Boxer Movement, 1898 Reform Movement
I. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement
1. Background
After the Opium War, China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. With the help of a series of unequal treaties such as treaty of nanking, the intensification of ethnic contradictions has promoted the intensification of domestic class contradictions. The peasants were hungry and cold, and they rose up in succession. At the end of Daoguang 30 years, a large-scale peasant uprising led by Hong Xiuquan broke out in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
system program
(1) "celestial system"
Principle: All fields are cultivated and all people work together. Content: Abolish the feudal landlord class land ownership and distribute the land equally according to population and age. Significance: The revolutionary program of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom highlights the strong desire of the peasant class to abolish feudal land ownership, but it is just a fantasy and cannot be realized.
② "A New Chapter for Senior Ministers"
Content: Learn from the West and carry out economic, political and cultural reforms. Evaluation: The reform plan with capitalist color first put forward by China people conforms to the law and trend of social development, but it does not involve the land problem of farmers, can not arouse their enthusiasm and can not be really implemented.
result
Due to command errors, serious internal corruption and the limitations of the peasant class itself, Tianjing fell, marking the failure of the peasant war in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
Second, the Westernization Movement
1. Background
After the failure of two Opium Wars and the blow of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the internal and external diplomacy of the Qing Dynasty was struggling. In order to relieve domestic troubles and foreign invasion, realize the prosperity of Qiang Bing and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty, we began to learn western culture and advanced technology.
Objective: To "learn from foreigners for self-improvement" and maintain the feudal rule of the Qing government.
Representative: Central Committee: Games? . Venue: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong
4. Guiding ideology: use Chinese style in the west. Middle school is the body and western learning is the use.
5. Slogan: "self-improvement" in the early stage and "seeking wealth" in the later stage.
6. Content (65438+60s-90s)
(1) Military industry representatives: Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute (Zeng Guofan), Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration (Li Hongzhang), Fuzhou Shipping Bureau (left), Tianjin Machinery Bureau (Chonghou).
(2) Representatives of civil industry: Shanghai maritime merchant (Li Hongzhang), Hubei weaving layout (Zhang Zhidong) and Hanyang Iron Works (Zhang Zhidong was the earliest government-run iron and steel enterprise in modern China, and was regarded by the west as a symbol of China's awakening).
(3) Navy: Three navies of Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian were established, and the central government set up a naval yamen.
(4) New education: establish Wentong Museum, organize new schools and send overseas students abroad.
7. Results
The fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War marked the failure of the Westernization Movement. The fundamental reason is that the backward feudal system has not been fundamentally changed.
Third, the Reform Movement of 1898.
1. Background
1in April, 895, the news of the signing of treaty of shimonoseki reached Beijing, and under the organization of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, a "bus petition" was launched. Later, under the leadership of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, the Reform Movement began.
content
Yan Fu, translated by Adam Smith, Montesquieu and Huxley. Guo was founded to systematically introduce western democracy and science, publicize the idea of reform and political reform, and put forward the translation standard of "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance". In the theory of evolution, "natural selection, survival of the fittest" provided the ideological basis for the Reform Movement of 1898.
result
Emperor Guangxu promulgated "making the country an imperial edict" and the political reform began. A hundred days later, he was imprisoned in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai and ended in failure. Six reformists, including Tan Sitong, Kang, Yang Rui and Liu Guangdi, were killed, which is known as the "Six Gentlemen of the Reform Movement of 1898".
Four Boxers Movement
Boxer, also known as boxer. The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the "Boxer Rebellion", was a large-scale mass violence movement in China at the end of 19 with the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries", targeting westerners in China, including missionaries and Christians in China. In the Boxer Movement, it played a certain role in cracking down on imperialist powers and promoted the awakening of the people of China to a certain extent. However, its movement was generally exclusive, ignorant and cruel, and its own peasant movement was flawed and blind, which made it used by the Qing government, abandoned and failed, and became the fuse of Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion. The Boxer Rebellion was launched by the Boxer Rebellion in North China at the end of 19, and it was an anti-imperialist patriotic movement widely participated by all social strata in China. Due to the joint strangulation of the Qing court and foreign Coalition forces, the Boxer Rebellion finally failed. This matter has a great influence. Historians in China also call this event "the Boxer Rebellion" or "the Battle of Eight-Nation Alliance".