There are currently three kinds of Amomum villosum to choose from.
1, green shell sand is a perennial herb with a height of 100 ~ 200 cm. The underground stem is reddish, reaching 100 cm along the surface level. Nodes, which are covered with simple film-like phosphorus and have many adventitious roots. Underground stems germinate new plants slightly upward, and a large number of fibrous roots grow downward to form ramets. The ground is upright and has no branches. Leaves dichotomous, sessile, leaf sheath phimosis, long, narrow, round or linear-lanceolate. In spring, spherical spikes are extracted from underground stems, which bloom in April-May with pale yellow spots. Capsule is spherical or oval, slightly triangular, green in appearance and prickly. Most seeds are triangular, black at maturity and mature in August-September.
2. The difference between red shell sand and green shell sand is that the leaves are bigger, the back of the leaves is fluffy, the fruit is smaller, the shape is round and red, and the seed setting rate is higher, but the quality is poor and it is not cultivated much.
3. The difference between Amomum villosum and green shell sand is that the capsule looks purple-brown, and the underground stem is redder than green shell sand. This quality is very good.
Third, the growth characteristics
Amomum villosum is a tropical plant and likes high temperature, humid and foggy climate. The annual average temperature is 22 ~ 38℃, but it can still grow through the winter under the condition of short-term low temperature and occasional short-term frost. Especially in the flower and fruit period, the requirements are strict, the flowering is abnormal below 22℃, and the pollination is favorable above 25℃, and the seed setting rate is high. 50% ~ 70% shading degree is appropriate, but 70% ~ 80% shading degree is needed at seedling stage 1 ~ 2 years. The shading degree of Amomum villosum or loam is 50% ~ 60% and that of sandy loam or dry land is 60% ~ 70% in fruit period, or a variety of fruit trees are planted to attract insects to spread pollen and expand honey sources. Like to grow in diffuse light, strong light is not good for growth and development. If there is too much shade, plants will grow vigorously, but they will bloom and bear little fruit. The requirement for moisture is particularly strict. The annual rainfall should be about 25,000 mm, and the annual average air relative humidity should be above 80%. Especially in the flowering period, it is foggy and the soil temperature is high (the soil water content is about 20%). On the other hand, in case of continuous rainfall, flowers will rot, and long-term drought will make flowers dry and fruits not full, reducing the seed setting rate. The soil with loose and fertile surface, strong water retention and convenient irrigation and drainage is suitable.
Cultivation techniques of Amomum villosum
First, land selection and land preparation
According to the requirements of Amomum villosum on environmental conditions, it is advisable to choose fertile valleys that can be kept wet or foggy from March to May and have good drainage, or low slopes where streams flow. Shading trees should be evergreen broad-leaved trees.
Prepare the soil one month before planting, select shade trees, and keep the shade degree between 50% and 70% (if the shade degree is not enough, choose young trees, and if the shade degree is too large, appropriate thinning is required). Remove weeds and cut down shrubs that don't need to be shade trees. Then plough 14 ~ 33 cm to make the soil weather, break up the big clods, and then plant them after leveling. If it is on a slope, a drainage ditch should be set to prevent soil erosion.
Second, the method of reproduction.
Propagation by seeds and ramets.
1, seed propagation
This method is easy to introduce from other places, solve the shortage of seedlings, expand production and cultivate improved varieties, and prevent variety degradation.
① seed selection and treatment
Amomum villosum seeds have to go through a "three-selection" procedure. First, select high-yield Amomum villosum seeds from high-yield varieties over the years and establish seed farms. When the fruit is ripe and harvested, the mother plant with strong growth and no pests and diseases should be selected, and the large and stable ear should be selected as the seed. Only through such a strict selection procedure can a good variety be selected. Generally, seeds mature around midsummer, the exocarp is reddish brown, and the pulp is as sweet as litchi meat. When the seeds turn black, they are fully mature. Remove the hard retting for 3-5 days, remove the peel, put it in clean water, add oil sand or chaff, wipe off the pulp by hand, change the water several times, wash off the gum, dry it in the shade, and sow it immediately in autumn. From August to September, the seeds are fresh, the temperature is high, and the emergence rate is uniform. Spring-sown seeds are stored in wool tanks, and the shells are dried as commodities.
② Miaodi finishing.
Choose a cool, humid, ventilated and cool environment, fertile and loose land with convenient drainage and irrigation as a nursery, and turn over the soil one month before sowing to weather it. When sowing, the clods should be carefully cultivated, and the border should be flat, with a height of 65,438+00 ~ 65,438+02 cm, clear ditches around it and a width of 80 ~ 65 cm. In order to facilitate the construction of shade shed, weeding and watering management, the border should not be too wide, and the border should be cultivated in the north-south direction, which is beneficial to build a shade shed with its back tilted from west to east and control the afternoon sunshine in the west. After the border surface is finely ground and leveled, the pit is opened with a spatula (spatula method: one tooth is rented from the wood, the tooth pitch is 12 cm, and the width and length of each tooth are 3 cm), and 22500 kg of human manure, water and fertilizer are applied to the bottom of the pit per hectare as the base fertilizer, and then the seeds are sown.
③ Sow in time.
Sowing dates can be divided into spring sowing and autumn sowing. Autumn sowing is suitable after fruit picking in summer, and it lasts from dew to autumnal equinox. Delayed sowing has dry climate, less water and low temperature, and the seeds do not germinate. It will not germinate until the temperature rises in the next spring rain season. Spring sowing should be around the vernal equinox, because the temperature is low and the water content is low, which will delay excavation. Autumn sowing has high germination rate. Generally, autumn sowing is used instead of spring sowing.
④ Sowing method
There are methods such as row sowing and on-demand sowing. Row sowing is to sow seeds evenly, which is convenient for watering, weeding and fertilization management. Spring sowing seeds are dried. Before sowing, the seeds are soaked to accelerate germination, germinate in advance and germinate evenly. When accelerating germination, put the seeds in cold water 1 ~ 2 hours, then put them in 45% warm water (that is, one spoonful of boiled water and one spoonful of cold water) for one day and night, then change water to soak them again, * * * 24 hours, and then take them out and dry them to sow. When sowing, sow at the row spacing of13cm and the plant spacing of 8cm, and the sowing amount per hectare is15kg (about 60-75kg of fresh fruit). After sowing, base fertilizer should be covered. The base fertilizer consists of soil miscellaneous fertilizer, cow urine chaff, chicken manure, plant ash, etc. After mixed retting, 22,500 ~ 30,000 kg should be applied per hectare, and it is advisable to cover 3 cm of seeds. If the base fertilizer is too thin, you can spread fine soil. There are many pests when applying chicken manure fertilizer, so it can only be applied by sprinkling lime into the pile to decompose and kill the pests.
⑤ Seedling management
It is necessary to do a good job in seedling management to ensure the whole seedling. Immediately after sowing, build a shade shed to make the shade degree reach 80%, keep the soil moist at all times, and pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas. Seedlings are most afraid of weeds, so weeding should be early, small and full of weeds. If the seedlings are too dense, when the height of the seedlings is about 3 cm, the seedlings should be thinned by weeding and loosening the soil, and diluted with human excrement and urine. When the seedling height is 15cm, the plant spacing is 6 ~ 12cm, and the mixed fertilizer is applied to the soil to promote the root germination. At this time, you can gradually adjust the shade and reduce it to about 60%. The seedlings are 30 ~ 45 cm high and can be transplanted and planted.
2, ramet propagation
Can bear fruit early. Select 5 ~ 10 seedlings with thick stems and 2 seedlings with new underground stems as seeds in the production area or the nursery of special propagation materials. In the underground stem of the mother plant 12 ~ 15 cm, cut off the plants with vigorous growth and many flowers and fruits, separate new plants, trim some long roots and leaves, and put them in a cool and humid place to prevent the seedlings from being broken by sunlight. Plant the seedlings immediately after taking them.
Third, colonization.
Places with good water conditions (which can keep the soil moist) can be planted in March, and places with poor water conditions can be planted in May-June when the rainy season comes. Using ramet propagation, the planting period should be determined according to the number of new seedlings
It is advisable to choose cloudy or light rain weather for planting, dig a pit according to the row spacing of 100 cm * 100 cm, apply decomposed animal manure or compost as base fertilizer in the pit, and plant seedlings according to their natural conditions, with red buds slightly exposed and the rest buried in the soil and slightly compacted (to prevent the buds from being damaged). If there is no rain, water them.
Fourth, on-site management
1. Weeding and cutting seedlings: within 1 and 2 years after planting, plants are sparsely distributed and weeds grow rapidly, so weeding should be done frequently. After entering the flowering and fruiting age, weed twice a year, in February and August-September respectively. While weeding and removing dead leaves, cut off dead, weak, sick and residual seedlings, and appropriately cut off some over-dense bamboo shoots. Leave 20,000 to 30,000 seedlings per mu.
2. Fertilization and soil improvement: Fertilize 2-3 times a year two years before field planting, in February-March and 10 respectively. In addition to phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer should be appropriately increased. If conditions permit, using diluted urine water (1 urine 3 water) or urea as topdressing outside the roots before flowering has a good effect on improving the fruit setting rate. After the fruit is harvested, foreign soil is combined with autumn fertilization to cultivate soil. Tillage with 2/3 rhizomes can promote the growth of ramets and roots, and ensure high and stable yield.
3. Adjust the shading degree: adjust the shading degree according to the required light intensity during the growth period of Amomum villosum. If the shade is too big, cut off too many shade trees or branches; If the shade is too small, plant shade trees in spring.
4. Drainage and irrigation: In order to meet the water requirements of Amomum villosum in different growth and development stages, drainage and irrigation should be carried out appropriately. If the weather is dry in the flower and fruit period, it must be irrigated in time to avoid the flowers drying up and affecting the yield; If there is too much rain, there is moisture in the soil and the humidity is too high, it is necessary to drain the water in time to avoid rotten fruit.
5. Artificial pollination: Amomum villosum is a typical insect-borne flower, which cannot be pollinated by itself. Under natural conditions, they must rely on insect pollination to bear fruit. Therefore, artificial pollination can greatly improve the seed setting rate and yield of Amomum villosum in places where insect pollination is less.
Artificial pollination generally adopts push-pull method. Pinch the big petals and stamens with the middle finger and thumb of your right hand or left hand, gently push the pistil down and then pull it up with your thumb, and you can stuff a lot of pollen into the stigma hole. Every morning from 7 am to 4 pm is fine.
6. Protect pollinators: Insects are the best pollinators of Amomum villosum. Therefore, it is forbidden to spray chemical pesticides in the garden after flower bud differentiation. In the early and middle stages of flowering, sweeteners such as boron fertilizer, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, Aiduo or white sugar are sprayed to attract insects such as ants, so as to improve the fruit setting rate. After taking this measure, the natural seed setting rate will reach 30% ~ 40% in areas where various insects collect more powder.
Five, pest control
Guard against the harm of birds and animals. The fruit of Amomum villosum was severely damaged by rats. Zinc phosphide can be mixed with food to trap and kill it. There is also the danger of animals and birds, which can be combined with hunting and hunting control.
1, Rhizoctonia solani: It occurs in seedling stage, mostly in March-April and10-1month, which makes the seedling base wither and die. It can be sprayed with1:l:120 ~140 bordeaux solution or irrigated with 200~400 times of pentachloronitrobenzene solution.
2. Leaf spot disease: occurs at seedling stage. At the beginning of the disease, the leaves were waterlogged, and the lesion had no obvious edge, and then the whole plant died.
(1), treatment: ① clean the seedbed and burn the diseased plants; (2) Pay attention to the ventilation and light transmission of the seedbed and reduce the temperature; ③ Apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to enhance disease resistance; ④ Spray with Bordeaux solution of L: 1:120 ~160 or Dyson ammonia solution of 0/000 times of1time per week, 3~4 times in a row.
(2) Preventive measures: ① Pay attention to drainage, ventilation and light transmission, and apply less nitrogen fertilizer during flowering and fruiting; ② Apply in March and 1 0 ~ 1 month1times lime and plant ash (1part lime to 2 ~ 3 parts plant ash), per mu15 ~ 20kg; ③ During the flowering and fruiting period, spray 1% formalin or 0.2% potassium permanganate solution (50kg/mu) on the fruits and grape stems, spray 1: 4 lime and plant ash after each spraying, and spray for 3-4 times.
3. Bored worms: In order to harm young bamboo shoots (leafless seedlings), the top of the bored young bamboo shoots dried up and finally died. Control method: 40% dimethoate EC 1000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon powder 800 times solution can be sprayed on adults during spawning period.
Harvest processing
Amomum villosum blooms and bears fruit 2~3 years after planting. When the fruit changes from bright red to purplish red, the seeds are dark brown and have a strong spicy taste after crushing, it is mature. The harvest period is different in different regions. The plain area blooms and bears fruit early, and it is usually harvested at the end of July and the beginning of August. Harvest in mountainous areas from the end of August to the beginning of September. Harvesting too early will affect the quality, and it will be harmed by wild rats too late. Use a small knife to cut the ear of the fruit, and don't pull it by hand, so as not to tear the root and affect the growth of Amomum villosum. After the fruit is harvested, it is processed into shell sand, Amomum villosum and sand shell according to three different varieties: Yangchun sand, green shell sand and red shell sand.
First, shell sand
Put the fruit in a bamboo sieve, dry it to 60% with fire, spray cold water once to make the peel and seeds closely combined, and continue drying. Or pour it into a sack when it is 80% dry, tie the mouth tightly, wet it for 12 hours, and then slowly dry it with low fire until it is completely dry.
Second, Amomum villosum
Peel the seeds from the peel and dry them in the sun or oven. Note that when drying or baking, rotate it gently to prevent the particles from loosening.
Third, the sand shell
Peel the skin and dry it.
Post-harvest field management of Amomum villosum (rejuvenation and regeneration technology)
As we all know, the field management of Fructus Amomi after fruit picking is an important measure to achieve stable and high yield in successive years. The main management measures are as follows:
First, remove weeds. Remove weeds in time after picking fruits. The method is to pull by hand to avoid damaging the roots and stolons of Amomum villosum. Weeds around the garden should be shoveled, and the pulled weeds can be covered on the ground of Amomum villosum to keep the soil moist.
2. After cutting off the old seedlings Amomum villosum, the growth of the old seedlings in the plant population declined, which not only consumed water and nutrients, but also easily infected with pests and diseases, affecting the growth of healthy plants in the population. Therefore, after fruit picking, old, weak and diseased plants should be cut off immediately, and burned intensively outside the ground, leaving only 40 ~ 50 healthy plants per square meter, which is beneficial to the light transmission of Amomum villosum, reducing nutrient consumption and occurrence of diseases and insect pests, and promoting plant growth.
Thirdly, impurities are removed, leaving pure Amomum villosum in different growth stages, carefully distinguishing seedlings, leaves, flowers, stems and fruits, discarding miscellaneous plants and mutant plants such as green shell sand and red shell sand, and keeping pure Amomum villosum. When abandoning the seed, it should be uprooted and whole clumped, leaving no seedlings, so as to achieve the purpose of purification and rejuvenation.
Fourth, adjust the color tone. Amomum villosum is a shade-loving plant. According to its growth and development habits, it can grow and develop normally only under the condition of 50% shading. Too little or too much shading is not conducive to its growth and development. Therefore, after the fruit is harvested every year, the shading degree of Amomum villosum field should be adjusted appropriately, and the shading trees in Amomum villosum field should be trimmed or cut down to reduce the shading degree. Planting fast-growing tree species in plots with too small shade to increase shade is beneficial to the healthy growth of Amomum villosum population.
5. Fertilizing the flowering and fruiting Amomum villosum population will consume a lot of nutrients. In order to quickly restore its population growth, promote the growth of autumn bamboo shoots and lay a solid foundation for high yield next year, after the old seedlings are harvested, 3000 kg of manure, 30 kg of compost, 50 kg of peanuts (or bean cakes) and 25 kg of calcium superphosphate are used per mu. The above fertilizers are decomposed by the same retting method, and then evenly sprinkled into Amomum villosum. After application, soil is cultivated to cover the grape stems 1/2. This kind of fertilization is called promoting bamboo shoot fertilizer. From late February to early March of the following year, 10000 kg of human excrement and 5 kg of urea were applied per mu, this time called strong seedling fertilizer, to promote Amomum villosum to grow more bamboo shoots and stronger seedlings, and lay a foundation for Amomum villosum population to bear more flowers and fruits.
VI. Pests and Diseases Control Common pests and diseases are: (1) Leaf blight mostly occurs in plots with insufficient shade in autumn and winter. Prevention and control methods: it is appropriate to adjust the shading degree of Amomum villosum to about 50%; Strengthen watering or irrigation when the weather is dry; Spraying 70% thiophanate l000 times solution at the initial stage of the disease for prevention and treatment. (2) Leaf spot is easy to occur after drought or frost in winter. Prevention and control methods: after fruit picking, remove diseased plants and leaves and burn them centrally; Apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and spray water properly; At the beginning of the disease, 50% Tobuzin wettable powder was sprayed with 800 times solution. (3) The growing points of the tender branches of Amomum villosum are eaten away, resulting in dead heart. Control method: young bamboo shoots are cut off immediately, and adults are sprayed with 40% dimethoate 1000 times or 90% trichlorfon 800 times during spawning period.