There are 85 reservoirs in Zhang Zhuo River Basin, including 3 large (2) reservoirs, 9 medium-sized reservoirs, 33 small (1) reservoirs and 40 small (2) reservoirs. Zhangzhuonanyuan basin is located at latitude 35? 52? ~36? 3 1? East longitude 1 12? 26? - 1 13? 25? It borders on the west source and main stream of Zhangzhuo River in the north and east, Qinhe River and Dane River in the west and south of the Yellow River basin, and Weihe River in the south. The area is rich in water resources, and Taijiao Railway, local railway, National Highway 208, 207 national highway and National Highway 309 pass through the territory, with convenient transportation.
The south source of Zhang Zhuo originates from Gedonggou in the west of Zhangzi County, at the east foot of Taiyue Mountain branch in Shizhe Town. The river flows eastward through Taigong Palace, Laoge to Pingquan Village, then flows into Guanjiahegou River from north to southeast, flows eastward through Hongzhen and Yueyang, flows out of the mountain area and flows into Shangdang Basin after passing through Shizhe and Shencun. The upper reaches of Zhangzhuonan source are fan-shaped. Apart from Gedonggou, which originated in jiusan, there are Zhongyuan (starting from Fangtou Temple in Shizhe Town) and Nanyuan (starting from Daxigoukou in Shizhe Town) in Heyuan. Zhongyuan and Nanyuan first meet in the southeast of Jinyi Village, and then flow eastward to meet Beiyuan (Jacky) in the southwest of Shizhe Village. In the east of Shencun village, Xibaotou River, a tributary, flows from the right bank.
After flowing out of the mountainous area, the trunk of Zhang Zhuo River flows eastward to Li Jiao Village, Dabaotou Township, Zhangzi County, joins the tributaries of Suli River and Danhe River on the right bank, then turns to the northeast, joins Taoqinghe River, a tributary on the right bank, in Beilimo Village, Song Cun Township, and then leaves the territory of Changzi. After passing through Gaohe, Gaocun and Shangqin Village in Changzhi County, it entered the suburbs of Changzhi City. Lanhe, a tributary, flows from the left bank in the northeast of Baoyang Village in the suburbs, and the Lion River flows from the right bank in the west of Beizhai Village. Beizhai-Zhangjiao section is Zhangze reservoir area, and the largest tributary of Zhangzhuo South Source flows into Zhangze reservoir area from the left bank. At the downstream of Zhangze Reservoir Dam, Zhang Zhuonan source winds northward, leaves the suburb of Changzhi City in the northwest of Huangnian Town, enters Lucheng City, flows to Xiangyuan County through Quli, Song Cun, han cun, Hepai, Caojiagou and other villages, and joins Zhang Zhuo Xiyuan in the east of Gancun Village in Guhan Town. The main stream of Zhangzhuo River is formed by the confluence of the south source and the west source of Zhangzhuo River.
hydrology
The average annual runoff of Zhangze Reservoir in southern Zhang Zhuo is 265 million m3. The measured annual runoff of Zhangze Reservoir Station 196 1 to 1996 (35 years) is 175 million m3, with the maximum value of 526 1 100 million m3 in 1962 and the minimum value of/kloc-0. The water resources in the south of the source of Zhang Zhuo River also have the phenomenon of continuous dry years after continuous wet years. For example, Zhangze Reservoir experienced unusually high water years for three consecutive years from 1962 to 1964, and the water volumes in the last three years were 526.654 billion m3, 3.8+005 billion m3 and 406.543 billion m3 respectively. From 1977 to l995, the water level was lower than the average for 19 years, with an average of 79.944 million m3.
The freezing period of rivers in Zhangzhuonanyuan River Basin is generally from late 10 to early March of the following year, and the earliest ice age is 1 1 year 10 month, and the latest is March 20th.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) sediment
The average natural sediment discharge of Zhangzhuonanyuan (Zhangze) for many years is 3.63 million tons, and the annual erosion modulus is 1 143 tons/km2.
6. Drought, flood and alkali damage and soil erosion
There have been many floods in the area where the rivers in the south of the source of Zhang Zhuo River pass, especially in Shangdang Basin where the rivers pass. Historical records clearly record that there were 15 floods before l890, among which 1482 (Ming Chenghua 18) was the biggest flood in autumn. According to the investigation and estimation, the flood peak flow in Zhang Zhuo Nanyuan Gaohe area reached 8080 m3/s at that time, which was the largest flood in Zhangwei South Canal System in Shaanxi Province. According to the historical record of "Autumn and Lulu" in July, after the establishment of New China 1962, there was also a basin-wide rainstorm and flood in Henan source of Zhang Zhuo, and the flood peak of Zhangze Reservoir reached 5 160m3/s (.
The frequency of drought disasters in the basin is higher than that of floods. Since the Tang Dynasty, there have been nearly 20 large-scale droughts recorded in history, and cannibalism has appeared many times in the famine caused by drought. Since the founding of New China, water conservancy construction has been vigorously developed, and the phenomenon of severe famine caused by drought will not happen again, but frequent droughts are still the first disaster in agricultural production.
Seven. River water quality
The pollution of Zhangzhuo South Source is mainly caused by industrial wastewater and domestic sewage received by Taoqinghe River, a tributary of Changzhi County, the main stream of Nanyuan Source, the river flowing through Tunliu County and the lion River flowing through Changzhi City. The main stream of the south source of Zhang Zhuo River downstream of Zhangze Reservoir is also polluted by sewage from Changzhi North industrial and mining areas and small township enterprises along the way. The most serious pollution is the lion river. Because the upstream river channel receives sewage, the water body at the tail of Zhangze Reservoir is seriously polluted, and it is difficult for fish to survive in the Lu Cong water body at the tail of the reservoir. Changzhi Water Environment Monitoring Center evaluates the water quality of Zhangze Reservoir as follows: the average water quality of the reservoir area 1996 is Class III, and l997 and 1998 are Class II. After the closure of polluting enterprises and "five small" enterprises whose environmental protection is not up to standard, and the comprehensive management of Shizi River and Heishui River in Changzhi City, the water quality has been greatly improved in 2000.
The river originates in the north of Yuyan Village, Bird Town, Qin County, and flows through Dingchang Town (county seat), Duanliu Township and Xindian Town of Qin County, jiuting town and Xiadian Town of Xiangyuan County, and joins Zhang Zhuo Nanyuan in Guhan Town to join the mainstream of Zhang Zhuo. There is a water temple in Zhanghe Village, Qin County. The spring water is exposed in front of the temple. Spring water flows into the west source of Zhangzhuo River in Bird village, which is a local custom. Between Anjialing in Qin County and F Paibi Village in Xiadian Town of Xiangyuan, the river flows in the southeast direction, and the section from Fubei to Gancun flows in the east. The total length of Xiyuan River in Zhang Zhuo is 8km, and the drainage area is 1669km. . The river slope above Liangjiawan is 1 1 ~ 2 ‰, the river slope from Liangjiawan to Houwan is 5 ~ 0.6 ‰, and the river slope from Houwan to Gancun is 3 ~ 1 ‰. After years of river regulation, the riverbed is relatively stable.
The main tributaries of Xiyuan in Zhang Zhuo are Yingchun River, Gru River, Baiyu River, Guo River, Xuyang River and Nihe River. Zhang Zhuo Beiyuan Basin is located at 35? 50? ~36? 36? East longitude 1 12? 29? ~ll3？ 22? Fenhe River in the Yellow River basin in the north, Zhangzhuo River in the west and Zhangqing River in the east. The area is rich in water resources, and Taijiao Railway, local railway and Chongqing-Changchun Highway run through it, with convenient transportation.
Zhang Zhuo Beiyuan is one of the three major sources of Zhang Zhuo, which originates from the north of Yushe County, with a total drainage area of 379 1.64km2, the length of the main channel of ll6km, and the river gradient of 0.44 ‰ ~ 3.63 ‰. The main stream of Zhangzhuo River flows from Yushe County of Jinzhong City into Wuxiang County of Changzhi City, then flows from south to southeast, flows through Xiaguan, Shangsi Township, Han Zhuang, Lizhuang, Judas Township, Changle, Zhangjian Town and other villages in Wuxiang County, enters Xiangyuan County, passes through Xiying Town, Xia Liang Township, Liangzhuang, Xidan, Qiangji and other villages, and joins Zhangzhuo River to the south of Xiaoyan Village in Xiangyuan County. The northern source of Zhang Zhuo covers Wuxiang, Qinxian and xiang yuan counties in Changzhi City, with a drainage area of 2098. 1km2, a river length of 55.5km, and the width of the main channel varies from150m to 300m. The upper reaches are rocky mountainous areas, and the low mountainous areas on both sides of the valley are covered with loess and red soil, while the lower reaches are mainly sandy pebbles or coarse sand, with occasional bedrock exposure. The riverbed in the middle and upper reaches of the river has poor stability and swings from side to side, and the downstream passes through the U-shaped valley of bedrock.
The main tributaries of Changzhi City are Shipan River (downstream of Yushe County), Niehe River, Jiahuo River, Panhong River and Shishui River. The main stream of Zhangzhuo River starts from Hexi source, joins with Henan source in Gancun, Xiangyuan County, flows northeast through Xiangyuan County and Beidi Township, joins with Hebei source flowing from northwest in the village, turns southeast, flows through Wujiazhuang and Baiyu Village in Shangyao Town, Licheng County, flows west through Liang Shi and Xin 'anquan Town in Lucheng City, turns east in Xin 'an Village and flows north through Pingshun County.
The main stream of Zhang Zhuo not only accepts the three sources of Zhang Zhuo, but also flows into Pingtou River, Zhuangyuan River, Xiaodongjiang River, Pingshun River and Lvshui River after leaving the province. The territory of Shanxi Province covers an area of 2695 km2 (including the western section of the Green River and Mountain merged after leaving the province).
Total length of main stream of Zhangzhuo River 124.7 km. From Gancun to Jiaojiao Village, 29.7 kilometers is the upstream part, also known as the southwest source. The longitudinal slope of the river is 2.5 ‰, and the riverbed from Gancun to the north bottom is wide, ranging from 300 m to 500 m, and the riverbed is composed of sediment. The first and second terraces are composed of cultivated loam, and the riverbed from the north bottom to Jiao Xiao shrinks to Loom-65438+. The middle reaches of Jiao Xiao-Xin 'an Bridge are 46.5km, with a longitudinal slope of 3.6 ‰ and a width of 300m-500m, with a local reach of 60m- 100m. The riverbed consists of a large area of sediment and a small area of sand pebbles. In Xin Qiao 'an-Mata village, the proportion is 48%. 5km downstream, the longitudinal slope of the river is 4.70 ‰, the width of the river is 80- 150 m, the local reach is 230m, with many bends and falls, the rocks on both banks are exposed, the river bed is composed of rocks and sandy pebbles, and there are beaches in the open area.