Comprehensive chemistry part of science

The first volume (multiple choice questions ***l6 points)

Possible relative atomic mass: h-1c-12o-16i-127n-14fe-56cu-64ag-108.

There are ***8 small questions in this volume, each with 2 points, *** 16 points. Of the four options given in each question, only one meets the requirements of the topic.

13. The following phenomena are seen in daily life, among which the chemical change is ().

① Candle burning ② Iron pot rusting ③ Wet clothes drying ④ Light bulbs glowing ⑤ Vegetables rotting ⑤ Ice and snow melting.

124B. 125C.346D

14. As shown in the figure, in a beaker filled with water, hang an insulated thin wire at the joint of the iron ring and the silver ring with equal mass (the two rings are not in contact) to balance them. Carefully drop copper sulfate solution from the center of the beaker, and the observed phenomenon is ().

A. the iron ring and the silver ring swing from side to side

B. Keep a balance

C. The iron ring inclines downward

D. The silver ring leans downward.

15. As shown in the figure, it shows the inclusion and non-inclusion relationship among pure substances, simple substances, compounds and oxides. If the whole circle represents pure substance, the following substances belong to ① ② ③ () respectively.

A. Liquid oxygen, hydrogen chloride and dry ice

B. quicklime, clean air and nitrogen

C. copper soda ash hydrated lime

D. Natural gas, alcohol and water

16. For the sake of health, more and more families drink mineral water now. Experts remind everyone that weak alkaline water is good for human health, so the pH value of mineral water is ().

A.4 B.5.6 C.7.3 D. 14

17. According to the solubility curves of several substances as shown in the figure, it is judged that the following statement is correct ().

A. a small amount of KCl mixed in KNO3 can be removed by evaporating solvent for crystallization.

B, at 20 DEG C, 40g of NaCl is added into100g of water and fully stirred to obtain140g solution.

C, cooling the saturated KNO3 solution and saturated NaNO3 solution with the same mass from 80℃ to 20℃ respectively, and precipitating crystals, with the former precipitating more crystals.

D, cooling KNO3 solution and NaNO3 solution with the same solute mass fraction from 80℃ to 20℃ respectively to separate out crystals, and the solute mass fraction of the obtained solution is still the same.

18. After the experiment, the following instruments were correctly placed ().

A B C D

19.2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to German chemist Gerhard? Aitel, in recognition of his pioneering achievements in the study of "chemical processes on solid surfaces". One of his achievements is to confirm the reaction process of ammonia synthesis by hydrogen and nitrogen on the surface of solid catalyst. Among the following options, the one that conforms to the reaction process of synthetic ammonia (nitrogen atom and hydrogen atom) is ().

A.①②③④⑤ B.⑤④③②① C.④⑤③②① D.②①③④⑤

20. The following is a summary of the knowledge of a topic, and the completely correct group is ().

A. Chemistry and energy B. Environmental protection and material utilization

Gasoline-fossil fuel

Solar energy-the most ideal energy alcohol in the future-the renewable energy to reduce water pollution-using phosphorus-free washing powder

Reducing automobile exhaust pollution-using ethanol gasoline

Reduce white pollution-use degradable plastics

C. Chemistry and materials D. Elements and human health

Glass silicate material

Plastics. Synthetic organic polymer materials.

Glass fiber reinforced plastic metal materials are prone to dental caries due to fluoride deficiency.

Iron deficiency in human body-easy to lead to osteoporosis

Iodine deficiency in human body-easy to cause goiter

Volume 2 (non-multiple choice questions ***34 points)

(1) Fill in the blanks and answer the short answer questions (this question includes three small questions, and the score is ***l9)

40.(7 points) Read the data in the table below and find out the rules.

The number of extranuclear electrons of atomic species is 1 atomic mass /kg relative atomic mass.

Proton number neutron number

Hydrogen1011.674×10-271

Carbon 6661.993×10-2612

Oxygen 8882.657×10-2616

Sodium112113.818×10-26 23

(1) Write down two pieces of information you got from the above table: _ _ _ _ _ _ _; ____________________。

(2) It is known that the structural diagram of sodium atom is: in chemical reaction, sodium atom is easy to _ _ _ _ (fill in "gain" or "lose") electrons.

(3) From the four elements in the above table, choose appropriate elements to form substances that meet the following requirements, and fill in the blanks with chemical formulas:

(1) Substances with strong corrosiveness _ _ _ _ _ _; (2) the most abundant substance in human body is _ _ _ _ _ _; (3) the combustion is pollution-free, and the materials commonly used as rocket fuel are _ _ _ _ _ _; (4) salt composed of the above four elements.

4 1.(8 points) Marble and hematite (Fe2O3) can be used as main raw materials to prepare B and G in industry, and the transformation relationship is shown in the following figure. It is known that the main components of D and G are simple substances. (C is a common gas that can make clarified lime water turbid)

Try to answer the following questions:

(1) Write the chemical formulas of two substances manufactured in industry:

B__________，G__________ .

(2) Write the chemical equations of the following reactions:

Reaction 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Reaction ② _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Reaction ③ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

42.(4 points) Yuncheng Salt Lake is known as the "Dead Sea" in China, with extremely high salt content. Throughout the year, salt lakes change different scenery. In spring and autumn, the blue waves are boundless and the lake is clear; In summer, the temperature is as high as 42℃, the water level drops, and the growing algae turn the lake red. In winter, the lake is covered with salt flowers as white as snow.

(1) The working procedure involved in the above landscape transformation is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (fill in the serial number).

① evaporation ② distillation ③ crystallization ④ sublimation ⑤ dissolution

(2) In winter, with the change of temperature, different substances will be precipitated in the salt lake. When the water temperature is about 65438 00℃, NaCl begins to precipitate, and MgSO4 _ 4 begins to precipitate at 0℃. According to the following table, the solubility of magnesium sulfate is less than that of sodium chloride at 10℃. Please answer the reason of NaCl precipitation first: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Temperature substance 0℃ 10℃ 20℃ 30℃

Magnesium sulfate 22 28.2 33.7 38.9

Sodium chloride 35.7 35.8 35.9 36. 1

(2) Experimental questions (this question includes 2 small questions, with ***l0 points)

43.(2 points) CH4 is the simplest organic matter. Collect the mixture of CH4 and Cl2 (yellow-green) in the test tube, pour it into the water in the sink, and react under the illumination as shown in the figure to generate HCl gas and oily liquid.

Excuse me, the possible phenomena are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; ____________。 (Answer 2)

44.(8 points) Sodium peroxide (Na2O2) is a light yellow solid. In order to explore its reaction with carbon dioxide, students in both experimental groups used the device shown in the figure below to carry out experiments. After a period of time, insert the wooden strip with the residual moustache into the test tube and the wooden strip will be rekindled.

Please answer the following questions:

(1)A is a device for preparing CO2. Write the chemical equation of the reaction in A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) Students in group1think that Na2CO3 and O2 are generated by the reaction between Na2O2 and CO2. The chemical equation of this reaction is: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(3) The students in the second group think that apart from Na2CO3 and O2, NaHCO3 may be generated. what do you think? And briefly describe the reason _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(4) Please design an experimental scheme to prove that Na2O2 reacts with CO2 to generate Na2CO3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(3) Calculation problem (this problem includes 1 small question, 5 points)

45.(5 points) Vitamin C is a trace substance to maintain the normal physiological function of human body, mainly from food (teenagers need about 100mg per person per day). The chemical formula of vitamin C is C6H8O6, which is high in fresh fruits such as oranges. Xiaoming determined the content of vitamin C in a certain brand of orange juice. The process is as follows: take 10.00g orange juice and react with iodine solution containing 1.00% (the chemical equation of the reaction is C6H8O6+I2==C6H6O6+2HI), and the iodine solution is 12.70g when the reaction is complete. Calculation:

(1) The mass fraction of vitamin C in this orange juice. (The calculation result is accurate to 0.0 1%)

(2) If all vitamin C comes from orange juice, how many milliliters of orange juice does Xiao Ming need to drink a day? (Assuming that the density of orange juice is 1.00g/ml, the calculation result is accurate to 0.0 1).