The concept of "cultural wall" is a conceptual summary of the special role of landscape wall in urban cultural construction. .
The garden wall plays a role in dividing the internal and external scope, separating the internal space and shielding the bad scenery in the garden. Exquisite garden walls can also decorate the landscape. Walls and backgrounds
According to the material and structure, the walls of traditional gardens in China can be divided into three types: slab walls, rubble walls, ground brick walls and whitewashed walls. The spaces separating the courtyards are mostly white walls with blue tiles at the top. Using white walls to set off rocks, flowers and trees is like painting landscape flowers on white paper, which has a particularly good artistic conception. The garden wall and rockery can be separated immediately, each with its own wonders. Roads, stone peaks and flowers should be dotted between the garden wall and the water surface, and the scenery reflected by the wall and the water can increase the interest. Bamboo-producing areas often use local materials and weave garden fences with bamboo, which is economical and rich in local color, but it is not strong enough to be used as a permanent garden fence.
The wall in the garden has the functions of separating the space, organizing tour guides, setting off the scenery, decorating and beautifying or blocking the line of sight, and is an important factor that constitutes the garden space.
The forms of walls are cloud wall (wave wall), trapezoidal wall, open wall, white wall, reinforced concrete lattice wall, tiger skin stone wall, bamboo fence wall and so on. It is rich in building materials and simple in construction. "Yuanye" said, "It is appropriate to use stones and bricks, and it is appropriate to leak and grind, and each has its own system."
Most of the walls in classical gardens in the south of the Yangtze River in China are white walls. The white powder wall can not only form a bright color contrast with the gray-black tile roof and chestnut doors and windows, but also set off colorful rocks, bamboo bushes and flowers and vines. Under the sunlight, the shadows on the wall are unpredictable, forming a beautiful picture. There are always leaking windows, empty windows and cave doors on the wall, which form the contrast between reality and light and shade and make the changes of the wall more colorful.
Leaky windows on the wall, also known as transparent windows, can be used to separate scenic spots, so that the space looks separated, the scenery is looming and the layers are rich. Through the leaky window, all kinds of scenes that people can't see at a glance can receive virtual, real, empty and continuous artistic effects. The pattern of the leaky window itself, under different light irradiation, can produce all kinds of varied shadows, making the originally flat and rigid wall look lively and vivid.
The window frames of leaky windows have irregular shapes such as square, rectangle, circle, hexagon, octagon and fan. The modes of leaky windows are flexible and diverse. From the composition point of view, there are two kinds: geometric shape and natural shape. Geometric patterns include swastika, diamond, olive, ice particles, fish scales, autumn leaves, begonia, sunflower, ruyi, ripple and so on. Geometric patterns are mostly made of brick, wood and tile (pipe tile and slab tile). Natural body patterns have flowers as the theme, such as pine and cypress, peony, plum, bamboo, orchid, banana, lotus and so on; There are birds and animals, such as cranes, deer, phoenixes, peacocks and bats. The method of making natural figure patterns is to use iron sheets and iron bars as the skeleton, then wrap them with mortar and hemp yarn layer by layer, and then color them after molding. In addition, glazed lattice leakage windows of various shapes, lattice leakage windows prefabricated by reinforced concrete or terrazzo, flat iron flower leakage windows, and antique framed flower windows made of wood or reinforced concrete and terrazzo are also widely used in various parks and gardens all over the country.
In a garden without sash, there are often holes in the wall, which are called empty windows. In addition to lighting, empty windows are often used as landscape frames, allowing visitors to constantly get new pictures during the tour. Stone peaks, bamboo bushes and plantains are often placed behind empty windows to form a series of sketches. Empty windows can also make the space penetrate each other, increase the depth of field and expand the space.
There are also square, rectangular, hexagonal, circular, fan-shaped, gourd-shaped, autumn leaves-shaped, bottle-shaped and so on. The height of an empty window is mostly determined by the height of a person's viewpoint, so as to facilitate viewing.
In the classical gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, the borders of empty windows are often inlaid with blue-gray square bricks, and beautiful feet are cut around them. After polishing and smoothing, it is matched with the white powder wall to form a simple and clear tone contrast. In modern times, cutting fake stones, water brush stones and other materials are often used to make borders.
The walls in the garden can also be combined with rocks, bamboo bushes, lamps, sculptures, flower ponds, flower beds and flower stands to form a landscape independently. The location of the garden wall should not only consider its function, but also consider the requirements of landscaping. "Garden Metallurgy" said: "The walls of each garden ... such as the inside, the flower heads, the water passages, the walls around the mountains ... are elegant and pleasant, and the gardens are beautiful."
The setting of the garden wall is mostly combined with the terrain, and the flat terrain is mostly built as a flat wall, while the sloping land or mountainous area is built as a step. In order to avoid monotony, some people built wavy cloud walls. Earth mountains, flower beds, rocks, trees and verandahs are often used to hide the walls inside the garden walls that separate the inside from the outside, so that the limited space can produce infinite landscape effects.
In foreign countries, wooden or metal transparent fences are often used as garden walls, and the scenery in the garden can penetrate outside the garden. The natural landscape gardens in Britain are often bordered by the "Ha-ha" in the form of dry ditch, and the garden wall is invisible in the distance, and the landscape is connected with the surrounding fields. Spaces in parks are usually separated by hedges more than 2 meters high.
On the basis of traditional practices, new materials and technologies are widely used in the garden walls of newly-built parks. Most of them are in the form of low transparency, and precast concrete, metal grids and fences are widely used. The concrete lattice can be prefabricated as a whole or assembled with prefabricated blocks, which is durable; Metal lattice fence is light and exquisite, with minimal shielding and convenient construction, and is widely used in small parks.
east gate
The wall of China Garden is a permanent portal. Cave doors have only door frames but no door leaves. Common ones are round cave doors, also known as moon doors and moon cave doors. Can also be made into hexagonal, octagonal, rectangular, gourd-shaped, banana leaf-shaped and other different shapes. Its function is not only to guide sightseeing and communication space, but also to be a decoration in the garden. Through the perspective of the portal, a frame scene with prominent focus can be formed. The garden wall and the cave door are staggered at different angles, and there will be various light and shadow changes under the strong sunlight.
Cave window
The holes and windows in the garden wall are also a decorative method of China gardens. There are many shapes such as hexagonal, square, fan-shaped, plum blossom-shaped, pomegranate-shaped, etc., which are often opened on the wall in different shapes, and are called "assorted windows". The hole and window face a scene to form a frame view; The partition wall located in the corridor often has a large area and is made into squares, rectangles and so on. The scenery inside and outside is transparent. In some gardens in northern China, glass lamps are installed inside and outside the "assorted windows" to become "light-transmitting windows", which can be used for viewing during the day and lighting at night.
Glass-free windows or non-paper windows
Also known as the flower window, it is a window with a pattern of leaking flowers, and it is also a decoration on the garden wall in China. Windows and holes have different shapes, and the patterns are mostly made of tiles, thin bricks, wood and bamboo, including square sleeves, square feet, palindromes, swastikas and ice patterns. In the Qing Dynasty, iron sheets and iron wires were used as the skeleton, and figures, flowers and birds, mountains and rivers were molded with gray plastic. There were more than 1000 patterns in Suzhou alone. The leakage mode of modern and modern garden windows is made of reinforced concrete or glass. The height of the leaky window is generally around 1.5m, which is in line with the human eye. Through the leaking window, you can vaguely see the scenery outside the window to achieve the effect of separation from each other. When it is used in gardens with small areas, it can avoid the sense of occlusion in small spaces, increase the spatial hierarchy, and achieve the goal of seeing the big from the small. Jiangnan home has many applications.
Brick and tile lattice
Wager has a long history in China gardens. It is light and meticulous, and it is mostly built on the wall. Brick grids can be built between brick columns as walls, which saves materials and has low cost. However, the pattern is limited by the modulus of brick, and the exposed hole area should not be too large, otherwise it will affect the firmness of masonry.
Other decorations include brick carvings.