Brief introduction of Qinggudui site
The site of Qingba Team is located 20 kilometers northeast of Liangshan County and about 500 meters west of Dongzhuang Village, Xiao 'anshan Town. It used to be a high pile, 800 meters from east to west and 400 meters from north to south. Over the years, the area has been greatly reduced due to rain erosion and man-made destruction. At present, it is only 6 1 m above the ground, 40 meters from north to south and about 3 meters high. Most of them have been planted by local farmers. There used to be a temple built on a pile, but now it has been destroyed.
Investigation and excavation of Qinggudui site by relevant units;
First time: 1959 From March to May, Shandong team of Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences excavated in Qinggudui.
Second time: 1976. From March to April, the Heze District Cultural Relics Team conducted an investigation and trial excavation. The site excavated this time is divided into seven layers, the first to the third layer is the middle Shang culture layer, the fourth to the sixth layer is the early Shang culture layer, and the seventh layer is the late primitive culture layer.
On the seventh floor, a wealth of physical information was obtained, including both production tools and living tools. Making tools include stone shovel, stone axe, stone chisel, bone awl, bone needle, bone arrow, bone dart, pottery net pendant, spinning wheel, clam knife, clam saw and so on. Household utensils are mainly pottery.
conclusion
Based on the analysis of decorative patterns, shapes and colors of articles for production and daily use, the site of Qingbadui is a relic of the late primitive society in China, about 4,500 years ago. As far as its attribution is concerned, there are both factors of typical Longshan culture in Shandong and some characteristics of typical Longshan culture in Henan, but there are also factors that are obviously different from the above two cultures. In short, it belongs to neither Shandong Longshan culture nor Henan Longshan culture, and its own style is very unique.
The conclusion of the cultural relics team in Heze area is that the site of Qingba Team is a cultural site of Longshan period with obvious regional characteristics.
The conclusion of Chinese Academy of Sciences is that the site of Qingbadui is a cultural site of the type of Qingbadui in Longshan period.
Archaeologists call it the "Youth Eight Team Style" Longshan Culture.
Brief introduction of Jiagudui site
Jiabadui Site is located in the northwest of Liangshan County 1 1 km, east of Luna Village in Dalukou Township 100 m, 26 meters from east to west, 30 meters from north to south, and about 3 meters from the ground.
1in April, 976, the cultural relics team of Heze region conducted an investigation and trial excavation here. From the analysis of a large number of relics obtained, the site belongs to the residential site of Longshan culture in the Neolithic Age at the end of primitive society, and belongs to the cultural site of Qingba Team in terms of the types, patterns and colors of utensils.
Some understandings:
1, Qingbadui site and Jiajiadui site belong to the cultural sites in the late primitive society in China, with a history of 4500 years. This shows that as early as 4,500 years ago, ancient humans fished, hunted and cultivated in Liangshan area and began to create splendid ancient civilization. Liangshan has a long history.
2. The culture of the Eighth Youth Team not only has the general characteristics of Longshan culture in Shandong and Longshan culture in Henan, but also has its own distinctive style. It is defined as the type culture of the Eighth Youth Team by historians and archaeologists, which makes everyone in Liangshan feel proud.
3. Speculation on the life span of our ancestors.
According to textual research, a strange custom-tooth extraction was popular at that time, which was an act of artificially destroying one's own physiological tissue. Tooth extraction is usually limited to the extraction of a pair of maxillary lateral teeth, and the age of operation is generally around 14 years old. The method is to knock the broken teeth horizontally with some instrument. This custom may have something to do with aesthetics.
According to the data of human bone identification, among the ancient sites found around Liangshan, the proportion of original residents' tooth extraction is high, which is 80% in Shangzhuang site in chiping, 76.8% in Wang Yin town in Yanzhou, 73.7% in Dawenkou site in Ningyang, 55% in Xiahou site in Qufu and 64.6% in Dadunzi site in Pixian County, Jiangsu Province. Therefore, it is inferred that the proportion of ancestors in Liangshan area will not be low.
In addition, due to malnutrition and epidemics, the mortality rate is high. Some experts have studied that the average mortality rate of young children at that time was as high as 30%.
As for the average life expectancy of human beings, relevant data show that the average life expectancy of Beijingers (700,000-200,000 years ago) is 17.7 years, that of Neanderthals (1 10,000 years ago) is 26.4 years, and that of the late primitive society (about 5,000 years ago) is 32. 1. Inferred from this. Xu jucheng
After the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to maintain and consolidate the rule in the whole country, the method of enfeoffment was adopted, that is, the system of "dividing the land to seal the Hou" recorded in historical books. Zhou divided the area near the capital into Wang Ji, which was directly ruled by the royal family. The vast area outside Wang Ji was divided into many princes and each established a country.
The number of vassal States sealed by the Zhou Dynasty is unknown. Xunzi and Confucian filial piety wrote: "Duke Zhou ruled the world and established 7 1 country." "Lu Chunqiu's View of the World" says: "There are more than 400 Zhou Feng, serving the country for more than 800." Among so many vassal States, there is a small country in the Dongping area of Liangshan today, and its national governance happens to be in Liangshan, which is a country that needs to be sentenced. According to textual research, the city of national governance is located in Dongzhangzhuang Village, Xiao 'anshan Town, Liangshan County. "Dongping County Records and Historical Records" contains: "Xu Jucheng is on the Anmin Water in Shandong. .................................................................................................................................................................................. Anmin is today's Xiao 'anshan. Jishui was a famous river in ancient times (in ancient China, it was also called "four blasphemies" with the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Huaihe River). According to the Records of Water Conservancy in Liangshan County, the route of Jishui at that time was: after leaving Konosawa in the southwest, it went to the southeast of Liangshan in the northeast (six miles away from the mountain), to the south of Anmin Pavilion in the northeast (three miles away from Anmin Mountain in the north), and Wenshui was injected from the northeast. Suyu City is located on the coast of Jishui, near the intersection of Jishui and Wenshui.
Jiang Zuojin also made a detailed textual research on the specific location of Xu Jucheng in Qing Dynasty. Jiang Zuojin (1817-1864), a native of Daying Village, Guan Yi Town, Liangshan County, was elected as a scholar at the age of 42 in Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty and was appointed by the Qing court to administer the Yellow River. His achievements are remarkable and people praise him. His representative work, Archaeological Records of Dongyuan, puts forward many reasonable and exact opinions on the textual research of ancient rivers in ancient towns.
In the Archaeological Record of Dongyuan, he wrote: "I have to say that the city is on the Anmin water in Shandong." "Today, their hometown is zhang jia zhuang, Liuli. Yangjiadi Kou in Zhuangxi (now Di Yang Kou Village in Xiao 'anshan Town) is a Guji waterway. "When the villagers dig the ground, they see the rubble and the clouds in the city ruins." From this, we can see that in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, when Jiang Zuojin was living, people in Dongzhangzhuang were digging and digging, and from time to time they could dig out the remnants of bricks and tiles left over from the old city, and they could also see the remains of the old site of Xu Sentence. Later, Xu Juguo's rule moved northward and was still called Xu Juguo. The Qin Dynasty was renamed Xuchang, and Xuchang County was established. "Dongping County Records Monument" contains: "Xuchang City is in the southeast of Jinshan, Shandong Province, and the west of Buzitou". Geographically, it is around Tiger Town in Dongping County today. The origin of the names of Liang Xiaowang and Liangshan
Liangshan's real name "Liangshan" can be found in ancient books before the Han Dynasty. "Historical Records of Liang Xiaowang Family" has a record of filial piety "hunting mountains in the north". The "Liangshan" here is the "Liangshan" today. "Liangshan" was renamed as "Liangshan" in the Han Dynasty, and there are two opinions.
First of all, it was given by the hunting party in Liang Xiaowang. Liang Xiaowang Liu Wu is the son of Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty (the grandson of Liu Bang and the younger brother of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty), and his name is Liang Wang. Liu chased Liangshan, died of sudden illness and was buried in Liangshan, so he changed his name to Liangshan, and Han Jing erected a monument for it. "The Unification of the Qing Dynasty" contains: "Liangshan's real name is Liangshan, named after Liang Xiaowang's hunting here." Gu Zuyu's Summary of Reading History and Geography also said: "Liangshan, whose real name is Liangshan, was changed to Liangshan because Han Liang and Wang Xiao tasted hunting here."
Second, Emperor Guangwu can easily avoid his uncle. Liang County was established in the Western Han Dynasty, and Liu Xiushu was named Liu Liang in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In order to avoid it, Emperor Guangwu changed Shouliangjun to Shouzhangjun, and Liangshan was renamed "Liangshan". "Shandong Tongzhi Mountains and Rivers" records: "The original name of Liangshan Kao County was Shouliang, but it was renamed Shouzhang because Emperor Guangwu avoided his uncle, so the mountain (Liangshan) was changed to Liang." The two versions of Liangshan were renamed for different reasons.
Liang Xiaowang (? -BC 144) The second son of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, and his mother Dou Taihou. Before 178, he was appointed king, and before 176, he was renamed Huaiyang king. 168 was changed to Du Suiyang (now Shangqiu, Henan). During the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, he led the army to defend the capital Chang 'an and made great contributions. After the war, Dou Taihou injured his pet, and Liang's soldiers tried to inherit Jingdi, but failed. He died on 144, and posthumous title Xiao Wang was buried in Mangdang Mountain in Yongcheng and Liangshan. Records about Liang Xiaowang in Historical Records;
Take Liang Xiaowang fighters, filial piety Di Zi also, with filial piety scene emperor mother. Mother, Dou Taihou also.
★ Drink with Liang, calmly say, "Long live, long live, and pass it on to the king." Decline the king politely. Although I know it is not true, I am happy in my heart. So is the queen mother. (Guo Liang) is a rich place in the world. There are Mount Tai in the north, Levin in the west, and more than 40 cities are counties. (Liangshan is the back garden) ★ Be filial to Wang, the youngest son of Dou Taihou, who loves talents and enjoys invincible rewards.
Yi Shang (Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty) abolished the prince, and Dou Taihou took filial piety as his heir. The minister has relations with Yuan Ang. Keep it a secret, and the world will never know. ★ Make King Jiaodong the Prince. Liang Wang was dissatisfied with Yuan Ang and his ministers, but together with Yang Sheng and Gongsun, they sent people to assassinate Yuan Ang and more than a dozen other ministers. The man who chased the thief got nothing. So the son of heaven intends to let Liang Wang chase thieves and let them suffer. He sent envoys across the road to cover the beams and catch the sun and sheep. Gongsun deceives the sheep and wins the king's harem. Liang Xiangxuan, Qiu Bao and the civil servant remonstrated with Wang Jin, and Wang nailed the victory and cheated both of them. From this hatred, I hope Liang Wang. ★ In the winter of 35 years (145), North Korea returned. I want to stay, I want to stay. When I got home, I suddenly felt unhappy. Hunting mountains in the north, there are cows, and it is enough to carry them on your back. Filial piety is hated by the king. In mid-June, he fell ill and died on the sixth day, saying that he was filial to the king. The county seat is located at the junction of Tai 'an, Jining, Heze, Shandong Province and Puyang, Henan Province, in the symmetrical center of the southeast, northwest and southwest, 65 kilometers away from Jining City and 0/48 kilometers away from Jinan, the provincial capital. It is 30km away from Tai 'an City/KLOC-0 in the northeast, 83km away from Yanzhou City in the southeast, 92km away from Heze City in the southwest and 36km away from Taiqian County across the Yellow River in the northwest. Liangshan County is adjacent to Dongping and Wenshang County in the north and east, Jiaxiang and Yuncheng County in the south and west, and Taiqian County in Henan Province across the Yellow River in the northwest. It starts from Liangshan County to Yuncheng County in the west, 20 kilometers (diameter distance, the same below), and is bounded by Mazhuang Village, Heihumiao Township; It is 8.5 kilometers southwest to Yuncheng County, bounded by Baodai Village in Maying Town; South to Jiaxiang County boundary 19km, bounded by Liulijing Village, Quanpu Town; It is 365,438+0 kilometers southeast to Wenshang County, bounded by Wulibao Village, Hangai Town; Dongping County in the east 18.5km, bounded by Jinkou Village, Guan Yi Town; Northeast to Dongping County 16 km, bounded by Zhangguantun Village, Xiao 'anshan Town; Dongping County 1 1km in the north, Yinna Village in Xiao 'anshan Town as the boundary, Taiqian County in Henan Province 23km in the northwest, and Cailou Village in Zhaogudui Township as the boundary.
Lin Xianjie Village, starting from Wangzhongkou Village in the town, has Wang, Kou, Qi Village, Shangzhuang, Jinkou, Liu Zhuang (the above villages belong to the town), Hantang Village, Zhaolou, Zhangzhuang, Jiangzhuang, Dongyuankou, Nanyuankou, Mengzhuang (the above villages belong to Hangang Town), Liukou, Xinzhuang, Houguanzhuang and "Qianguanzhuang". Chuzhuang, Liu Zhuang, HouYang Lou, Li Xiang, Xuzhuang, Gulugou, QianYang Lou, Gaomiao, Fangzhuang, Dai Lu, Xiyangji (the above villages belong to Quanpu Town), Baodai, Litun, Putun, Nilou (the above villages belong to Maying Town), Wulimiao, Dongdingzhuang, Houdaogou, Yangzhuang and Yezhunao (the above villages) Baimiao, Dawang (the above village belongs to Xiaolukou Town), Zhoulou, Liutang, Yin Na, Ganyutou Village, Beizhangzhuang, Goose and Duck Factory, Deng Zhuang, Zhangguantun, fengcun, Liguantun, Tanzhuang, Guo Zhuang, Qinggudui Village, Xiqiao, Qixinzhuang, luna, North Liu Zhuang, Xifeng, Dongfeng, Sun.