In the early Qing Dynasty, there were only the Eight Banners Army, including Manchu Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners and Han Eight Banners. The Eight Banners is a system that integrates Zhong Junmin. It is both a military institution and an administrative institution. Engaged in productive labor according to the flag in peacetime, and used by men on the battlefield in wartime. After the Qing court entered the customs, it had a large territory and a large population. We should not only defend the place, but also fight against the Nanming army and the peasant uprising army. However, the Manchu, Mongolian and Han Eight Banners have hundreds of thousands of troops at most, which is obviously not enough. Therefore, the Qing dynasty received a large number of surrendered Ming troops and reorganized them into servant troops. Their status and treatment were lower than those of the Eight Banners, because the green flag was used to defend the place and act as cannon fodder. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, due to the corruption of the Eight Banners Army, many ma3 jia3 soldiers (Eight Banners Cavalry) could not even ride horses, so they had to use the original inferior green camp people as the main force, which means that the status and role of green camp people have improved. For example, during the Three Sets Uprising, green camp was actually the main force in counterinsurgency. In a word, green camp was the original Ming army that surrendered after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, and the Han Eight Banners was the Ming army that surrendered before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. So there is a view that the Ming Dynasty was overthrown by its own army. What's the difference between the Eight Banners and green camp? The Eight Banners are divided into the Eight Banners in Beijing and the Eight Banners in Beijing? Beijing Eight Banners are also called Beijing Eight Banners? The travel ban of the Eight Banners is divided into Lang Wei and Wei Bing.
Garrison the eight banners with white? Zheng Hong? Is it blue? Blue inlay? With the red and other five flags, it will be stationed in key towns across the country, supplemented by Kyrgyzstan. Northeast? Inner Mongolia is the largest, and as a deterrent to local governments, it is divided up by local generals. Dutong? Command of the city guard?
Eight Banners soldiers are soldiers in the world, and they are selected from the eight banners/kloc-male children over 0/6 years old. Ding Yuhe/kloc-Young people under 0/6 can be selected as training soldiers, that is, reserve soldiers?
Green camp soldiers are Han soldiers recruited in the Ming Dynasty according to the military health system. They take the green flag as the symbol and the battalion as the organizational unit. Are there cavalry? Infantry and garrison, cavalry and infantry are also called soldiers, and there are navy divisions along the river and sea?
Soldiers of the Eight Banners and green camp all carry out the salary system, and pay a certain amount of money and rice annually or monthly? Weapons and equipment mainly include bows? Arrow? Knife? Spears and other cold weapons, guns? A shotgun? A gun? Guns and rockets? Fireball? Cupping? Weapons like nozzles and ladders? Rattan card? Antlers, etc? The salary and weaponry of the Eight Banners are better than those of green camp?
1840 after the opium war, the fighting capacity of the Eight Banners and green camp declined? After that, Xiang army was formed? Huai Jun? National defense forces? The trained troops became useless one by one, and the last new army also died with the demise of the Qing Dynasty?
Warrior image in Qing dynasty
The difference between the Eight Banners of the Han Army and the green camp Army lies in two main points.
One: the Eight Banners of the Han Army, such as the Eight Banners household registration, enjoy Manchu treatment; Green camp is only treated by the Han nationality: the Eight Banners of the Han Army are equivalent to the Central Army and are dispatched by the royal family; Green camp is equivalent to the local army, and local governors, governors and governors can be mobilized. Green camp Army, named after the use of the green flag, is also called the Green Flag Army. Also known as the green camp Army with battalion as the main organization, its personnel are mainly * * * *. It was designated as the main auxiliary army of the Eight Banners Army in the early Qing Dynasty. It was stationed all over the country and was closely examined by the Eight Banners Army. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, it became the main force of the Qing army and decreased in the late Qing Dynasty. The main sources of the Eight Banners of the Han Army are the people who voluntarily joined in the late Ming Dynasty or were captured in Liaodong by the late Jin Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty after that, mainly * * *, but there are also a few China Nuzhen and Mongols who entered the Ming Dynasty as officials. At first, they were all compiled under the Eight Banners of Manchuria. Due to the tyranny of Nurhachi, Zhao Kuangyin's position was not high at first. After the Qing Emperor Taizong succeeded to the throne, he tried to change this situation, and the establishment of the Han army was one of the manifestations. There are two main differences and connections between green camp Han Army and Eight Banners Han Army.
One: the Eight Banners of the Han Army, such as the Eight Banners household registration, enjoy Manchu treatment; Green camp is only treated by the Han nationality: the Eight Banners of the Han Army are equivalent to the Central Army and are dispatched by the royal family; Green camp is equivalent to the local army, and local governors, governors and governors can be mobilized. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the regular army had two kinds of soldiers, the Eight Banners and green camp, both of which had a certain number and were often set up, so they were called the fixed number soldiers. There are also "soldiers", that is, ethnic minority troops. Although permanent, the number is small, only in Sichuan, Gansu, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, * * *, Qinghai ("Military History of the Qing Dynasty" V). There are also "rural soldiers", "Yingyong", "Yong Lian" and "defense forces", which are used for temporary recruitment and special establishment. Once decided, they will be abolished or reorganized. The so-called "recruit by spinning and disperse by spinning" (the fourth draft of Qing Dynasty) is not a regular army. After Tongzhi, the new army was trained with new guns one after another, so there were names such as "Training", "Guard", "Guard", "New Army", "Self-improvement Army" and "Victory Army". Later, it was unified and changed to the army, gradually eliminating green camp and becoming a regular army. However, the plan of the new military system was not completed, and the Qing Dynasty was already dead. The Eight Banners soldiers were the original troops of the Qing Dynasty, and they were inseparable from the Eight Banners hukou. For Manchu household registration, every 300 people make up a Lu Niu (translated in Chinese as Zuo Ling), which is the basic unit, five Lu Niu make up a "Jara" (translated in Chinese as Canling) and five "Jara" make up a "lonely mountain". Gushan is the largest unit of Manchu household registration. Every "lonely mountain" has a special color as a flag, so its Chinese translation is "flag". 160 1 year Manchuria is vast and sparsely populated, and there are only four "isolated mountains" with four colors of yellow, white, red and blue as flags. 16 15 population increased, and four "Gushan" were added, so a border was set around the original flag, and eight different flags were made with yellow, white, blue, red and white flags. The yellow flag without red edge is called the all-yellow flag, which is called the all-yellow flag for short. The yellow flag inlaid with red is called the edge yellow flag, which is called the red yellow flag for short. The other three colors are the same. Together, they are called the Eight Banners (Volume I of Emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty, and Eight Banners Records111and Classic Cases of the Qing Dynasty all think that the Eight Banners have been changed at 16 14. At first, each flag was managed by a Manchu big noble, and it remained unchanged. At that time, it was called "Gu Shan Er Zhen", and the Chinese translation was the flag owner. This is a remnant of the clan system. Then it gradually changed. After entering the customs, there was no fixed management aristocrat. The name of "Gu Shan Er Zhen" was also cancelled at 1723 and changed to "Gu Shan An Bang", and the Chinese translation was at 168. Due to the increase of population, the number of Lu Niu increased, but the rulers of the Qing Dynasty were unwilling to reinforce more mountains, so they broke the household registration limit of Gushan (still in the army), so there were only eight banners in the Qing Dynasty. When the flag was first set up, all accounts should be compiled, regardless of tribe, so there were Manchu, Mongolian and * * * people in a flag. 1635, due to the increasing number of Mongolians, the Eight Banners of Mongolia were established, which were the same color as the original Eight Banners, and the original Eight Banners were called Manchu Eight Banners. However, the original Mongols of the Eight Banners of Manchuria were not allocated, so there were Mongols in the Eight Banners of Manchuria (on the Sixteen Biographies of the Draft of Qing Dynasty). 163 1 year, each flag was set aside, and another flag was compiled (Wang's Donghua Record), later named Han Army, and the flag was black. 1639 was divided into pure soap (black), soap with yellow, soap with white, and soap with four red flags (wenqingtong). 1642 was also expanded to eight flags, and the flag color was changed to be the same as that of Manchu and Mongolian, and black was cancelled. When the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Manchu, Mongolian and Han armies each had eight banners, which were actually twenty-four banners (Volume 179, Bureau Edition, page four), but they were still commonly known as the Eight Banners. People who weave like the Eight Banners are called "flag bearers" or "flag bearers". When they weave flags, they are standard bearers, and their descendants are also considered standard bearers. After three years' household registration survey of the Eight Banners, people outside the Eight Banners are not allowed to enter the register under false names, and their clansmen are not allowed to live far away from Lu Niu (Zuo Ling) where they belong (Volume 113, Business Small Print, p.1page). Eight Banners households have fixed positions in living, camping, marching, hunting and sacrifice: the yellow flag is in the north, the white flag is in the east, the red flag is in the west and the blue flag is in the south. Divided into left and right wings at the same time. The left wing is a four-sided flag inlaid with yellow, white and blue, also known as the East Four Flags, and the right wing is a four-sided flag inlaid with yellow, red and blue, also known as the West Four Flags. No place can change its orientation order (Volume 84 of Guangxu Huidian, page 1). After Shunzhi, the Eight Banners were divided into three flags: the upper flag was a yellow flag, the right flag was a yellow flag, the right flag was a white flag, and the other five flags were called the lower five flags. This is the remnant of the flag system before entering the customs. As the emperor is the flag owner of these three flags, these three flags were later called "The Son of Heaven will take charge of himself" (Canon 1 106, page 1), the children of these three flags served as the emperor's accommodation guards, and the coating of the three flags (domestic slaves who managed the internal affairs) also set up an internal affairs office. The original owners of the other five flags were nobles, and the people of the five flags were not directly related to the later emperor, so they did not serve as the emperor's bodyguard, but were in charge of the affairs of the nobles and princes, and the coatings of the five flags were managed by each flag itself. In addition, the rights and obligations of the Eight Banners are the same (the emperor's son dialed the Five Banners when he became an adult). In the Qing system, "Children of the Eight Banners, everyone is a soldier" (Preface to the History of Qing Dynasty), and all men over the age of 16 can "armor themselves as police officers" (Canon, vol. 86, page 1), but not everyone joined the army at the same time. Instead, according to the types of soldiers, quotas were set and they were "connected" and trained separately under the guidance of various assistants. In addition to soldiers, there are also "Suijia", which are the attendants of military attache. Besides, they are all called "Yu Ding". "He Ding" under the age of 16 can supplement "baby soldiers", that is, reserve soldiers (volume 86, page 1). In Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners were divided into five types: pro-army, Xiao Qi, Pioneer, Guards and Infantry. We also selected the Jishen Battalion from the above battalions, the Jianrui Battalion from the Forward Battalion, the Artillery Battalion, the Artillery Battalion and the Rattan Battalion from the Seventh Battalion, and the Fireware Battalion from the soldiers who studied firearms for the special forces in Manchuria. Now it is listed in the following table (Volume 52, Volume 86 and Volume 87 of Guangxu Huidian). The Eight Banners soldiers and the Green Camp soldiers in the Qing Dynasty were not the same ethnic group. How many recruits are there for each sergeant? Pro-military vanguard guards the army with guns and spears. Three Horses Three Horses Three Horses Three Horses Three Horses Three Horses Three Horses Three Horses Three Horses Artillery Battalion Pioneer Battalion Jianrui Battalion Guard Inside and Outside the Barracks Firearms Battalion Xiao Qi Battalion Xiao Qi Battalion Rattan Brand Artillery Battalion Firearms Battalion Xiao Qi Battalion Infantry Battalion Full of Mongolia. Man Mongolia Han Army Han Army Han Army Han Army Han Army Han Army Han Army Han Army Han Army Han Army Han Army Han Army Han Army Han Army Han Emperor's bodyguard practiced riding and shooting, while the other half trained with shotguns on the ladder, riding and shooting shotguns, training with long guns and rattan cards, camping auxiliary guns, stepping on antlers, various weapons shooting training, firearms and array methods (the next five flags can also be selected, but still) Select vest of Xiaoqi Battalion 1 person, 40 people per flag, 8 people per flag, 18 people, and the above battalions 12 people, and select elite soldiers to serve as the Eight Banners of Qing Dynasty. Most of them were concentrated inside and outside Beijing, and the number of people increased or decreased from time to time. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was123,09 (History of the Qing Dynasty I, p. 19). Those stationed outside Beijing are called "garrisons". The garrison near Beijing is called Keefe Garrison, with 26 places, 14238 people. There are 44 garrisons in cities of three northeastern provinces, with 3536 1 person; There are 24 garrisons in each province, 5552 1 person (volume 86, page 2): the total number of garrisons is 105 120. The number of soldiers in the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty was 225,429 (Zeng Guofan said that "the number of soldiers in the Eight Banners is often only 350,000", which seems to be wrong). There are a few Manchu languages. When it goes abroad to fight, it always leaves a small army stationed to monitor the local people. For example,/kloc-stayed in Zunhua, England in 0/629, and/kloc-stayed in A Min in 0/630, and was expelled from the customs by the Ming people. This is the beginning of the garrison. The Qing people entered the customs (1644) and stayed in Shengjing. 1645 March Eight Banners stationed in Jining, June Xi 'an,1October 1 1 stationed in Jiangning and Hangzhou. Later, they were stationed in major cities all over the country. It can be seen that the Qing army is mainly used to guard against the people. Garrison soldiers are all Eight Banners, which oppress and disturb the people more than ordinary troops. In 1687, Wang once said: "The garrison generals are arrogant, or occupy the people's industries, or lend money at heavy interest, or marry the people's wives, or cheat and escape, implicate the good people, or accept traitors' sticks, which is clever and deceitful; All kinds of injuries happen from time to time. For example, the officers and men in Xi and Jingzhou are too lax in discipline. They herded horses, drove them to villages, made the people miserable, and ate in fields and in hundreds of groups. Other hardships can be compared. " (Biography of the King of the Qing Dynasty) Although this was only an example, it was no exception throughout the Qing Dynasty. Green camp soldiers, also known as green flag soldiers, were adapted and recruited after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. The difference between it and the Eight Banners is that, apart from the clan relationship, "the garrison of the Eight Banners is due to its nationality, and the Green Banner camp is due to its recruitment" (General Examination of Qing Dynasty Literature, vol. 182, local edition, p. 1 page); That is to say, Banners (including Manchu, Mongolian and the Eight Banners of the Han Army) have the obligation of conscription, while * * * (excluding the Han Army) can freely subscribe for green camp. During the Qing Dynasty, there were green camp in Beijing and other provinces. In Beijing, it is called a patrol camp, which is under the command of infantry (page 5 of Volume 87 of "Canon"); In each province, the flood season is divided into camps according to the size, distance, danger and number of people (page 4 of Volume 47 of the Code). It is called the Governor's jurisdiction, Fu Biao is the Governor's jurisdiction, Biding is the magistrate's jurisdiction, Zhenbiao is the general's jurisdiction, Junbiao is the general's jurisdiction (only in Sichuan and Xinjiang), Hebiao is the river governor's jurisdiction, and Cao Biao is the water transport governor's jurisdiction. Establish an "association" under the standard, and the lieutenant will be unified; There are "battalions" under the "Association", which are uniformly compiled by generals, guerrillas, commanders and garrison troops respectively; "Camp" consists of "flood season", which is unified by Ganzong, Bazong and outsourcing respectively (Volume 43 of Huidian, page 2). There are three types of soldiers: cavalry, warriors and defenders; Soldiers and defenders are infantry (The Canon, Vol.52, p. 1). Offshore, near the river, there is a navy division (volume 45 of Huidian, page 1). Green camp soldiers practice bows and arrows, shotguns, rattan cards, spears and ladders; Navy's practice of water warfare (medical code, vol. 49, p. 1 page). 18 12 The number of people in green camp in China was 66 167 1 person (Draft of the Qing Dynasty Military Records II). The Eight Banners soldiers and the Green Camp soldiers in the Qing Dynasty were paid, with a certain amount of "salary" every month and year. The number varies. The highest, such as the Eight Banners pro-army, forwards and guards, are 42 yuan per person per month and 48 meters per year; For example, the Eight Banners, the army gives 125 yuan every month, with an annual meter of 24 welcome, and the green camp infantry gives 125 yuan every month, with a meter of three loads in January (see "Guangxu Huidian Example", business small print edition, volume 254, page/kloc-0 and volume 255, page/kloc-0. It is slightly different from Liu Xianting's Yang Guang Miscellanies. Liu Ye regards a greeting as five buckets, and forty-eight as twenty-four stones. The suspicion is too high, as if a welcome is a bucket. Therefore, the Qing dynasty's reimbursement accounted for half of the annual income and was the biggest expenditure. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the annual income was 27,388,5882 taels of silver, while soldiers' salaries accounted for 27,388 taels of silver13,492,7552 taels (Yang Guang Miscellanies, Volume II, Lithography, page 14), accounting for 49.2%. Since then, the salaries of soldiers have been increasing, and by 1766 (draft clearance, grain and goods), they have increased to more than17 million, with a total salary of about 33.7 million, accounting for 50.4%. This is just a regular wage, and as for the demand of hundreds of millions of people at home and abroad, it is not included. After 1644, when the Qing dynasty entered the customs, the Manchu Mongols in the Eight Banners were the main fighting force, and the Han army and the surrendered Han soldiers were only in a secondary position. After 1646, both the Han army and the Manchurian soldiers paid equal attention to each other. After 1650, the new old man army became the main force, and the Manchu Mongols in the Eight Banners became secondary, indicating that the quality of Manchu Mongols in the Eight Banners was gradually lower than that of the Han army. 1675, the Qing emperor publicly admitted: "Today, the people of the Eight Banners are lazy in military affairs, so it is not as good as the time to retire from the army" ("May of the 14th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty"). By 1673, since the San Francisco Rebellion, the Eight Banners (including the Han army) had almost been unable to fight, and the Qing rulers had to use the * * * green flag to mobilize 400,000 people before and after (Volume II of Qing History). Every time we fight, green camp's infantry is in front and the Eight Banners are behind. But it didn't last long. green camp is just like the Eight Banners. In 1687, Wang once pointed out that "the green flag raises the town and the soldiers harm the people." There are also people who squander soldiers' food, to name a few "("Draft of the Qing Dynasty, Wang Chuan "). After 1730, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty called up rural troops and defense forces at any time, and green camp gradually became useless; Finally, in the two Opium Wars, green camp lost almost every battle except for some stubborn resistance, so it was later proposed to eliminate it, but until the Revolution of 1911, green camp's name still existed. As mentioned earlier, the Qing army was mainly used to guard against the people, which can also be explained by the military tasks stipulated by the Qing rulers. For example, the guards and pro-army's "Suwei retinue" (volume 82, page 1), the Eight Banners and the Step Army's "Guard Patrol" (volume 87, page 5), green camp's "Watch out for the call" (volume 42, page 2), and the Beijing camp's "patrol" ("patrol" Since the purpose of the army is not to protect the people from foreign aggression, training has naturally become a dead letter, and soldiers have thus become violent tools that do not produce, train or persecute the people. This is the fundamental reason for the defeat of the Qing army. This also shows the nature of the armed forces in class society. What was the military discipline of the Eight Banners soldiers and the Green Camp soldiers in the Qing Dynasty? The military discipline of the Eight Banners soldiers and the Green Camp soldiers in the Qing Dynasty can be roughly divided into camping? March? Three types of battlefields?
The discipline of the Qing army camping stipulates that soldiers walk around the camp and make a lot of noise. If they commit crimes during the day, the Eight Banners will strike fifty times and green camp forty times. If the night offenders make trouble, they will be beheaded immediately? When guarding the camp gate, those who let outsiders into the camp without reason will be flogged 70 times by the Eight Banners and punished 60 times by green camp? Will soldiers who dare to act rashly in front of officers in the camp, or soldiers who are arrogant and rude, be punished for swimming around the camp with arrows as a warning?
According to the marching discipline of the Qing army, soldiers advance in turn according to their ranks. No matter how smooth and narrow the road is, the team behind should not cross the team in front. Otherwise, the Eight Banners will whip 50 times and green camp will stick 40 times, and they will still swim with arrows. Officers and men oppress people, buy and sell, plunder property and destroy houses along the way? Decapitation of those who defile women? Soldiers have to walk one by one when they meet the grass. Whoever tramples on the grass is mixed, the Eight Banners flogged 100 times, and green camp was held accountable for 80 times.
Rules of battlefield discipline of Qing army: those who disobey orders in wartime; When you return to the battlefield, look back at those who cringe and whisper; Leaking military aircraft? Unauthorized changes to confidential documents; General? Counsellor minister? Leading troops and prefect? Company commanders and other officials secretly steal the audience when discussing military issues; Asking for false information and delaying military aircraft; Officers and men who kill people and do good deeds and take credit for them will all be beheaded, as listed above.
During the Qianlong period, there were also three specific military disciplines for generals: those who unified the troops to make the generals comfortable, deliberately delayed, did not fight the actual situation, and delayed the military aircraft; It's usually because of personal jealousy that it's futile? Air payment, delaying military aircraft; As commanders-in-chief, do those who can't defeat the enemy, spread rumors to confuse people, sink others and delay military aircraft have to make up their minds?
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