Ci Yu Mo Xiang (blog.cntv.cn/18805568)

(1) Pastel Pastel was founded in Kangxi and flourished in Yongzheng. Kangxi pastels are thick, carmine is only used for safflower, and other colors are still multicolored. During the Yongzheng period, unprecedented development was made in modeling, glaze color and painting.

Pastel and multicolor have the following differences in the production process:

A feature of famille rose making is that "glass white" is used as the base, and "glass white" is not used for multicolor.

Jingdezhen porcelain workers introduced arsenic into lead-containing glass and invented the so-called "glass white", which consists of Pbo (lead oxide), SiOz (silicon oxide) and As2O (arsenic oxide). Silicon oxide is the main component of glass formation, lead oxide is the flux, and arsenic oxide will lead to opacification. Glass white has an opaque feeling because of the opacifying effect of arsenic, and is generally used in pastel porcelain flowers and people's clothes.

⑦ In painting techniques, multicolored colors are painted flat with single line, and pastel colors are painted by "rendering method". The step is to fill a layer of glass white according to the original contour range of flowers or clothes. Because it is opaque, brush marks should be omitted, which is equivalent to rendering with pigments in the later stage. The effect is to make the petals and characters' clothes have a sense of shadow. For example, Yongzheng pastel flowers are generally colored with carmine, and the stamens often retain the most and thickest pigments. From the flower heart to the petals, the more red is washed away, which makes the pigment itself have different levels of three-dimensional sense, which is an effect that can not be achieved by the multicolored single-line flat coating method.

(3) Multicolor is made of traditional colors in China, such as "Fan Hong" and "Fan Hong". Pastels are imported "foreign colors" from the beginning, such as carmine and strong water red with gold as colorant. In addition, imported pigments such as marine green, marine yellow, marine D white and jadeite are also used.

(4) In terms of color method, multicolored colors are colored with clear water or glue, and pastels are colored with oil paints. The use of oil painting pigments is a major reform in the history of porcelain making.

⑤ The temperature of multicolored fire is above 800℃, while pastel is generally above 700℃. C, because its firing temperature is lower than that of multicolored porcelain, and its color after firing is softer than that of multicolored porcelain, so it is also called "soft color".

Among the above features, some of the pastels used are foreign and mixed with oil, which is obviously influenced by the west, as mentioned in the description of Kangxi porcelain glaze above. At the same time, it should be clear that not all colors of famille rose porcelain are famille rose, such as the green leaves of trees, the red part of alum, or colorful handicrafts. Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that famille rose is degraded from enamel on the basis of Kangxi's colorful. Because the main materials and methods of pastel painting are foreign, it is also called "foreign color".

Yongzheng pastels are mostly painted on white porcelain tires and white porcelain made of extremely pure transparent glaze, so it can highlight its elegant and soft feeling. The official kiln wares are more elaborate, and the bottoms of most round wares such as plates and bowls have become round "loach backs".

Yongzheng famille rose porcelain was used in the daily life of the upper class at that time, so plates, bowls and other utensils were the most. In addition, there are cups, plates, cans, shovels, deformed croquet bottles, hexagonal bottles, lantern bottles, flower beds, pen holders, infusion bottles, teapots and so on.

The pattern of Yongzheng pastel porcelain is slightly different from that of blue and white. Hua Die is the most popular pastel porcelain; Peony, rose, begonia and four-season flowers are also very common. The imitation of Xuande blue-and-white flowers and traditional tied-branch flowers, which are common in Yongzheng blue-and-white, is rare in pastel, while the story pictures of Yongzheng blue-and-white characters are less and more in pastel. In addition, the homophonic patterns of "bat" (blessing) and "deer" (deer) are also common in pastel porcelain. At that time, the so-called "cross-branch" technique was outstanding, that is, from the body to the cover, or from the inside to the outer wall of the device, the patterns of plates and bowls were constantly drawn and burned. Generally, the cross branches are mostly peach fruit, peony magnolia and other patterns.

Yongzheng pastel official kiln has two lines of six-character regular script of "Qing Yongzheng Year System". The top products of folk kilns are marked with the names and patterns of private halls, and the bottom of kilns is painted with blue-and-white pens, gold ingots, ruyi and other patterns, which highlights the harmony of "must be perfect".

(2) Although pastel was the mainstream of Yongzheng multicolored porcelain, there were still multicolored productions inherited from Kangxi in the early years of Yongzheng. It only accounts for a small proportion in the whole colored porcelain. Some styles of Yongzheng multicolored paintings mainly imitate multicolored paintings, but they have their own characteristics in modeling. In addition to the early Kangxi-style utensils, gourd bottles, square flower pots, pen holders, cup sets, dishes and bowls are more common. Yongzheng's colorful patterns are mostly elegant. In addition to the traditional dragon and phoenix patterns, figures, flowers, simple scenery and fish and algae are outstanding. There are several colorful official kilns in China, and there are two lines of blue-and-white models of six-character regular script of "Qing Yongzheng Year System". There are many folk kilns, most of which have no money, and often have the name of "Lianningtang Collection".

(3) On the basis of Kangxi's production, Yongzheng Doucai still developed. Judging from the handed down objects, he is much more colorful than Yongzheng. Yongzheng Doucai is mainly made of official kilns, and there are two kinds of artifacts: a few are imitation Doucai, such as Tian Zi jar, chicken jar cup and horseshoe cup. More popular shapes at that time, such as plates, bowls, cups, dishes, basins, lamp holders, rectangular flowerpots, bowls, oval washing and various bottles.

Yongzheng Doucai is mostly official kiln ware, so its patterns are mainly traditional clouds, wind, branches wrapped in flowers and flowers. At that time, the prominent patterns were the so-called "Jin Man Eight Treasures", Sanskrit, Plum finch, Tuanlong, Tuanfeng, Tuanhua Shouzi, Jiutao and Dark Eight Immortals (wheel, snail, umbrella, cover, flower, jar, fish and intestine). ), bat deer (Fulu), etc.

Yongzheng Doucai has two types in painting: one is the traditional Doucai production, that is, the combination of underglaze blue and white and underglaze multicolor; The other is the combination of underglaze blue-and-white and underglaze pastel, which is a new type of color fighting technology, which was first created in Yongzheng Dynasty when pastel was prevalent. There was no such production in Kangxi period.

There are many types of official kilns in Yongzheng Doucai, generally blue-and-white double-circle, with two lines of six-character regular script of "Qing Yongzheng Year System", and its imitations are such as chicken cylinder cups, books in Yongzheng style and six-character blue-and-white regular script of "Ming Chenghua Year System". The books in Chenghua style are single-circle, and some are double-circle or double-sided.

Yongzheng painted porcelain includes glaze red, red-green, ink color, all kinds of glass gold-tracing devices, yellow-green, yellow-red and so on, in addition to pastels, multicolored colors and fighting colors.

(4) Enamel color is the same as Kangxi enamel color porcelain. Its porcelain embryo or white porcelain is fired in Jingdezhen Imperial Factory, and the process of painting and color firing is carried out in the office of Qing Palace in Beijing. So strictly speaking, it is not a product of Jingdezhen kiln.

Yongzheng enamel developed further than Kangxi period. During the reign of Kangxi, the semi-finished products with unglazed exterior walls were painted all over the wall, while Yongzheng enamel was painted on a white background. He changed the simple pattern of painting flowers instead of birds during the reign of Kangxi, with flowers and birds as the most, landscapes as the second, and figures as the least. At this time, one of the characteristics of enamel porcelain is that it is accompanied by corresponding poems on the screen, and its calligraphy is excellent. At the beginning and end of the poem, there is Zhu Wen's rouge water or red seal, and the printed words are often consistent with the picture and the content of the poem, such as "Ran Bin" and "Gentleman" are painted bamboo; Draw landscapes with the seal of "high mountain" and "long water"; Those who draw plum blossoms use "early spring" stamps and so on.

Yongzheng enamel porcelain is a comprehensive work of art which integrates the skills of books, poems, paintings and porcelain. Because it is an ornamental of the court, I only see some small utensils such as bowls, plates, vases and teapots, which are mainly collected in Taiwan Palace Museum, Beijing Palace Museum and Shanghai Museum. Their tires, glazes and paintings are very beautiful. Yong Zhengdi especially likes blue-and-white porcelain, so the blue-ink enamel porcelain in this period is more delicate, and its white porcelain is clean and white as snow; The colors of the paintings were all imported before Yongzheng six years ago. After six years, the imperial court has been able to make its own enamel, but the supervisor can't say that imported materials are no longer used.

From the chemical composition of enamel pigment, it can be further confirmed that famille rose evolved from enamel:

① Enamel pigments contain arsenic, traditional multicolored pigments do not contain arsenic, and pastel pigments also contain arsenic.

② The yellow color in enamel is colored with antimony. Traditional colorful yellow is colored with iron, while pastel yellow is colored with antimony.

③ The carmine in enamel is golden red mixed with oil, while the traditional multicolored red is iron red, but the pastel is mainly golden red.

In addition, it is worth noting that there is a lot of boron in enamel pigments, but there is no boron in multicolored or pastel colors.

Yongzheng enamel porcelain is mostly blue square, with four characters of "Yongzheng year system"

Because Yongzheng enamel porcelain is very precious, there are imitations from generation to generation, but there are fewer imitations of Yongzheng porcelain than Qianlong enamel. Of course, the imitation of the book "Qing Yongzheng Year System" is easier to identify. As for the blue material of the book, in addition to paying attention to the regularity of the font and the format of the square column, it mainly depends on the color of the blue material; At the same time, in addition to the current collections of the above-mentioned units, we should also pay attention to the possibility of imitation of porcelain tires, especially the production of blue ink, especially the possibility of imitation.

5. Money knowledge

Yongzheng kiln porcelain is mainly blue-and-white and pastel porcelain, with two lines of six-character regular script and two circles of blue and white (there are also two lines of six-character regular script and two borders, which are mainly used in color fights, but few), followed by three lines of six-character seal script, most of which are used in colored glaze porcelain. There are few four-character seal scripts in Yongzheng year system. "Yongzheng year system" or "Yongzheng imperial system" is only used for enamel porcelain; The four-character seal cutting of "Yongzheng year system" is mostly used for imitation jun, furnace jun glaze or tea powder and other products. What is even more rare is that there is also a six-character seal script with a golden pattern on a particularly delicate pastel or wood grain-like glaze. The place where the word "Qing" was written as "Qing" seems to belong to the early years of Yongzheng.

Most of the folk kiln wares of the ancient kiln households in Yongzheng are of various names, such as Zhengyi Bookstore, Haoran Hall, Lianning Hall, Baiyi Mountain House, Wangyin Pavilion and Jiqiansong. Generally, folk kilns are marked with incense burners, ganoderma lucidum, dragons, phoenixes, cranes and flowers.

6. Identify points

Yongzheng porcelain mainly has the following points:

① In addition to the imitations of Yongle, Xuande and Chenghua porcelain in the Ming Dynasty, the most common artifacts in Yongzheng period are cow head, ear piercing bottle, 40% folding bottle, lantern bottle, wishful ear image, peach washing and high hoop loquat image.

② The common feature of Yongzheng porcelain is orange peel on glaze.

③ The exquisite dishes in official kilns and folk kilns are round loach backs, as delicate as glutinous rice flour.

(4) Bowls have the characteristics of deep circle feet and large soles, and the ratio of caliber to foot diameter of some bowls is 2: 1.

⑤ The bottoms of bottles, cups and bowls in folk kilns are deep and outward, with no glaze and obvious spin marks.

⑥ The blue-and-white imitations of Yongle and Xuande have two obvious characteristics: First, the blue-and-white imitations are brush strokes, and there are no traces of small brush strokes of Yong and Xuan; The second is to pretend to be the natural black iron spots of Yongle and Xuande by adding key materials.

All landowners imitation Yongle sweet white bowls, plates and other utensils, the bottom is completely transparent.