Yang Guangsheng was born in Daxing (now Xi, Shaanxi Province) in the fourth year of North China (569), and the history book says: "Beauty is not wise". In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, due to the meritorious service of his father, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, he was named the Duke of Yanmen County [1].
In the year of Kaiyuan (58 1), he was established as the King of Jin, worshipped by officials and was in Bingzhou at the age of thirteen. Later, he was appointed General Wuwei and was promoted to Zhu Guo and Hebei Daoxingtai.
Folding has many advantages.
In the winter of the eighth year of Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty (588), Chen Wei, who was only twenty years old, was in charge. Gao Jiong really commanded the whole army, and He Rebi and Han Qinhu fought at the front. After Chen Ping, he moved to Jiankang, killed Chen's henchmen and favorite concubine Zhang Lihua, sealed the national treasury, and brought Chen and his queen and others back to appeasement. After moving troops, Yang was named Qiu. After Chen Ping, due to the policy deviation of the Sui Dynasty, rebellions took place in various parts of the south of the Yangtze River.
Since then, Yang Guang has repeatedly made meritorious military service. In the 10th year of Emperor Kai (590), he was ordered to serve as the secretariat of Yangzhou in the south of the Yangtze River. Together with him, he put down the rebellion in the south of the Yangtze River with high wisdom and later became the King of Yue.
Yang Guang changed his town from Bingzhou to Yangzhou. During the period of guarding Jiangnan, he made great contributions and made outstanding achievements in stabilizing the mutiny situation. At the same time, he showed simple style, bad manners and courteous attitude, which won the praise of the ruling and opposition parties and the favor of Wendi and his wife. At the end of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the contradiction between Emperor Wendi and Crown Prince Yong Yang broke out. Yang Guang took the opportunity to enter the DPRK, vying for the position, and won the support of Wen Hou and Su Yang, the right assistant. In the 20th year of Huang Kai (600 years), Emperor Wendi of Sui dynasty deposed his eldest son Yong Yang and made his second son Wang Jin Yang Guang the Crown Prince. In the same year, the Turks invaded, and Yang Guang led the army out of Lingwu, but he was not captured and returned. After Yang Guang proclaimed himself emperor, based on his early military career, he launched a war against Koguryo, Tuguhun and Turkic [2].
Fold and ascend to the throne
According to Zi Tong Zhi Jian, in July of the fourth year of Renshou (604), Wendi was ill in bed and wrote a letter asking how to deal with Wendi's funeral and accession to the throne. Unexpectedly, the messenger sent Su Yang's reply to Emperor Wendi by mistake. Emperor Wendi was furious and immediately sent Yang Guang into the palace to question him face to face. At this moment, Mrs. Chen of Xuanhua also cried and said that she was interested in molesting her on the road, which made Emperor Wendi suddenly realize, slapping the bed and swearing: "Animals are not enough to pay for big things! Miss me alone! " Hurriedly ordered ministers Liu Shu and Yan Yuan to draft letters, deposed Yang Guang and re-established Yong Yang as the Prince. After Yang Guang knew it, he put Liu Shu and Yan Yuan in prison, let Zhang Heng, the son of the Emperor of Heaven, enter the bedroom of Emperor Wendi for illness, and drove away the attendants around Emperor Wendi. Soon, Wendi died.
In Tang Dynasty, Ma Zong recorded that Emperor Wendi was "spilled blood" by Zhang Heng in Tongli, while Zhao Yi recorded that Emperor Wendi was poisoned by Zhang Heng in A Brief Account of Daye.
But in the early Tang Dynasty, Zhao Yi's note "A Brief Account of Great Undertakings" recorded that the glorious Mrs. Cai was the heroine of Renshou Palace. Yang Guang's statement that he killed his father because of color has also been questioned by many modern historians, and Renshou Palace has also become a mystery [3].
After Yang Guang ascended the throne, he forged the will of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, forced Yong Yang to commit suicide and executed Yong Yang. Also, Yang Xiu, the younger brother of Shu, was framed by him for cursing Emperor Wen of Sui and Yang Liang, the younger brother of Hanwang. He was stripped of his official position, demoted to a civilian and placed under house arrest in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Later, he was placed under house arrest with other scholars and was not allowed to meet his wife.
His younger brother Hanwang Yang Liang fought in Bing in the name of begging for Su Yang, and Yang Guang sent Su Yang to suppress him. After Yang Liang surrendered, he was imprisoned to death. Shortly thereafter, Yang Guangwei not only threatened the throne, but also followed Yun Dingxing's advice. On March 4th, the third year of Daye (607), he killed his nephew and his nephew, and put the remaining nephews (the king of philosophers, his king, his king, his king of Xiangcheng, his king, the king of Jian 'an and the king of Yang Gai). He also executed Yu Wenbi, He Ruobi and Gao Jiong, heroes of the Sui Dynasty.
Folding literature martial arts
In the first year of Daye (605), the capital was moved to Luoyang, which lasted for ten months and recruited 2 million civilian workers every month.
The east is in the west of the old Luoyang City, with a larger scale and a circumference of more than 50 miles, which is divided into three parts: Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer Guo Cheng. Miyagi is the seat of the Imperial Palace, the Imperial City is the seat of the official residence, and WaiGuo Cheng is the seat of official and private houses and houses. There are more than 100 residential areas outside Guocheng, and there are three major markets, namely Fengdu City, Datong City and Tong Yuan City.
When building the East Capital, Emperor Yang Di Yang Guang ordered the construction of the Grand Canal and tens of thousands of ships. When he went to Jiangdu, the dragon boat he took was 45 feet high, 50 feet wide and 200 feet long. There are four floors above, the upper floor is the main hall, the inner hall and the east-west hall, the middle floor is 120 rooms, and the lower floor is the residence of the in-service. The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty is centered on Luoyang, the capital city, and divided into three sections, with a total length of 2,700 kilometers, from Yuhang (Hangzhou) in the south to Zhuo Jun (Beijing) in the north. The middle section includes Tongji Canal and Hangou. Tongji Canal starts from Luoyang in the north and flows into Huaishui in the southeast. Hangou starts from Yang Shan (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu) on the south bank of Huaihe River in the north and ends in Jiangdu (now Yangzhou) in the south, and flows into the Yangtze River. There is Jiangnan in the south, Jingkou (now Zhenjiang) on the south bank of the Yangtze River in the north, and Yuhang in Nantong (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). The northern section is called Yongji Canal, which starts from Luoyang in the south and reaches Zhuo Jun County in the north (now southwest of Beijing).
In the education system, Yang Guang initiated the imperial examination system, developed the method of selecting talents through examinations, and added scholars. The imperial examination system lasted until the 31st year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1905), which made great contributions to the education policy in ancient China. Politically, in order to break the monopoly of Guanlong Group on official career, officials of Southern Group such as Yu Shiqi and Pei Yun were reused.
Militarily, before he ascended the throne, he participated in the wars with Turks and Qidan, and gained something. In the fifth year of Daye (609), he personally conquered Tuyuhun and set up four counties: Xihai, Heyuan, Shanshan and Qiemo. After Yang Guang personally conquered Tuguhun, he also ordered soldiers from all over the country to attack Koguryo. In eight years, Sui Jun transferred troops1130,000, and was defeated by Liaodong City (now Liaoyang, Liaoning Province) and Heping Rang City (now North Korea). The following year, he sent his troops to besiege Liaodong City. At this time, Yang Xuangan, who was in charge of transporting stores in Liyang warehouse, saw that "the people were in poverty and there was chaos in the world", so he took the opportunity to crusade against Sui. Yang guang was forced to withdraw from Liaodong. After the fall of Yang Xuangan, Yang Guang ordered an investigation, and * * * killed more than 30,000 people and immigrated more than 6,000 people. In the tenth year of Great Cause (6 14), Yang Guang sent troops to attack Koguryo for the third time. Because the peasant uprising at the end of the Sui Dynasty had spread all over the country, the Sui Dynasty was in jeopardy and finally had to negotiate to retreat. In the 11th year of Daye (6 15), Yang Guang visited the Great Wall in the north as usual. At the beginning, Khan led his troops and besieged Yanmen (now Daixian County, Shanxi Province). Yang Guangpa asked Shi Bi's wife and Princess Yicheng for help, and Princess Yicheng sent messengers to tell Shi Bi that there was an emergency in the north. In addition, reinforcements from the Sui Dynasty arrived one after another, and Shi Bi left in September.
Folding rebellion is everywhere.
Yang Guang travels every year. He has visited Yangzhou three times, Saibei two times, Hehuang three times and Zhuojun three times, and often travels between Chang 'an and Luoyang. Every time I travel, I make a scene. In November of the fourth year of Renshou (604), in order to dig a long hole to defend Luoyang, hundreds of thousands of farmers in Shanxi and Henan were dispatched today. The following year, Luoyang, the capital of eastern China, was built, employing as many as two million people every month. From the first year of Daye (604) to the sixth year of Daye (6 10), various canals were developed and more than 3 million agricultural soldiers were dispatched in Henan, Huaibei, Huainan, Hebei and Jiangnan counties. In three or four years of Daye, the Great Wall was built in the east of Yulin (now southwest of Tuoketuo, Inner Mongolia), and it was dispatched twice1200,000 Dingnan, with more than half of the casualties. Over the past ten years, a total of10 million farmers have been harassed, with an average of one servant per household, resulting in the tragic image of "the world died in service".
In order to satisfy his luxurious life, Yang Guang overhauled the palace garden and moved the palace to different places. Among them, Ren Xian Palace, Jiangdu Palace, Linjiang Palace, Jin Yanggong and Xiyuan are famous. Xiyuan is in the west of Luoyang, more than 200 miles in Fiona Fang. There is an artificial lake in the garden, surrounded by 10 miles. There are mountains in the lake, and the halls are beautifully arranged. Emperor Yang Di often took thousands of ladies-in-waiting riding horses to visit the West Garden on a moonlit night, and immediately asked them to play the song "Night Tour on Qingming Festival", which reached the limit of string songs. When Emperor Yang visited Jiangdu, he led 100,000 to 200,000 people, including kings, officials, queens and maids. The fleet is more than 200 miles long, and all the counties he passes through have to contribute food within 500 miles, which is very serious.
In the seventh year of Great Cause (6 1 1), Wang Bo led an uprising in Changbai Mountain (now the northeast of Zhangqiu, Shandong Province), which finally broke out in the late Sui Dynasty. Liu overbearing, Sun, Zhang Jin said, Dou Jiande and others led the peasant uprising one after another, and the peasant uprising army developed rapidly and grew stronger day by day. In the ninth year of Great Cause (6 13), peasant uprisings not only spread all over Shandong and Hebei, but also spread to the whole country. In the first half of the ninth year of the Great Cause, peasant uprisings broke out in the plains, Lingwu, northern Hebei, Yin Ji and Beihai, and the rapidly rising peasant uprisings dealt a heavy blow to the ruling class of the Sui Dynasty. Under the impact of the huge wave of peasant uprisings, the ruling class of the Sui Dynasty split. In June this year, Yang Xuangan rebelled in Liyang. The Sui army withdrew from Liaodong and launched a counterattack against Yang Xuangan. Yang Xuangan committed suicide after the defeat. The Sui Dynasty brutally suppressed the peasant uprising, defeated Lu, Zhou, Liu Yuanjin, and trapped the peasant uprising army. While Zhai Rang Wagangzhai, Dou Jiande, Du, Lin and other peasant insurgents have repeatedly defeated Sui Jun and developed. Yang Guangben wanted to use the terror policy of bloody slaughter to intimidate the people, but instead, he let more people join the peasant uprising army. "Bees rose there" and "the government troops were unforgivable and even died in the Sui Dynasty". The peasant uprising developed into a national scale. Yang Guang tried to curb the development of the uprising forces, ordered counties, post stations and villages to build castles, moved people into castles and cultivated nearby in an attempt to control them. He didn't want to face up to the surging peasant uprising, and the courtiers around him didn't tell the truth and lied that there were "fewer and fewer peasants" who rebelled.
Collect the body and die.
In July of the 12th year of Great Cause (6 16), Yang Guang went from Du Dong to Jiangdu. In April of the following year, the Wagang Army led by Shi Biao besieged the eastern capital, and sent a campaign to all counties, listing the top ten crimes of Yang Guang.
In May of the 13th year of the Great Cause (6 17), Li Yuan set out for Jinyang, and in November of the same year, he invaded Chang 'an, made You Yang emperor, and honored Yang Guang as the emperor's father.
Yang guang became more and more dissolute in Jiangdu, and ordered the king to choose Jianghuai folk beauty to enrich the harem and make merry with wine every day; In his later years, Yang Guang, who was determined to win, often looked at himself in the mirror and said to Xiao Hou and Chen Xia: "The head and neck are good, who will do it!"
In his later years, Yang Guang did not become the Duke of the Great Wall like Chen Houzhu, nor did he use the poison he brought. In March of the 14th year of the Great Cause (6 18), Yang Guang saw the chaos in the world and was disheartened, so he had no intention to return to the north again. He ordered the renovation of Danyang Palace (now Nanjing) and prepared to move the capital. The drivers are all Guanzhong guards, who miss their hometown and flee it in succession. At this time, Ethan and other samurai lang will. , conspired with Naoko Peiqian, took advantage of the resentment of the guards who missed their hometown, pushed Yuwen Shu's son Yu Wenhuaji as the head, and launched a mutiny. Yang Guangwen changed his clothes in a hurry and fled to Xike. Pei Gantong, Ethan and Ma Wenju were caught by the rebels. Yang guang wants to drink poisoned wine to commit suicide. The rebels refused to allow him, so he ordered Ling Hu Daxing to strangle him at the age of 50. The confusion caused by Yang Guang is that the population of China has dropped sharply to more than two million households.
This ambitious emperor is useless even after his death. After his death, Hou Yaozong and Imperial Secretary removed the bedplate, made a small coffin and secretly buried it under the Liu Zhu Hall in Jiangdu Palace. After Chen Leng gathered all the mourners to prepare for Yang Guangfa's funeral, he was reburied in Wu Gong's audience and sent him to the funeral with a worn staff, afraid to go on the road.
The news of Yang Guang's death spread to Luoyang, and the ministers in Luoyang made Yang Dong, the grandson of Yang Guang, the king of Yue, emperor, known as Mao in history. Yang Dong chased Yang Guang as Ming Di, and the temple was named Zu. Dou Jiande, the leader of the peasant army, made Yang Guang Emperor of Fujian. In the same year, Li Yuan forced the puppet You Yang to abdicate, established the Tang Dynasty, and chased Yang Guang as emperor. Soon, the powerful Luoyang minister Wang forced Yang Dong to abdicate, and the Sui Dynasty officially perished.
After the Tang Dynasty pacified Jiangnan, Zhenguan was reburied in Tang Lei for five years (63 1).
Folding and editing this paragraph is a political move.
Folding politics
Move the capital to Luoyang
After Yang ascended the throne, he decided to move the capital to Luoyang. Volume 30 of Sui Shu records 25 geography: Luozhou, originally located in Henan County. In the first year of Daye, he moved the capital to Yuzhou. County Records of Yuanhe: Sui Renshou moved the capital for four years; Biography of Sui Shu Yuwen Kai says: Yang Di ascended the throne and moved the capital to Luoyang; Geography of Sui Shu: In the first year of Daye, moved the capital to a new capital; Geography of Old Tang Dynasty 1; In the first year of Daye, moved to 18 miles west of Luoyang and set up a new capital. "History as a Mirror" said: Zhang Taiyan said to the emperor: "Your majesty is doomed to die, Yongzhou is a broken wood, and you can't stay long. He also said,' repair Luoyang and return it to the Jin family.' "The emperor deeply impressed.
"Yuanhe County Records Henan Road": "In the fourth year of Renshou, the emperor called Yang to Tokyo, and in the second year of Daye, Xindu City moved to Luoyang Palace. Its palace is located in Mangshan in the north, Yikekou in the south, and runs through the capital with Luoshui. There is an image of a river man. Go to the old city 18 miles east. When Yang Di tried to climb Mangshan Mountain, he saw Yi Que, and said, "Isn't this a dragon gate evil? Why didn't you build a capital here since ancient times? " The servant shot Su Wei and said, "I haven't known it since ancient times, but I can treat your majesty. The emperor was very happy, so he discussed everything. Its palaces and halls were created by Yu Wenkai. Keqiao thought it was peerless, so the manufacturing was quite luxurious, and the previous generation was unparalleled. "
This series of evidence shows that Yang Guang moved the capital to Luoyang, but Luoyang in the Han and Wei Dynasties was no longer suitable as the capital, so Yang Guang chose another kind of geology to rebuild the new capital Luoyang. The third emperor of Sui Shu, Yang-ti, recorded that "in July of four years, the emperor Taizu collapsed and the Renshou Palace was in the mercy seat. ..... November has passed, thanks to Luoyang. Gui Qiu and Zhao Ri: Three Rivers Control in ......................................................................................................................................................................., Four Blocks, Land and Water Communication, Tribute, etc. ..... Today, Tokyo can be built in Iraq and Luoyang, that is, there is no division, thinking that the people's hearts are extremely prosperous. " "Emperor Yang-ti, the Third Emperor of Sui Shu" contains: "In the first year of Daye (March), three great masters, namely, Master, Master and Master Yuwen Kai, were appointed to build in Tokyo and moved to Xia Guo, Yuzhou." A large-scale project to build Luoyang, the capital of the East, was launched. "This is Ren Xian Palace's Fu Jian Camp, which uses exotic animals and plants in the sea to build a real garden. Dajia, a wealthy businessman, moved to Tokyo. 19 1 1 year, there are more than one million men and women in Henan, and economic canals have been opened, from Xiyuan to the valley, from Luoshui to the river, and from Bambusa to Huaihe River. Geng Shen sent Huangmen assistant ministers Wang Hong and Shang Yi to collect wood in Jiangnan and build tens of thousands of dragon boats, phoenix hats, yellow dragons, red boats and floor ships. " The following year, the construction of Tokyo was completed. "The heart has two years of spring in the first month, Tokyo, to the supervisor is different. In the afternoon of March, I drove to Jiangdu. ...... In summer and April, I went to Yi Que, Chen Fajia, prepared a thousand ships and rode into Tokyo. "
Luoyang, built by Yang Guang, is adjacent to Yi Que in the south of the city, Mangshan in the north and Chanhe and Luoshui in the east, especially Guo Cheng, Miyagi, Huanghai, Dongcheng, Hanjiacang, Biyuan and Yaoyi, with a large scale and orderly layout. The unique layout of Miyagi in the northwest of Guo Cheng and the unified layout of Li Fang have an important historical position in the history of capital construction in China. Yang Di's construction of Luoyang City has the strategic consideration of governing the country. It was still used in the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, and was once the national economic and cultural center.
At the beginning of his reign, he decided to move the capital to Luoyang because he fully realized the importance of Luoyang in military, political and economic status at that time. This is by no means purely out of debauchery and pleasure, nor is it a superstition.
Fei Zhengqing, a Chinese-American historian, said with emotion in China: Tradition and Change: "Under the rule of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty and Yang Di, China ushered in the second glorious imperial period. China re-established a unified political power, restored the Great Wall, and the government dug the Grand Canal (which provided the possibility for prosperity in the next few hundred years) and built magnificent palaces. The Chinese empire can finally reproduce its glory. "
Daye law
In the third year of Daye (507), Yang Guang issued Daye Law. Change state to county; Change the weights and measures to the ancient style; Change the official system and set up five provinces, three stations, five prisons and sixteen houses. Yang Guang's practice of law was mainly to reform the harsh law in the last years of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. "Yang-ti acceded to the throne, with high-impedance forbidden network far-reaching, and troublesome laws, in addition to the ten evils. Where there are five hundred articles, it is eighteen. Within five punishments, more than 200 light sentences were given. It is called Daye Law when it is implemented. " The Great Cause Law has not been amended, but the Law of the Tang Dynasty has been amended in accordance with the Law of Opening the Emperor and the Great Cause Law.
Build a canal
Yang Guang, the Grand Canal of the Sui Dynasty, ordered more than one million people to build catchments from Henan and Huaibei counties. In the west section, the valley water and Luoshui follow the old path of Yangqu, and in the east section, they walk along the old path of Bianqu and enter Huaishui. He also recruited more than100000 migrant workers from Huainan, and built a straight canal opened by Chen Deng in the Eastern Han Dynasty, from Yang Shan to the Yangtze River and into the Yangtze River. The canal is 40 steps wide, with neat and flat royal roads built on both sides. From Chang 'an to Jiangdu, more than 40 detached palaces have been built. Then, he sent people to Jiangnan to build tens of thousands of dragon boats and miscellaneous boats. Then, Yang Guang ordered the dredging of Tunshi River in the Han Dynasty and Baigou opened by Cao Cao as Yongji Canal, and the dredging of Wu Yunhe, Qindantu Waterway and Southern Dynasties Canal in the Spring and Autumn Period as Jiangnan River, which was later called Sui Grand Canal.
Before Yang Guang, such as Cao Cao, Wargo, Huan Wen, Emperor Wu of Song, etc., all used force against Hehuai traffic. After Yang Di, such as Tang Rusong, he must constantly deepen his knowledge before he can use it. At best, Emperor Yang Di is only a member of a relatively complete processing team, and his over-admirers, on the one hand, are ignorant of the history of water conservancy, on the other hand, are rooted in the history of water conservancy.
In the fourth year of Emperor Kai (584), Emperor Wen of Sui ordered Yuwen Kai to lead the people to open canals. The Weihe River leads from the northwest of Daxing City, slightly along the old Cao Canal in Han Dynasty, and joins the Yellow River in Tongguan, with a total length of 150 kilometers, hence the name Guangtong Canal. Renshou four years (604) renamed Yongtong Canal. However, with the development of politics, economy and culture in the north and south, the canals built locally can no longer meet the needs of society. Communicating the north-south waterway has become an urgent need for social and economic exchanges.
In the first year of Daye (604), Yang Di ascended the throne, and Xiuyangqu Ancient Canal and Bianqu Ancient Canal were Tongji Canal. In the same year, the Han ditch straight canal opened by Chen Deng in the Eastern Han Dynasty was repaired. In the fourth year of Daye (608), millions of migrant workers were recruited from Hebei, and the Tunshi River in the Han Dynasty and the Baigou opened by Cao Cao were dredged into Yongji Canal. So far, the project of digging the Grand Canal has been basically completed. Emperor Yang Di spent six years digging the Grand Canal. Yang Di successively dug Tongji Canal, from the Yellow River to Bianshui, and then from Bianshui to Huaihe River. There are also gullies that enter the Yangtze River from Huaihe River; Jiangnan River from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) to Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang); Qinshui is led to the Yellow River in the south and Yongji Canal in Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in the north. These canals are connected north and south, which is the famous Grand Canal in history. The Grand Canal starts from Zhuo Jun in the north and ends in Yuhang in the south, winding for more than 5,000 miles from north to south. The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty has three points in Huiji, Luoyang and Zhuo Jun, and four sections in Jiangnan, Hangou, Tongji Canal and Yongji Canal, connecting Qiantang River, Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River. During the Southern Song Dynasty, with the southward movement of the political center, the water transport status of Tongji Canal (Bianhe River) and Yongji Canal gradually weakened, and the riverbed of the canal was gradually blocked and cut off due to the lack of dredging treatment every year. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, when the imperial court rebuilt the Grand Canal, it took the river and went straight from Beijing to Hangshao without bypassing Luoyang.
Portrait of Yang Di The opening of the Grand Canal promoted the development of cities on both sides of the canal, and cities such as Jiangdu, Yuhang and Zhuo Jun prospered quickly. At that time, on the canal, "merchant ships can't stop riding." The Grand Canal promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, safeguarded national unity and strengthened centralization of authority.
With Luoyang as the center, the Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties reaches Huiji in the south and Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in the north, with a total length of 2,700 kilometers, spanning more than 0/0 latitude of the earth, running through the most fertile southeast coast of China and the Great Plains of North China, passing through seven provinces and cities such as Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shandong, Hebei and Beijing, and reaching the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River, Qiantang River and Beijing. Later, the Yuan Dynasty dug the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Most of the rivers of the Beijing-Shaoxing Grand Canal are not the rivers of the Sui Dynasty Grand Canal. Since the late Qing Dynasty, water transportation has changed to sea transportation, and the Grand Canal is no longer the main artery of the national economy.
Folding military
North-South reunification
In 589, nine years after the Sui Dynasty opened its borders, 20-year-old Yang Guang was worshipped as a marching marshal, leading 565,438+00,000 troops to attack Chen and complete reunification.
Emperor Wudi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty made great contributions to his career. After Pinghou, he drank horses in the south of the Yangtze River, and it collapsed in less than half a year. Chen is fatuous and lacks a capable leader. At the beginning of Emperor Wendi's accession to the throne, he intended to target Chen Ping (such as appointing Han Qinhu and He Ruobi). Chen was caught off guard by He Ruobi's aid to Jingkou and quarrying. Sui Jun broke through the natural barrier of the Yangtze River in one fell swoop. Wherever he went, he was invincible, but he did nothing for the people in autumn and took nothing from Chen Chaoku's wealth. Yang Guang won wide acclaim from the people. "The world knows that it is generally considered to be virtuous."
In the tenth year of Emperor Kai (590), he was ordered to be the general commander of Yangzhou in the south of the Yangtze River and put down the rebellion in the south of the Yangtze River with high wisdom. Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui and Jiangxi all defected. "Tens of thousands of big ones and thousands of small ones influence each other." Yang Guang studied Jiangnan dialect, married Jiangnan's wife, got close to Jiangnan students, and reused them to sort out ancient books. He personally stayed in Jiangnan for ten years, in order to gather people's hearts, ease the resentment and suspicion of the south, promote the reasonable administration after military occupation, and break down many political and cultural barriers that prevented southerners from becoming loyal ministers of the Sui Dynasty.
Attack and destroy Tuyuhun.
Shao Feng plays the role of Yang Guang Tugu Hun khanate, and is a powerful country in Qinghai and Hexi region. The ancestor was Murong Tuguhun, the eldest son of Segui Murong, a Xianbei people in western Liaoning. Tuguhun was at odds with Mu Rongchui, led many people to move westward, and finally settled in Qinghai. Tuguhun established the khanate in 329, with laws and regulations similar to Jin's, and customs similar to Rouran and Turkic. In 608, the minister of Sui Dynasty, Pei Ju, ordered a high-powered car to attack Tuyuhun, and Tuyuhun turned to the Sui Dynasty for help. Yang Guang took the opportunity to send his troops, wiped out Tuyuhun in the following year, and fled to Busha Bowl Khan. This war has opened up thousands of miles of territory, from the east coast of Qinghai Lake to the Tarim Basin in the west, from Kuruktag Mountain in the north to Kunlun Mountain in the south. The Sui Dynasty established four counties: Shanshan, Qiemo, Xihai and Heyuan. However, in the same year, Yang Guang sent Fushun to manage it, but he could not arrive and return. Later, Tuguhun returned to his hometown and attacked the right of the Sui Dynasty, which was unable to defend itself. Taking this expedition, the counties in Chang 'an and the counties in the northwest of Sui Dynasty will all be placed under the Great Wall, with an annual income of hundreds of millions; It's a long road in Xiu Yuan, and it was robbed by bandits. Anyone who fails to arrive after the death of a person or animal will be requisitioned by the county. So the people were unemployed, and the western half of the Sui Dynasty was poor first.
Taozhancheng
In the first year of Daye (605), Yang Guang ordered Liu Fang to capture the city. After the troops were transferred, Pubamo, the king of Zhancheng, returned to the motherland in Bijing, Hai Yin and Lin Yi counties. In this battle, four or five out of ten people died in Sui Jun, and coach Liu Fang also died on the way to Banshi.
Conquer the Khitan and feast on the Turks
In the first year of Daye (605), the Sui generals led the Turks to defeat the Khitans, and Wei threatened to trade with Koguryo through Liucheng (now south of Chaoyang, Liaoning) and lead the troops into the DPRK, so the Khitans were unprepared. Wei led the army to 50 miles away from the Qidan camp, suddenly launched an attack, defeated the Qidan army, and captured more than 40 thousand men and women. In the second year of Daye (606), Qimin Khan of East Turkistan entered the DPRK, and Yang Guang summoned musicians from all over the country to entertain him. In the second year, Yang Guang went to Yulin and asked Yuwen Kai to make a big account. He invited Qimin Khan and the leaders of the Khitan, Yun and other ethnic groups to attend a big banquet and watch Sanqu. The emperor also presented a large number of silk books. Yang Guang also ordered Yuwen Kai to temporarily build the main hall, which was named "Guanfengxing Hall". Local foreigners think it's amazing. Every time I see Royal Camp, I kneel and kowtow ten miles away, and I dare not ride a horse when I walk.
However, in the 11th year of Daye (6 15), Turk Khan led an army to surround Emperor Yang Di in Yanmen. Yang Di, Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty, led to chaos at the end of Sui Dynasty, and the rise of Turks was unprecedented. Qidan and Shiwei in the east, Tuguhun and Gaochang in the west are all Turks, and Dou Jiande, Xue Ju, Liu Wuzhou, Liang, Li Gui and Wang in the Central Plains of Sui Dynasty also surrendered to the Turks and were included in their sphere of influence. The Turks have reached the level of prosperity of "controlling a million strings, being powerful and having nothing in ancient times".
Conquer Ryukyu and beg
Yang Guang sent Zhu Kuan to see Liu Qiu twice in the third year of Daye (607) and the fourth year of Daye (608) in order to "comfort" the country, but Liu Qiu did not do so. Great cause for six years (6 10), Chen Leng, sent ten thousand soldiers to attack Liu Qiu, killed his master, Huan Sike, and captured thousands of men and women. During the election campaign, Liu went to trade activities.
In a word, Yang Guang not only expanded his territory to the northwest, but also the army of Sui Dynasty launched a series of wars to expand his territory to the southeast. The victory of these wars extended the territory of the southeastern Sui Dynasty to Annan, Champa (now Vietnam) and Taiwan Province Province of zhina. On Hainan Island, there are three counties: Boer, Zhu Ya and Linzhen. Wuyuan County (Inner Mongolia area) is located in the north.
Sanzheng Koguryo
Koguryo straddles the Yalu River and is located in eastern Liaoning, central Jilin and northern Korea in today's China. Eastern Liaoning and central Jilin were called Liaodong in ancient times, which entered Chinese territory very early and was later occupied by Koguryo. In the 18th year (598), Koguryo of Sui Dynasty attacked western Liaoning. Emperor Wendi of Sui sent 300,000 troops to attack Koguryo. Later, due to the illness of the foot soldiers, Goguryeo also sent an apology letter, so he withdrew.
After Yang Guang ascended the throne, he attacked Goguryeo three times. In the eighth year of Daye (6 12), Yang Di attacked Koguryo for the first time. More than 30,000 soldiers were recruited1/kloc-0. The army was concentrated in Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) and the water army was concentrated in Donglai (now Laizhou). Another 2 million civilian workers were transferred to transport clothes, food and so on. Migrant workers who built seagoing ships stood in the water day and night, their skin festered, maggots were born below their waist, and many people died.
Goguryeo sticks to cities, and Sui Jun cannot occupy them. General You Yiwei came to protect his son and led the Jiang and Huai armies. The battleship stretched for hundreds of miles and attacked at sea. The escort selected 40,000 elite armored soldiers and arrived outside Pyongyang. He was ambushed and defeated, but only a few thousand infantry fled back. Before the war, Yang Guang ordered Sui not to make any decisions about the war without authorization, but he had to report to him before he could obey the orders. This makes Sui Jun very passive on the battlefield. When making every decision, General Sui Jun will send someone to report to Yang Di, which is far behind, which will delay the military situation. Koguryo's army therefore had enough time to regroup and fight back. In this way, five months later, Yang Guang didn't win Liaodong City. 305,000 Sui troops crossed Liao to attack Koguryo, and suffered a fiasco. Only 2700 people fled back and thousands of equipment were lost.
Although Sui Jun launched an attack near Pyongyang, it was finally defeated. In the ninth year of Daye (6 13), he attacked Koguryo for the second time. When the two sides were at loggerheads, Yang Xuangan, a minister of does, rebelled against the Sui Dynasty, and Yang Di quickly withdrew. Ten years of great cause (6 14), the third attack on Koguryo. Because the domestic peasant uprising has become a prairie fire, Yang Di has been afraid to fight for a long time. Goguryeo was also tired of the war and sent a special envoy to surrender, so Yang Guang retreated.
The war against Koguryo used millions of manpower and expropriated countless properties, and a large number of soldiers and civilian workers died in the battlefield and labor. Due to the extreme shortage of labor and farm animals in rural areas, a large amount of land was barren, social economy was seriously damaged, and people's lives were difficult, which triggered a large-scale peasant uprising at the end of Sui Dynasty.
Folding culture
Initiate the imperial examination
The imperial examination, which sprouted in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, really took shape in the Tang Dynasty. In the first year of his accession to the throne, Yang Guang wrote in the imperial edict: "The monarch and the people build the country, teaching first, and changing customs and customs will begin from here." In Feng Shiwen Ji Jian, the seal of the Tang Dynasty says: "Emperor Yang ascended the throne and revived education to seduce." Yang Guang restored the schools in imperial academy, imperial academy and counties abolished by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. "Teaching students and apprentices is a way to try for the class, so as to make the best use of it." In addition to other tasks, the envoys who were ordered to inspect the States should also look for people with exemplary behavior, outstanding literary talent and outstanding academic expertise, and then send them to Beijing after inspection. "Yang-ti acceded to the throne and reopened the state of emergency. The learning of Guo Zijun was at the beginning of Emperor Kai. Recruit Confucian scholars, be far and near, and make the theory and lectures in the east gain and loss, make a decision, listen and play. At that time, most of the old Confucianism was dead, and the 26 th was outstanding. He studied North and South, ancient times and later generations. " Sui Shu and History of the North recorded that Confucian scholars from far and near came here one after another to organize and discuss academic issues with each other. A senior official ranked them and reported them to Emperor Yangdi. As a result, many poor people can revive their families; The study of ancient books is in its heyday, and the North and South traditions are eclectic. Ancient books and records are annotated.