Xiamen culture began in the Western Jin Dynasty, with a history of 1700 years. It has a long history and is colorful. As far as folk art is concerned, it has certain limitations, and most of it is formed by melting and transforming local dialects, folk customs and moral norms. Xiamen Quyi, here only introduces its performing arts, its biggest feature is singing in Xiamen dialect, that is, Minnan dialect.
-Nanqu:
Nanqu, also known as Nanyin, Nanyue, Nanguan and Chord, has a long history. According to legend, "Nanqu" is a kind of music brought by Fujian Wang when he entered Fujian at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and it is also said that it was brought by Han Wo when he entered Fujian at the end of the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Wu Shaofang went to Beijing to play Nanqu, which was called "Song Qing for Imperial Use" because of its "harmonious official strings and melodious timbre". Kangxi was overjoyed and gave Wu Shaofang the reputation of "Imperial Secretary". Before playing Nanqu, you had to hold a colorful umbrella, because it was given by Emperor Kangxi to show your honor. Nanqu is also popular in Southeast Asian countries and Taiwan Province Province. Nanqu is found in areas where Minnan dialect can be circulated, so the world also calls it "Fujian's international song".
As an ancient music, Nanqu is inextricably linked with the music of the Tang, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and has been further enriched and developed under the influence of Yuanqu, Kunqu, Geyang Opera, Buddhism and local operas. For example, the pipa, one of the main musical instruments in Nanqu, and the horizontal piano can only be seen from ancient paintings and unearthed Tang pottery figurines. Nanqu still retains ancient Tang and Song drama titles, such as Autumn in the Han Palace and Santai Mountain. The "horizontal embrace" of Nanpai Saburo is in sharp contrast with the "vertical embrace" in Bai Juyi's Pipa, which still hides half of his face behind the piano, showing its antiquity.
Nanqu consists of three parts: ambition, music and music. "Zhi", also known as "Zhi Tao", is a music suite composed of several songs with certain dramatic content, and each bar is a complete song. Although Finger Sleeve has words, there are few lyrics that can be sung, and most of them are played with musical instruments.
"Music score", instrumental music, without lyrics, is specially designed for instrumental music performance. There are thirteen sets of famous songs called Nanpu Thirteen Tunes, which mainly focus on the scenery of the four seasons, flowers, birds, insects and fish, and galloping horses. The most famous sets are Scenes of the Four Seasons, Mummy of Plum Blossoms, Eight Horses and The Return of Hundred Birds.
Qu, or Sanqu, contains lyrics and is used for singing. Because Sanqu is short and easy to understand, it is good at expressing feelings. In the past, after work, people played and sang in groups of three or five, which was quite "singing by one family".
-brother Jin:
Jin Song is a kind of folk rap music in southern Fujian. With the flood of Zheng Chenggong, it was introduced to Taiwan Province Province and Nanyang Islands, where it took root and blossomed. With the efforts of Taiwan Province compatriots, Jinge has also developed into a Taiwanese opera in Taiwan Province Province.
According to local records, Jin songs were formed on the basis of folk songs in southern Fujian during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. They draw nutrition from traditional opera Nanqu and Nanci, which are kneaded by folk artists and spread in rural areas of southern Fujian. In the old society, rural depression, farmers flowed into cities, and Jin and Song dynasties also flowed into cities. Jinge artists sing along the street like beggars, so some people say this is a beggar's song. After liberation, the golden melody also gained a new life.
The singing style of Jin songs can be roughly divided into two schools: hall and pavilion. Tang school is mainly spread in rural areas. His singing is rough and powerful, his tunes accept folk songs, and he is good at singing "Misconception Tune". Its melody is flexible and changeable, and there is a tail behind every sentence. Pavilion school is popular in cities, with elegant and meticulous singing and clear articulation. Nanqu has more tunes, and the instruments and fingering used are closer to Nanqu.
The tunes of Jin songs can be roughly divided into four categories. One is called "Misunderstanding" and "Misunderstanding"; One is "four tones" and "five tones", also called "seven tones", "major" or "monotonous field"; One kind is called "flower tune" and "miscellaneous tune"; One is "Shunle". In the singing form of Jin songs, one person sings, two people answer, three or four people sing, and there are also self-singing bands to accompany Qin. Zhangzhou city plays and sings a lot, and Xiamen has many programs that stand and sing with the help of action.
The musical instruments used in Jin songs include Qin Yue, Erxian, Dong Xiao, Nansanxian and the beat. Some of them use pipa instead of Qin Yue, some use flute to represent Dong Xiao, and some even add suona. Singing in Xiamen, using wooden fish instead of clappers.
-mouthpiece drum:
It is a humorous local folk art in Minnan dialect or Fujian and Taiwan. Deeply loved by people, it is known as "cross talk between Fujian and Taiwan".
Answer the drum, formerly known as "touch (da) Kougu", and people in Taiwan Province Province still call it that. "Touch" means resistance and resistance; "Touching your mouth" means bickering, or talking about a war of words; "Gu" is a story. Xiamen dialect "tells the ancient times", that is, tells stories. "Touching the mouth" means that two people banter with each other in a relaxed atmosphere and tell a complete story. Therefore, some people call Mokougu "pass the parcel", while people around Zhangzhou call Anskougu "Anskouge" because of its strong sense of dialogue rhythm. After liberation, it was called "response drum".
Answer drum is developed from "reciting four sentences", which existed in Song and Yuan Dynasties. It has similarities and differences with cross talk. The similarity is that both are language arts. The differences are as follows: (1) In addition to mouth-to-mouth, there are stand-up and multi-mouth crosstalk, and the answer is only mouth-to-mouth; (2) The words of cross talk belong to prose style, while the answer drum always rhymes, and the rhyming sentences are strictly required; (3) Crosstalk makes people laugh by language. Answering drums is to attract the audience with humorous language and rhyme.
Therefore, Answering Drum is "a local folk art in the form of rhyming dialogue and by means of lively and colorful Minnan dialect or language, which forms a burden on this basis to achieve a certain purpose."
-Gaojia Opera:
Gaojia Opera is one of the five local operas in Fujian. It originated in the countryside around Quanzhou. According to legend, 200 years ago, in the coastal rural areas of Quanzhou Prefecture, there were lion dance teams performing every time they met gods. Farmers worship Liangshan heroes and often pretend to be Song Jiang, jy, Lin Chong, Lu and other figures, marching in groups. When the temple fair was performed, the story of Water Margin was based on martial arts, so people also called it "Song Jiang Opera". Later, it absorbed the repertoire, tunes and performance techniques of Liyuan Opera, puppet show and puppet show, and developed into a "Hexing Opera" co-performed by civil and military actors. Influenced by Huizhou Opera, Jiangxi Yiyang Opera and Peking Opera in the middle of Qing Dynasty, the "Gaojia Opera" gradually formed.
The business of Gaojia Opera can be divided into five categories: Health, Dan, Ugliness, North (Net) and Miscellaneous Angle. Music is dominated by southern music, puppet shows and folk tunes. Instrumental music used to be mainly suona, but now it is pipa.
-xiang opera:
Mi Opera in Taiwan Province Province is called Gezi Opera. The "miscellaneous tune" of Taiwan Province's Gezai Opera and xiang opera's "miscellaneous tune" both originated from "Jin Song's miscellaneous tune". Xiang opera's tunes come from the folk, and used to be scattered in the streets and teahouses. Lyrics are the language of the masses and have gradually developed into a local opera.
Some of xiang opera's tunes can be expressed as different emotions such as joy, anger, sadness and joy through different singing methods. Such as the commonly used "seven-character tune" and "chop suey tune". The length of lyrics can be used flexibly. For example, the tune of "chop suey boy" was originally seven words and one sentence, which can be compressed into three words and expanded to more than a dozen words. In order to highlight the lyrics, the instrument is only pulled into the door. Music constantly absorbs nutrients from other operas, genres and folk songs and enriches itself.
Musical instruments, like other operas, are divided into civil and military operas. The musical instruments of Wuchang Opera are similar to those of Beijing Opera, including bronze drums, vertical plates, bangu, wooden fish, small cymbals, large cymbals, small gongs, bronze bells, small calls and willow lanterns. In early Wenchang, the musical instruments were mainly shell strings, daguangxian, Qin Yue and Taiwan Province flutes, and later erhu, Dong Xiao, duck flute and suona were used. In addition, pipa, big whistle and western musical instruments are also used as accompaniment.
-Tongan car drums:
Also known as "off-the-car drum" or "off-the-car drum", it originated in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The form, props and instrumental music of the performance are relatively simple. There are only two actors, Che Gugong and Che Gugu. According to legend, once upon a time, there was an old woman who opened a tofu shop in Xinxu, Tongan. Every night, grinding bean curd was bored, so she wrote her own lyrics to amuse her, which were later spread to the village and processed by artists.
During the performance, he wore a melon seed hat, a practical long jacket and a special long rotating cigarette rod. The in-laws of the car are wearing a red cardigan and a black satin skirt, with a folding fan in their right hand and a handkerchief in their left. The two men were carrying a bucket basket with the opening facing upwards and covered with a big red flower made of red silk. Two thin bamboo poles wrapped in colored paper are tied in the middle of the bucket basket. Actors hang red ribbons tied to both ends of bamboo poles on their bodies, hold up "drums" decorated with contempt baskets, and often turn around to perform "three steps and three steps back". Performers' funny lyrics, accompanied by bands composed of playing strings, wide strings, suona, flute, clappers and gongs and drums, are both a combination of singing and singing, and also a combination of singing and dancing, which makes cars and drums bring forth new ideas and is well received by the masses.