worked for his Stuart. Because of his contribution to Dayu's water control, he was "sealed in the business and given the surname Zishi", and later generations claimed themselves from the place name. Shiben also contains Qi Fan Ju, which Wang Guowei believes are located in Shangqiu, Henan and Tengzhou, Zaozhuang, Shandong. The word "Zong" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions may refer to the title deed, indicating that the merchant built a temple for him. According to the documents of the Warring States Period, after the death of Qi, his son Zhaoming succeeded to the throne, and he was a "stone". "Show chess pieces, son made in Xiangtu". Xiangtu was a famous Shang clan leader after the Qi Dynasty. It is recorded in Zuopian of Shiben that he trained horses for transportation. The Book of Songs, Long Hair, records that Xiangtu's activity area is quite extensive, and its reputation spreads far and wide overseas, which shows that the navigation technology of Shang people has been able to reach the offshore islands during this period. At this time, businessmen lived in the ancient Yellow River valley in central Hebei and northern Henan, and also had considerable influence on the eastern seashore. Zuo Zhuan records that Xiangtu has the "East Capital". After Xiangtu's death, Zichang will stand. If Chang died, Yu Cao was born. Yu Cao died, but his son died. According to documents, he was appointed as a water conservancy official in Xia Houshi, and Xia Hou died during his reign because of water conservancy. According to the Book of Rites, the Yin people listed the four ancestors of Ghost, Qi and Tang as sacrificial ceremonies. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Yin people often hold sacrificial ceremonies for Ji. According to Wang Guowei's records, Gui and Heng are regarded as Wang Hai and Ji as their father, which is consistent with Oracle Bone Inscriptions and should be regarded as ghosts recorded in historical books.
Wang Hai and Wang Heng are the second sons of the ghost. They became kings after the ghost died. Yin people have great respect for Wang Hai, who was the first monarch to be called "Wang". Oracle Bone Inscriptions has always regarded him as "Wang Hai", "Gao Zu Hai" and "Gao Hai" and never called him "Hai". Some Oracle Bone Inscriptions also depicted mysterious bird totems representing the early Shang Dynasty in the upper corner of their names. Wang Hai seems to have a lot of power in the eyes of Yin people, who often pray to him for the New Year and rain. There are more than 130 places in Oracle Bone Inscriptions about Wang Hai, ranking first among the governors of all dynasties. When Wang Hai was in power, the business economy reached a new peak. Oracle Bone Inscriptions records that Wang Hai can sacrifice up to 50 cows at a time. In order to solve the problem of livestock surplus and difficulty in raising livestock, Wang Hai consigned some cattle and sheep to Hebo and Friendship nearby. Later, Wang Hai had a dispute with Mianchen, the leader of Yijia. Mianchen forced Wang Hai to hand over all the animals. When Wang Hai refused, Mianchen killed him and took the cattle and sheep. Later, Wang Heng, Wang Hai's younger brother, succeeded to the throne and took back the cattle and sheep from the cotton-padded jacket. There are more than ten articles about it, but Hai thinks it is "Wang", but it can't be found in the handed down literature, and the reason is unknown. After Wang Heng's death, his son, Shang Jiawei, joined forces with the Hebo family to attack Youyou and kill Mianchen. The Shang nationality was strong, but the Yi nationality declined. After Yi's defeat, the merchant brothers were selfish, quarreled and caused trouble, and deliberately murdered the merchant. The merchant took the initiative to quell the rebellion and ensure the continuation of the merchant's descendants. Merchants ranked first in the sacrificial sequence of Yin and Zhou people, and divination began with "from merchants ……". Oracle Bone Inscriptions has a clear lineage arrangement for Shang Wang, a descendant of the merchants, probably because the merchants began to have written records in the period of the merchants, and the previous lineage came from legends. Today, there are more than 1 100 in Oracle Bone Inscriptions about merchants, ranking first among merchants, which shows that Yin people respect merchants.
Baoyi, Bao C, Bao Ding, Zhu Ren and Zhu Gui successively ascended the throne. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, "Bao" means "moo", Zhu means "xiu", and the five first names are collectively called "three moo and two xiu". After wearing armor, the three characters are ranked as "E, P and D". In the second presentation, they should continue to rank as "Promise and Geng Xin", but they jumped to "non-decimal". At the same time, Shi's spouses Cong Geng and Jia Cong are different in nature. It shows that the temple name of Sansao may have been drawn up by the Yin people later, while the temple name of Ershi was recorded in the canon. The Book of Rites recorded in Only the Ancestors of Yin Dynasty had Books may have started in the second demonstration period. During the second demonstration, the influence of Shang clan was expanding. They wooed clans and tribes in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and approached the Ilo area in the hinterland of Xia Houshi step by step. Surnamed tang's record is more complicated. The chronicle of ancient bamboo books says "seven soups" In Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins, it is often called "Dayi" or "Tang" or "Cheng". Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Joo Won? and Yi Ming of Qi called it "Cheng Tang". Shangshu and Chuci call it "soup". The Book of Songs and Guoyu are called Tang, Wu or Tang. Historical records and Xunzi called it "Tianyi". Analects of Confucius, Mozi, Annals of Bamboo Books, etc. Call it "shoes".
The last monarch of Xia Dynasty, Gui Lu, was also called Jie. History records that he is a fatuous and lewd king. He oppressed the people, built palaces and yaotai, and made the princes rebel. Jie sent troops against this disobedient country. At this time, Shang Tang was Xia Fangbo, who conquered the Xia royal family. In the history books, he praised Xiu De for his love for the people, generosity and kindness, which was in sharp contrast with Xia Jie. Xia Jie's Spring and Autumn Annals, Historical Records, Yin Benji, Emperor Qianqiu, etc. It is described that all birds are caught in a net, not one of them falls, while Shang Tang's "net is wide open on three sides", leaving only one side to catch birds and releasing the other three sides, indicating Shang Tang's kindness and generosity. When the princes saw the situation, they abandoned the benefits of Tang, and Tang took this opportunity to recruit talents and win over the princes. Living deep in the Ilo Plain in the hinterland, he was dissatisfied with Valerian's rule and decided to marry and form an alliance with Shang Tang. Yi Yin entered the royal family of Shang Tang with the daughter of Xin family and was appointed as. Later, he was valued by Tang, and was named "world government" and became a junior minister. Tang took Yi Yin as a scholar who paid tribute to Xia Ting, and sneaked into Xia to observe the movement. In addition to Yi Yin, Zhong You, Dani, female dove, female room, Igbo, Zhong Bo and other officials also returned to the soup.
Tang moved the capital back to Bohai, the land of the former king. Bo is adjacent to it, but the only place that destroys summer. When Tang heard that there was no ancestor worship, he sent someone to inquire. He said that there were no cattle and sheep to sacrifice, so Tang sent someone to bring them, slaughtered them and ate them themselves, and said that there was a lack of food. Tang sent people to Boyi to help with farming, and sent boys to the fields to deliver rice, but they took their rice and killed them. So Tang set out from Boyi to conquer Gerber. After defeating Ge, Tang did not denounce it, so he conquered Luo, Jing, Su, Dong and Wen successively. Dong Tang's Western Expedition and Northern Expedition advocated that conquest was a crime of hanging people, and it was to eliminate disasters for the people, which won the support of the people. After Wen perished, the war took a turn for the better and was countered by Wen's neighbor Kunwu. Later, Shang Tang turned to crusade against the pro-Xia vassal states. At that time, Shang Tang felt full-fledged, and gathered all the vassal allies in Jingbo, claiming that fighting against Xia was "the life of Jingbo". The pro-Xia regimes such as Wei, Gu and Kunwu were eliminated successively, and the vassal States were eliminated, which weakened their influence. After the "Eleventh Expedition", the world was invincible in the summer drought, and the Tang Dynasty set out to explore the west. Jie Li could not resist it and fled. Defeated by the former site of Youbi, he fled to Mingtiao. Tang He started a singing war here.
Before the Tang Dynasty, he wrote "Tang Shi", citing the crime of valerian as "stop the soldiers and cut Xiayi quickly". Jie was defeated and fled to the south nest, and the Xia Dynasty perished. Tang moved to Qi, a follower of Xia nationality, and Tang wanted to move to Xia society. Yi Yin thought it would arouse people's antipathy in the summer, and raised objections in the summer society. Tang returned to Bo with Thai scrolls, and Zhong You wrote Zhong You's letters patent, explaining the justice of attacking Jie to Xia governors. "Yizhoushu" said that the "Three Thousand Governors' Meeting" was held in Bo, giving the throne to the son of heaven after the people with roads in the world. Then he moved Jiuding to Dubo and established the Shang Dynasty. This is the first dynasty change in the traditional history of China. The Book of Changes praised the fate of Shang Tang's downfall as a "smooth-going and smooth-going" revolution. After the destruction, the Tang Dynasty expanded Bo Capital and built Xibo near the old capital of Xia Dynasty to monitor the remnants of Xia Dynasty. Tang Mingchen wrote "Ming Ju" in order to govern the people, be polite and happy. In order to consolidate the rule, rectify the new moon, suit the color easily, and serve the color first-class for white, and formulate five sacrifices and eight strategies. According to the literature, Tang had three sons, namely, Tai Ding,, and. Tang's eldest son, Tai Ding, was made a prince, but Tai Ding died in Tang before he ascended the throne. In the twenty-ninth year of Tang Dynasty, the king of Tang died. Later, there were differences in documentary records: Preface to Shangshu, Li Sanli, Hanshu Fali Ji and Pseudo-Ancient Shangshu collapsed, and Taijia, the son of Tai Ding and the grandson of Tang Zhi, succeeded to the throne; However, according to the records of Yin Benji, the historian, the chronicles of bamboo books and Mencius, etc. After the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, Zhong Ren, the second son and the third son of the Tang Dynasty, succeeded to the throne for six years, and his grandson Tai Jia succeeded to the throne. In the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins, Taiding was carved as "Big Ding", Waic as "Bubing" and Taijia as "Dajia", but no trace of Zhong Ren has been found so far. According to the order of Zhou Sacrifice in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, "Da Yi-Da Ding-Da Jia-Bu Bing-Da Geng" ranks second, that is, the eldest grandson Tai Jia is before his uncle. Taiding was named Prince before his death. Although he did not ascend to the throne, he was included in the direct line of Zhou Sacrifice because his son Tai Jia was king, and because he had no children, he was a collateral line of Zhou Sacrifice. According to documents, Tang reigned for a long time, and his eldest son, Tai Ding, died young. His second son, Vaic, and his third son, Zhong Ren, acceded to the throne successively, but the total reign time of * * * was only six years. At the same time, it is documented that Yi Yin assisted Tai Jia as regent. At the beginning of Tai Jia's accession to the throne, he was "overbearing, disobedient to the laws of the Tang Dynasty and immoral", so Yi Yin released Tai Jia from Bo and placed him in Tong Gong, the place where Tang was buried. Ancient and modern versions of bamboo chronicles and other documents even claimed that Yi Yin usurped the throne as king. One explanation is that when the eldest son Tai Ding died, Tang was still alive and his second son was made a prince. However, after the death of Tang Dynasty, Taijia seized power and succeeded to the throne before his uncle (and), which destroyed the eldest son inheritance system. This may be because many documents claimed that Tai Jia was immoral from the beginning, so Yi Yin released Tai Jia to Tong and wrote Yi Xun, Siming and Guhou to make him reflect and repent. During this period, Yi Yin re-established Vaic, the second son of Tang Dynasty, and his third son became king successively, but he was old and died after six years in office. Tai Jia realized his fault when he was attacking Xiu De together. When Yi Yin saw this, he welcomed Tai Jia back to Beijing and returned to politics in Tai Jia.
After Yi Yin returned to power, he wrote three articles "Tai Jia" to educate Tai Jia. "Tai Jia repaired politics and revived Yin Dao" and "Governors returned home with salt ... people were at peace", which initiated the first revival of Shang Dynasty. Tai Jia returned to Bo after twelve years, and went to the temple named "Taizong" after his death, also known as "Wang Ming". According to the literature, Tai Jia has two sons, Woding and Tai Geng, who successively became king. There is no name of lying tripod in Zhou Sacrifice, but there is "Ding Qiang" (sheep tripod), because it is a single edition sacrifice, and its relationship with the emperors before and after is not clear. According to documents, in the eighth year of Woding, Yi Yin died, and "Woding was buried with the emperor's ceremony", mourning for three years. Strange single took over politics and trained the king for "Woding". Nineteen years, Wo Dingyi, Tai Geng Li. On the Zhou Festival, Tai Geng is called "Da Geng". Tai Geng has a son who ascended the throne as king, so he belongs to the immediate predecessor. Taigeng reigned for five years, and then Xiao Jia, Taiwu and Yongji became kings one after another, which led to the chaos in the system of succession to the throne. Xiao Jia is the son of Tai Geng, and he is the first king. The first decline of Shang Dynasty began in Xiao Jia period. Jony J collapsed in the seventeenth year of his reign. According to the documents handed down from ancient times, Yongji succeeded to the throne as king, while modern scholars often use the method of supplementing residual words to sort out the incomplete order of divination in the middle and Zhou dynasties, and think that Taiwu succeeded to the throne before Yongji. Taiwu, who wrote "Dawei" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, is a direct ancestor. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, he wrote to Hou Yi, Wu Xian and others to assist Shang Wang in managing state affairs. Taiwu's stepbrother Xiao Jia is king, which violates the system that the eldest son inherits the throne. Legend has it that when Taiwu was born, there was a disaster phenomenon of "Xiangsanggu Chaosheng". Taiwu asked Yi Yi about this matter in fear, and Yi Yi said that it was a bad omen for the decline of Yin morality. Upon hearing this, Taiwu practiced Xiu De and made Xiang Sang die. Taiwu was especially respectful to the ghosts and gods in the mountains and rivers, and ordered Wu Xian to redouble his sacrificial activities. Wu Xian wrote Immortal Mourning and Taiwu to praise Taiwu. Taiwu reformed the army and made the car a yin car. Taiwu, with the help of saints, reversed the decline of Jony J. When the grain harvest was abundant, the governors joined in one after another, and the Shang Dynasty entered the second revival period. According to documents, Taiwu reigned for 75 years, and the temple name "Zhongzong" was also called "Taizong", but there is no record of Taiwu temple name in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Yongji either succeeded his brother Taiwu as king or his brother Jony J as king. During his reign, vaginosis declined, princes rebelled and the Shang Dynasty declined for the second time. Wang Yongji, the first collateral king, was in office for only twelve years, and his deeds were far less than Taiwu's. The prosperity of Taiwu period created conditions for his son to compete for the throne. After Yongji, Taiwu had three sons, Zhong Ding, Wairen and Hejiajia, who successively became kings.
He is the eldest son of Emperor Taizu and the first king after Emperor Taizu in the sacrificial order of Zhou Dynasty. His throne was probably taken from his uncle Yongji. Zhong Ding's seizure of the throne was opposed by other ruling forces within the dynasty. In the first year, the vassals invaded the capital, and Zhong Ding was forced to give up the capital Bo, which had been running for 100 years, and moved eastward to keep the throne. The Lanyi tribe on the eastern border of Turkey took the opportunity of insurrection and was destroyed by Zhong Ding. When Zhong Ding was in office for nine or eleven years, he collapsed, and his younger brother, a foreigner, succeeded to the throne. Due to the lack of records, it is not clear whether his throne was successfully inherited or won. However, in the first year of his accession to the throne, Pi people and foreigners rebelled, which may indicate that his throne was contested by others. The foreign minister collapsed after five or ten years in office, and his younger brother He succeeded to the throne and moved the capital to Xiang. Those who seized power led to the internal division of the Shang regime, the sharp decline of national strength, the invasion of governors, and the third decline of the Shang Dynasty. His family fought against the rebellious princes for years. Levy Lanyi, levy banfang, Wa unite banfang, He Qijia unite Pumbaa, Weber Pique, demote banfang, and Wa surrender. His family was the first king of the collateral system and collapsed after nine years in office. Zhong Ding's son, Zu Ti acceded to the throne. At the beginning of his reign, he moved the capital to Xing, and there may be competition for the throne. Zu Ti, as the eldest grandson of Taiwu, probably got the support of the old aristocratic forces within the dynasty, and made Wu Xian, the son of the old minister, the prime minister to manage the state affairs. So the regime gradually stabilized and established a new capital. Gao Kui was appointed as Tai Hou to consolidate the rule over the western frontier. The second revival of Shang dynasty. Zu Ti was respected by Yin people as much as Tang. Zu Yi collapsed in the nineteenth year of his reign, and the temple was named "Zhongzong". Zu Ti's son, Zuxin, acceded to the throne, and the regime made a smooth transition. Zuxin's rule collapsed in 14 or 16, and his younger brother Wo Jia succeeded him to the throne. Wo Jia is the "Jia Qiang" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Because his son, Nangeng, succeeded to the throne and was the first direct king. But because Nangeng was king without children, he sacrificed to the second direct king in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Huang Zu. Wo Jia collapsed after five years in office and was succeeded by his nephew Zu Ding. Zuding is the son of Zuxin, and Yang Jia, Pan Geng, Xiao Xin and Xiao Yi became kings successively. The four sons are half-brothers, which makes Zu Ding's four spouses listed in the Book of Zhou Sacrifice, ranking first among kings in past dynasties. After nine years in office, my cousin Nangeng succeeded to the throne. Nangeng, son of Wojia, moved to the capital for election three years after he ascended the throne. Because the land was chosen in the south, the king was named "Nangeng". Nangeng reigned for only six years, and Yang Jia, the son of Zu Ding, acceded to the throne. Since then, the series of "Zuxin-Zu Ding-Yangjia" has replaced the series of "Wo Jia-Nan Geng" and has become a direct line. Nan Geng's reign is short, probably because he held the post in the Yang family or Yang family. The struggle for succession to the throne weakened the power of political rule, the national strength dropped sharply, and the border governors invaded. It brought the fourth great decline of Shang Dynasty. In the third year of Yang's family, Danshan Rong led his troops to the west to levy Danshan. Yang Jia's reign collapsed for four years, and his brother Pan Geng acceded to the throne.
Tai Geng's three sons, Xiao Jia, Taiwu and Yongji, became kings one after another, which destroyed the eldest son inheritance system. Since then, the disciples have stood in line with each other, contended for the throne, and moved the capital repeatedly, which made the national strength decline, the vassals failed, and the border was invaded. It was a "chaos compared with IX" in the middle of Shang Dynasty. After Wu Ding's death, the Shang Dynasty gradually declined. Di Xin (Shang Zhouwang), the last king of Shang Dynasty, greatly promoted the development of southeast China and the economic and cultural exchanges between Huaihe River Basin and Yangtze River Basin. However, due to years of war, the large-scale construction of Gong Qiong Yao Tai has greatly consumed social manpower and material resources and intensified social contradictions. Zhou Wuwang joined forces with Qiang, Kuai, Lu and other tribes and fought against * * * until it reached Chao Ge (now Qixian County, Hebi City, Henan Province). People don't want to work for Zhou Wang, because he is extravagant and defected one after another. After the Battle of Makino, Zhou Wang set himself on fire and the Shang Dynasty perished. The Zhou Dynasty was established.
When Zhou Wuwang enfeoffed the vassal, he still sealed Wu Geng, the son of Zhou Wang, to worship him. After his death, Wu Geng rebelled and was killed by Zhou's rebellion. There was also a man named Shu Xiong. In that year, Zhou's son was released to Shangqiu, with the title Song. In order to pay homage to the Shang Dynasty, the adherents of the Shang Dynasty split into two and became the later Wei and Song States. During the Warring States Period, Song died in Qi, and Wei was annexed by Qin. In Liaodong, Ji Zi, the imperial clan of Shang Dynasty, founded Korea and died in Wei Man, a Yan. Chen Guo is also a Yin country. In The Book of Songs, Chen Ye refers to Yin and Chen is the country of Shang nationality. After Zhou Kangwang's death, Zixiao succeeded to the throne of King Zhao of Zhou. In the 16th year of King Zhao of Zhou, Zhao Haoqi personally marched from Jingchu to Jianghan area. In the third year of the Southern Expedition, King Zhao of Zhou drowned in the Han River and was completely annihilated. When his son Zhou Muwang succeeded to the throne, he was fifty years old. Mu Wang was overjoyed and wanted to develop in all directions. It's easy to March, so politics is easy. Xu of Soochow led the invasion of Zhou by Jiuyi. Mu Wang have, combined with ChuPing, won.
After the Zhao Mu era, the strength of the Zhou Dynasty was greatly reduced. During this period, the northwest Rongdi gradually flourished. In Zhou Yiwang, Jundi invaded and despotic China. Zhou people suffered greatly from it.
During Zhou Liwang's time, people were suffering because of years of war. At the same time, take pride as a nobleman and monopolize social wealth and resources. In order to suppress people's discontent, Zhou Liwang ordered wizards to monitor and kill anyone who slandered the king. As a result, everyone was worried about themselves, which eventually led to Chinese riots. 84 1 years ago, there was a riot in China (Zhou Dynasty), and Li Wang went to Zhan (now Huoxian County, Shanxi Province). North Korea is governed by two ministers, one is Mu and the other is Zhou, and they are * * * and (it is said that the governor is in charge of administrative affairs).
* * * and fourteen years (828), Li died at Bi, and Jingdi succeeded him, reigning for forty-six years. Wang Xuan made great efforts to govern, and the political affairs were harmonious, and the governors came to govern the Zhou Dynasty. In Wang Xuan's later years, the decline of the Zhou Dynasty reappeared. Wang Xuan intervened in Lu's succession to the throne and established Lu Xiaohong by powerful force, which aroused the dissatisfaction of the governors. In thirty-six years, the conquest of Dijon and Bunyan was a fiasco. In thirty-nine years, he fought Xirong, a branch of Chiang Kai-shek, in Qianmu (now Jiexiu South, Shanxi Province) and suffered a fiasco.
78 1 years ago, Zhou Youwang succeeded to the throne, Guo Shifu, who had a good job, was in power, and his political affairs were corrupt, and the Chinese people complained bitterly; In the third year of Wang You (779 BC), he failed to cut down six reinforcements. At the same time, natural disasters were frequent, and the internal and external affairs of the Zhou Dynasty were difficult. After you Wang abolished Zheng, the daughter of Shen Hou married the Prince, and later praised her beauty, and her son was the Prince. On September 19, he fled to the state of Shen, and Shen Hou joined forces with Quan Rong to attack the King of You. In the play, he was killed by the dog Rong (now Lintong East, Shaanxi Province). Before 77 1, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. During the Spring and Autumn Period from 770 BC to 476 BC, at that time, some big vassal states fought for land, population and rule over other vassal states. Whoever wins will hold a vassal state meeting to force everyone to admit his "overlord" status. Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang have emerged as hegemons. Historically, they were called "five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period".
In the process of vassal hegemony, big countries merged with small countries, the number of vassal States gradually decreased, and the tribes of the Chinese nation had frequent exchanges, which promoted national integration. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Qiantang River also participated in the hegemony war. At first, the State of Wu defeated the State of Yue and forced it to yield. Gou Jian, the King of Yue, licked his guts every day and was determined to take revenge. He pays attention to increasing production, training and accumulating strength. After long-term efforts, the State of Yue finally regained its strength and finally destroyed the State of Wu.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, ironware has been used in agriculture and handicraft production. Iron hoes and axes are used in agricultural production. Iron is hard and sharp, better than wood, stone and bronze tools. The use of iron marks a significant improvement in social productivity. At that time, Niu Gengdi also began to use it. Farming techniques have been improved and agricultural production has been further developed. Some nobles turned public land into private land and gradually adopted new exploitation methods, which made farm workers hand over most of their products and keep some. The "bluestone" in bronze inscriptions is the "bluestone" in literature. "Shuo Wen" says: "Scholars, things are also." Both of them were called Liao, indicating that they were the two major yamen at that time. Liao in Qing Dynasty was in charge of the "three things and four directions" of the dynasty. The so-called "three things" refer to the three major political affairs in Wang Ji; "Sifang" refers to the affairs of governors outside Ji Wang. The early Qingshiliang officials were Taibao and Taishi, and after the middle period, Taishi was the main one.
The subordinate officials are mainly "three divisions", namely Sima, Situgong (apprentice) and Sigong (empty). Stuart was an official in charge of land labor; Sima is an official in charge of military tax; Sikong is an official in charge of construction projects. Outside the third division, there was a scout, an officer in charge of prison guards and other things, with a lower status. There are also "Shi", "Ya Lu" and "Tiger Giant", all of whom are officers in charge of the army. There are "interesting horses", officials who are in charge of horses, and officials who are "catering", officials who are in charge of royal grain and withdrawal slips.
"In ancient times, there was no distinction between military punishment and military punishment. Old officials in the Qing Dynasty, whether a surname or a Taibao, all have military and political power, so Zhao Gong and Duke Zhou have been at war. In the Shang dynasty, oral and external service systems were implemented in some areas.
The Zhou Dynasty practiced a typical feudal system. The Zhou Dynasty divided the land outside Ji Wang into the same surname, heroes and descendants of the previous generation, awarded different titles, established vassal states and defended the royal family. Among the feudal countries in the early Zhou Dynasty, the number of vassal States with the surname of Ji was the largest. "Xunzi Confucianism" article "Seventy-one countries, Ji surname lives alone." In the twenty-eighth year of Zuo Zhuan, it was said that "there are five brothers in the country and forty in the country of Ji surname", which probably sealed fifty or sixty new countries. Among the vassal States of Ji surname, Wen, Wu and Wu were the most, and regency was the most.
The vassal States from King Wen mainly include: Guan, Cai, Yi, Huo, Lu, Wei, Mao, Yong, Cao, Teng, Bi, Yuan and Yi.
The vassal States from King Wu mainly include Han, Jin, Ying and Han.
The vassal States mainly came from: Lu, Fan, Jiang, Xing, Mao, Qian and Ji.
Most of the vassal states with different surnames are heroes, sages and small countries, mainly including Qi, Lu, Shen, Chen, Song, Ji, Jiao, Zhu, Qi, Ji, Xu and Chu.
There are also some other vassal States, such as Vietnam, Britain, Shu, Huang, Jiang, Xu, Ju, Yan, Yong, Lai, Six Kingdoms, Yun, Solitary Bamboo, Yun, Yi, Zhu, Fei, Zhu and so on. He may be too weak and a vassal of a big country, such as Yong and Xu. Or the royal family was suppressed at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty and became a vassal state of the Zhou Dynasty, such as Yi and Xu. Or although the strength was there, it was not recognized as an independent vassal state by the Zhou Dynasty for various reasons, such as Qi State.
The above are feudal countries in the early Zhou Dynasty, and the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty has gradually decreased since Kang Wang. The main vassal states are Zheng, Liang and Qin.
Among the above-mentioned vassal states, the most important one is Qi and Chu Qin Jin, which developed into a first-class power in the Spring and Autumn Period. Especially in the Chu and Jin Dynasties at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, only these two countries have the potential and ability to unify the whole country. However, in the early Warring States period, the State of Jin collapsed and split into three parts. Chu, on the other hand, has destroyed the power of Yue, but the scenery is not there. It has been defeated by Qin for many times and its national strength is declining.