2. reduction;

3. expansion;

4. Change the music structure;

5. Change the mode or tonality;

6, change the genre or the mutual penetration between different genres.

23. Time tune is the most standardized and mature type of minor folk songs. It has the following characteristics:

1 has a long history and a wide range of singing methods.

2. Not only ordinary people sing, but also professional or semi-professional artists perform commercial singing in busy public places.

3. Because of its long circulation and wide range, the same song has many lyrics. In order to adapt to different themes,

Different musical personalities, different local styles, on the basis of basically stable basic melody framework, adjust to the changes of other musical factors. Some variations change more. Therefore, a piece of music often has a flexible expression function.

4. Because of the artist's commercial singing method, in order to gain profits, the artist makes great efforts to process and transform the tune, so that it has a rigorous and regular structure, changeable rhythm and tone, and meticulous embellishment.

Due to the above reasons, the tunes of the times are often absorbed by operas, rap and folk instrumental music and become a kind of qupai.

24. Long tune and short tune are the traditional genre classification of Mongolian folk songs. Long-tune folk songs are an idyllic style reflecting Mongolian nomadic life.

Cut, decorated with long space, free rhythm, broad breath, deep emotion and unique and delicate vibrato. Short-tune folk songs are short and pithy, with compact tunes, neat rhythm and relatively narrow range. Whether it is a long-tune folk song or a short-tune folk song, Mongolian music has a large number of characteristic big jump intervals.

25. Kazakh singing songs Kazakh singing songs are one of the forms of Kazakh folk songs, accompanied and sung by the Kazakh plucked instrument Dongbula.

The singer sang while playing. Playing and singing songs have no fixed lyrics and are improvised by singers. Its tunes are long and big, with irregular music structure and complex rhythm, and often take the mixed beat of 3/8 beats as the main tone, so the tunes are more linguistic and narrative.

26. Light tone, also known as 3/4 tone or "live tone", is one of the characteristics of the typical Persian-Arabic music system in Uygur music. Due to the complexity of historical development, Uygur folk songs include three major music systems in the world, namely, China music system, European music system and Persian-Arabic music system. Among them, Persian-Arabic music system is the most important and representative music system.

Softly than the usual full pitch 1/4, and move up and down within the full pitch range of 1/4-2/4.

27. Tibetan wine songs Tibetan wine songs are folk songs sung when drinking and toasting, sometimes accompanied by simple dance movements. They are very popular art forms among people in urban and rural areas of Tibet. On traditional festivals, gatherings of relatives and friends or weddings, people sit around Tibetan square tables in order of generations. The cupbearer is usually a woman, who takes turns pouring wine for everyone according to their age, singing and dancing. According to the meaning of songs and words, drinkers should complete the procedures of receiving glasses, playing wine three times with their ring fingers in the air, drinking three mouthfuls of wine and toasting.

28. Four major tunes "Four major tunes" originated from the Nisu branch of the Yi nationality in Yunnan, which is a folk divertimento closely related to the traditional social and love activities of young men and women. This custom activity is called "eating fire and grass smoke" by the Nisu people, and is usually held in the suburbs, temples, ancestral temples or public houses at the head of the village at night. * * * There are three contents: vernacular Chinese, singing duet and jumping strings. Among them, the two turned to music, that is, "four major tunes."

The "Four Major Tunes" are the general names of the Haicai Tune, the Yam Tune, the Four Tunes and the Wushan Tune, which spread in the four areas where Nisu people live. They are four different tunes and divertimento forms, with the characteristics of long length, rigorous structure, deep tunes and high singing skills.

29. Multi-voice Folk Songs of Ethnic Minorities According to the data collected at present, multi-voice folk songs of ethnic minorities in China are concentrated in the south, such as Zhuang, Dong, Maonan, Tujia, Miao, Yao, She, Yi, Naxi and Gaoshan. Multi-voice folk songs are mainly produced in traditional group labor and group custom gatherings (such as singing, dancing and getting married). The texture structure of these multi-voice folk songs can be divided into five types: singing, combination of main melody and parody, combination of continuous bass or fixed melody and main melody, combination of supporting melody and main melody, harmony and counterpoint.

Humai Humai is a special multi-part singing method in Mongolian folk songs, that is, one person sings two parts at the same time. While the vocal cords continuously emit the true voice, they emit the high-pitched overtone through the impact of breath, and adjust the breath to make the overtone form a melody. The true voice is a continuous bass. A skilled Humai singer can sing beautiful and rich overtone tunes on the basis of his continuous bass.