Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty said: "Shao Kang, an ancient man, first made dustpans and brooms and made wine. Shao Kang, Du Kang also. " Zhang Biaochen, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said in Coral Hook Poetry: "In the Middle Ages, Du Kang invented the nameless tiller and made it into a wine cellar, which was well-known for drinking." Du Kang, as the ancestor of China's wine, was revered by people of all ages. Dukang wine, as a famous historical wine, has been drunk by literati and poets in past dynasties, and has written brilliant articles and immortal poems.
Wine is closely related to China culture, and its inventors, * * * Push a younger brother and Du Kang. Jiang Tong, a native of A Jin, said: "The prosperity of wine originated from the emperor, or Yunyidi, and Du Kang." Yidi, a native of Dayu era; Du Kang is said to be the king of Xia Dynasty, Shao Kang. And Du Kang's name is better than Yidi's, so Yidi's name is obvious but not obvious. It is an indisputable fact that the earliest wine was produced in Heluo area with Luoyang as the center.
According to ancient records, the invention of wine was quite accidental. Once, Du Kang put the leftovers in an empty mulberry. After a long time, rice naturally ferments, giving off fragrance and flowing out a liquid. Du Kang took a sip and thought it was delicious. Inspired by this, Du Kang invented wine.
The so-called empty mulberry is a rotten mulberry. According to ancient documents, there is a place called Kongsang River in Yishui Valley of Luoyang, which may be related to Kongsang. The wine brewed in Du Kang is called "Plum Wine", that is, the brewing raw materials are mainly black plums. Black grass is a kind of sorghum, which is wild in Luoyang mountainous area and cultivated by ancient ancestors as an important crop.
Du Kang is good at winemaking, and his winemaking skills are quite particular. The "Five Qi and Six Methods" recorded in Du Wen is said to be the secret recipe of Du Kang's brewing. It requires that the black mash used for brewing should be mature, the koji should be put in time, the soaking should be clean, the mountain spring water should be used, the brewing equipment should be excellent and the temperature should be appropriate. A wine song sung by the people is said to have been handed down by Du Kang. The lyrics say: "The third watch stinks, the shochu is flourishing at sunrise, the food is strong in the afternoon, and the mixed grain wine is long at sunset." In other words, in the process of brewing, we are very particular about when to feed and when to fire.
After wine was produced in Heluo area, it was integrated into the profound Heluo culture. Duke Zhou issued a prohibition order in Luoyang, that is, "wine", but he did not completely ban wine, but closely linked wine with Zhou rites, so the five rites of Zhou Dynasty could not be separated from wine. It is said that the existing Book of Songs was edited by Confucius, but the Book of Songs before Confucius was actually the official document collected and preserved in Luoyang. In these poems, wine accounts for most of the space.
Du Kang's hometown, where is the former site of Du Kang brewing? This is also a topic of interest to people.
Du Kang's hometown, called Du Kang Village, has two places, both in Luoyang. One is located in the west of the old city of Luoyang. Du Kang Village, made by Li Jianren during the Republic of China, is located in the west of Luoyang, also known as du cun, the hometown of Du Kang. The earliest record of Du Kang Village in Ruyang County can be found in the book Quan Zhi in Ruzhou, Zhili, Ming Wanli, which says: "Du Kang Village is located 50 miles north of Yiyang, where Du Kang Brewery is located." There are Du Kang Temple, Du Kang Tomb and other relics here.
Du Kang wine is a wine producer in China, and Luoyang is the hometown of Chinese wine culture. It is our sacred mission to summarize the brewing skills of Luoyang in the past dynasties and explore the connotation of Luoyang wine culture.
prehistoric age/times
Before the prehistoric times, the earliest Chinese civilization of 5,000 years, the wild fruits collected by primitive tribes, after long-term storage, had become moldy, and then formed the smell of wine. After a preliminary taste, they thought that the water flowing out of the mold was also delicious, so they started the wine-making culture. In primitive society, wine-making has become very popular in China. In ancient times, wine was unfiltered mash, which was pasty and semi-liquid. For this wine, it is not suitable for drinking, but for eating, so the drinking utensils are generally utensils, such as bowls and bowls.
Xia Dynasty
Wine culture was very popular in Xia Dynasty, and merchants were good at drinking. In the Xia Dynasty, there was a wine vessel called Jue, which was the earliest known bronze ware in China and played a specific and important role in the history of China. As the old saying goes, "Du Kang makes wine". As the fifth king of Xia Dynasty, Du Kang made wine himself, which shows that people paid attention to wine at that time. 10, the villagers held a drinking ceremony at the local school: "Wash the frost in September, 10, friends like to kill lambs, go to court every day, and talk about endless life." This poem fully shows the wine culture of Xia Dynasty.
Shang Dynasty
The wine-making industry in Shang Dynasty was very developed, the bronze ware making technology was improved, and the wine vessels in China reached unprecedented prosperity. With a complete set of wine-making experience, the clans of "Changshao clan" and "Weishao clan" appeared, which specialized in making wine vessels for a living. At that time, there were liquor, fermented grains, bottles and other liquors, and the drinking atmosphere was very prosperous, especially among the nobles. Heavy drinking attracted the attention of the Shang rulers. Zhou Wang wine pool, wine with beauty all day long, leaving the Shang Dynasty's "debauchery culture".
Zhou dynasty
Zhou dynasty strongly advocated "wine ceremony" and "wine morality" and restricted the use of wine mainly for sacrifice, so "wine sacrifice culture" appeared. Wine ceremony became the strictest etiquette in the Zhou Dynasty, and the rural drinking custom in the Zhou Dynasty took rural doctors and Chu Shi sages as guests. Drinking, especially for the elderly, is very generous. "Sixty people have three beans, seventy people have four beans, eighty people have five beans, and ninety people have six beans." Its folk custom of respecting the elderly is vividly displayed in the folk activities with wine as the main body. This is the "wine culture" of the Zhou Dynasty.
the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the use of iron tools, the production technology has been greatly improved. Farmers "go out early and come back late, it is better to plow fields and plant trees and marry more millet", which has improved their enthusiasm for production, greatly developed their productivity and greatly increased their material wealth. This provides a material basis for the further development of wine, so there are many records about wine in the literature of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period:
"The Analects of Confucius": "In the past, there were gentlemen who drank and drank."
"The Book of Songs July Quiet Wind": "The rice is harvested in October, so the eyebrows are celebrated with spring wine."
The Book of Songs Xiaoya Jiri: "Customers care about it." Yi, a kind of wine, is sweet wine.
"Book of Rites and Moon Order": "Xia Mengyue, the son of heaven drinks alcohol and uses rites and music." "Nian" is a kind of re-brewed wine, which is a kind of wine to be drunk with music, meaning to be drunk in grand activities.
"Book of Rites Jade Algae": "Everyone who respects will give Yuan wine, only to gentlemen, only to savages, and all to wine. Doctors respect wood and scholars respect wood. " Shangyuan wine, with homesickness, is your exclusive drink. In the Spring and Autumn Period, China people and savages refer to ordinary people. Paying savages all the wine means letting them eat ordinary food and drink ordinary wine. Wood and prohibition are the grades of wine glasses.
From Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, especially the nomadic people in the north, their wine vessels were mainly bronze products. Brewing technology has been significantly improved, and the quality of wine has also been greatly improved. The drinking method is: put the brewed wine into a bronze bottom pot, then scoop it up with a bronze spoon and put it into a bronze cup for drinking.
Qin and Han dynasties
With the economic prosperity of the Qin Dynasty, the wine-making industry naturally prospered. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, a kind of "wine administration culture" appeared. The rulers repeatedly banned alcohol from the height of "stressing politics" and advocated abstinence to reduce food consumption, which was finally repeated. In the Han Dynasty, the understanding of wine was further broadened, and the use of wine was also widely expanded. Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, used wine to treat diseases, and his level was quite high. Harmonious human relations and offering sacrifices to ancestors are the basic functions of wine culture in Han dynasty, and music-oriented is the spiritual core of wine culture in Han dynasty. After Qin and Han dynasties, the color of "ceremony" in wine culture became more and more intense, and the wine ceremony was strict. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the wine culture changed from being mainly happy to being mainly sad.
In the Han Dynasty, drinking was gradually associated with various festivals, forming a unique drinking day, and there were more kinds of koji. In Han Dynasty, drinking was generally sitting on the floor, with wine bottles in the middle of the floor and spoons and drinking utensils on the floor, so it was short and fat.
three kingdoms period
As the development period of Chinese wine culture, the Three Kingdoms period has made great progress in technology, raw materials and types. During the three kingdoms period, the wine was extremely prosperous and fierce. When commenting on the wine style in the Three Kingdoms, Mr. Tao quoted a passage: "During the Three Kingdoms period, drinking style was quite prosperous, Nanjing was known as three elegance, and Heshuo had summer drinking." The wind of persuading the three countries to drink wine is also quite strong, and the means of drinking is also fierce.
Wei, Jin, southern and northern dynasties
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, abstinence was advocated. It was not until the Wei and Jin Dynasties that wine had a legal status and people were allowed to make wine freely. Private brewing and excessive drinking are quite common, and the wine market is very prosperous. Wine tax has become one of the country's financial resources, so there is a "wine wealth culture." During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, celebrities drank heavily. With the help of alcohol, people express their feelings about life, their worries about society and their sighs about history. The function of wine sneaked into people's hearts, thus expanding the cultural connotation of wine.
In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, sitting on the bed became popular and the wine vessels became thinner. In addition, during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the custom of "winding water and floating clouds" appeared, which promoted the way forward for wine.
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Wine culture in Tang and Song Dynasties is a close relationship between wine and literati. The prosperity of Tang poetry promoted the development of wine culture, and a brilliant "wine chapter culture" appeared. Wine and poetry, wine and music, wine and calligraphy, wine and art, wine and painting, etc. In harmony with each other, in full swing. The Tang Dynasty is a period of high development of Chinese wine culture, which is profound, colorful and brilliant. "Wine promotes poetry" is the most concentrated and embodied culture in the Tang Dynasty. Wine promoted the poet's poetry, thus internalizing it in his poems, and wine also rose from the material level to the spiritual level. Wine culture is fully brewed in Tang poetry, and its taste is mellow and long. In the Tang Dynasty, the number of wine establishments increased day by day, and wine culture was integrated into the daily life of China people.
In the Tang Dynasty, people advocated "wine is a rich instrument". The ways of drinking are mostly after meals, which are called "drinking after meals", "drinking after meals" and "cooking chickens for food and drinking after meals". At that time, the way of drinking was to drink after eating, to be happy when eating and drinking, not to get drunk easily, and to have more fun by drinking.
Song Liao Jin Yuan
The wine culture in Song Dynasty is the continuation and development of the wine culture in Tang Dynasty, which is richer than the wine culture in Tang Dynasty and closer to our present wine culture. The wine industry is booming and hotels are everywhere. Hotels in Song Dynasty emphasized the cultural individuality of famous brands. The northern nationalities in the Jin Dynasty were famous for their binge drinking and rich wine culture, while the Jin Dynasty had a pot-burning wine culture. Soju (Araghi wine) appeared in the Yuan Dynasty. Besides, the distillation method was invented in the Song Dynasty, and since then, liquor has become the main drink of China people.
Ming and Qing dynasties
The uprising in the Ming dynasty continued, the Qing dynasty did not resist foreign invasion, and the people moved around to avoid suffering. The formation of regional culture promoted the emergence of "wine culture". After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, wine has become an indispensable drink in people's lives. On holidays, "special wine" is very popular, such as drinking pepper and cypress wine on the New Year's Day, drinking wine on the fifteenth day of the first month, drinking calamus wine on the Dragon Boat Festival, drinking osmanthus wine on the Mid-Autumn Festival and drinking chrysanthemum wine on Chongyang. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a saying that "wine is the hometown and the capital is the best". At that time, the dignitaries in Beijing advocated yellow rice wine, while the middle and lower classes preferred shochu with low price and rich flavor.
The Ming and Qing Dynasties can be said to be another peak for China to serve as a drinker. Drinking pays special attention to the word "Chen", taking Chen as the surname of wine, and "the better the wine, the better". In addition, the wine channel is pushed to the realm of self-cultivation, and the wine list is varied. Everything in the world, people, flowers and plants, fish and insects, poems and songs, operas and novels, and seasonal customs are all in good order, among which there are many elegant ones, which push China's wine culture from the elegant palace to the popular folk, and from the popularity of celebrities and gentlemen to the hobbies in the streets. Promote ordinary drinking to the lofty status of talking about wine, worshipping drinking utensils, making wine orders and knowing how to drink.
After the founding of new China
Nowadays, the core of wine culture is "wine man culture". People's wine behavior is more common, wine is more closely related to people's fate, wine is widely integrated into people's lives, and the wine culture close to "life" has been enriched and developed as never before. Such as birthday party, wedding party, funeral party, etc. , as well as related wine customs and wine rituals, have become the content of life.
spirits culture
Wine culture is an important part of China food culture. Wine is one of the oldest foods in human beings, and its history almost begins with the history of human culture. Since the appearance of wine, as a kind of material culture, the forms of wine are various, and its development process is synchronous with the history of economic development. Moreover, wine is not only a kind of food, but also has spiritual and cultural value. As a spiritual culture, it is reflected in social and political life, literature and art, and even people's attitude towards life, aesthetic taste and many other aspects. In this sense, drinking is not only drinking, but also drinking culture.
China-the hometown of wine
China is an ancient civilization in the Li Zhuo world and the hometown of wine. In the 5,000-year history of the Chinese nation, wine and wine culture have always occupied an important position. Wine is a special food, which belongs to the material, but at the same time it is integrated into people's spiritual life. As a special cultural form, wine culture has its unique position in China traditional culture. In the history of civilization for thousands of years, wine has almost penetrated into all fields of social life. First of all, China is a country based on agriculture, so all political and economic activities are based on agricultural development. Most of the wines in China are brewed from grain, and wine is closely linked with agriculture and becomes a part of agricultural economy. The prosperity of grain production is a barometer of the rise and fall of wine industry. According to the grain harvest, the rulers of various dynasties regulated the production of wine by issuing or opening bans, thus ensuring the people's food. In some places, the prosperity of wine industry has played a positive role in improving the living standards of local society. Alcohol is closely related to social and economic activities. Since the implementation of the national liquor monopoly policy in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the liquor monopoly fee or special tax collected from the brewing industry has become one of the main sources of national fiscal revenue. Wine tax revenue is also related to the military expenditure and war in history, which is directly related to the life and death of the country. In some dynasties, wine tax (or monopoly revenue of wine) was also related to corvee and other forms of taxation. The rich profits of wine often become the fat meat that countries, businessmen and rich people compete for. The alternation of different wine administrations reflects the comparative changes in the strength of all walks of life. The release of wine orders is often related to the change of dynasties, emperors and some major royal activities. As a special commodity, wine adds rich colors to people's lives. The ancients in China divided the functions of wine into three categories: wine for treating diseases, wine for providing for the aged and wine for giving gifts. For thousands of years, the role of wine is far more than these three, at least including: wine makes you happy, wine forgets your worries, and wine emboldens you.
Dionysian spirit
Wine, in the long history of human culture, is not only an objective material existence, but also a cultural symbol, that is, a symbol of Dionysian spirit.
In China, Dionysian spirit originated from Taoist philosophy. Zhuang Zhou advocated the unity of things and me, the unity of heaven and man, and the unity of life and death. Zhuang Zhou sang the song of absolute freedom, advocating "wandering things", "wandering around the world" and "land without things". Zhuangzi would rather be a free turtle shaking his head in a mud pond than a bound swift horse. The essence of China's Dionysian spirit lies in pursuing absolute freedom and forgetting the benefits of life and death, honor and disgrace.
The art of wine
The artistic freedom gained by drunkenness is an important way for China ancient artists to get rid of bondage and gain artistic creativity. Liu Ling, a famous person in Wei and Jin Dynasties who is "ambitious and narrow-minded in the universe" and the first person who is "the meaning of drunkenness", said in Ode to Wine Virtue: "There are adults who regard heaven and earth as a day and ten thousand periods as a moment. The embarrassment of the sun and the moon, eight wastes for the court. " "The curtain is on the ground, which means so." "I was drunk, but I was sober. If you don't listen to thunder, you can't see the shape of Mount Tai. I can't feel the feeling of cutting muscles in cold weather and summer. Looking down on everything, it is like Jianghan duckweed. " This "ultimate human" state is a typical embodiment of China's Dionysian spirit.
"There are hundreds of poems by Li Bai. Chang 'an went to a restaurant to sleep, but the son of heaven didn't get on the boat, calling himself Brewmaster." (Du Fu's Eight Immortals in Drinking) "When you are drunk, you are a guest and poetry becomes a god." (Du Fu's "Poem of Self-management") "Pitching has its own realm, and wine poetry is its own." (Su Shi's Drinking with Tao Yuanming) "A cup of unfinished poetry has been completed, and the poetry day is amazing." (Biography of Yang Wanli going to Wanhua River Valley in February after the Ninth Festival). Zhang Yuannian, a political poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, said: "Flowers fly after the rain, and the meaning of drunkenness is not in wine. "In the history of China's poetry, examples of drunken poems handed down from generation to generation abound.
Not only poetry, but also the Dionysian spirit is more vivid in the paintings and artistic calligraphy unique to China culture. Among the painters, Zheng Banqiao's calligraphy and painting are not easy to get, and those who seek them treat each other with dog meat and wine, while those who seek calligraphy and painting can get what they want. Zheng Banqiao also knew the painter's tricks, but he couldn't resist the temptation of wine and dog meat, so he had to write a poem to laugh at himself: "Look at the moon, you might as well go all out, only hate the wine coming late. Laugh at him and ask for a book, and ask his husband to get drunk. " Wu Daozi, the painter of The Wind in Five Dynasties, must get drunk before painting, and then start painting when he is drunk. Huang in Yuan Sijia is also "too drunk to draw". Wang Xizhi, a "book saint", wrote the Preface to the Lanting Pavilion when he was drunk, saying that he was "charming, extremely healthy and unparalleled", but when he woke up, he "read dozens of books, but failed to reach it". Li Bai wrote Huai Su's "Drunk Monk": "My teacher was drunk and slept in bed, sweeping thousands of copies in a moment. Flying flowers and showers are shocking, falling flowers and flying snow. " Huai Su was drunk and splashed ink, just to keep his "self-narrative post" that ghosts and gods admired. Zhang Xu, the sage of the grass, wrote "every drunk calls for madness", so he has his "four ancient poems".
China Traditional Alcoholic Beverage
Liquor is an alcoholic beverage handed down from generation to generation in China. Through the follow-up research and summary work, the traditional technology has been improved, from workshop operation to industrial production, from shoulder-to-shoulder operation to semi-mechanical operation, from dictation to heart-to-heart, from flexible mastery to written information teaching. All these make the liquor industry develop and innovate continuously, and improve the production technology and product quality. A number of production enterprises have become large-scale backbone enterprises in China, making important contributions to the country. We should inherit and develop this precious national specialty, carry forward the excellent liquor culture of the Chinese nation, and let the liquor industry carry forward.
In ancient times, there were about four types of prohibition. First of all, it is forbidden for a powerful country. Yidi makes wine, Yu drinks it, and it is sweet: someone will drink it and die in the future. Duke Zhou warned, "Don't be afraid of drinking in groups. If you want to be arrested and returned to Zhou, you will be killed by him, but I hate wine. " The Duke of Zhou issued an imperial edict, strictly forbidding alcohol, for fear that the people would be demoralized and weakened. This is for the sake of power and prohibition. Second, it is forbidden to store grain. Brewing requires a lot of grain. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, when a county banned alcohol for one year, it saved millions of meters. (Book of Jin, Volume 91) When Liu Bei was an official in Yizhou, he was forbidden to drink alcohol because of the drought. (The History of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 38, Biography of Jian Yong) In the past dynasties, grain saving and alcohol prohibition were generally carried out in famine years, and historical records were not uncommon, but they were all short-term. Because alcoholism has been a habit since ancient times, it is difficult to implement it for a long time. Third, monopoly is prohibited. Wei Xin's Biography of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty said: "People are forbidden to make wine, and only officials buy wine. For example, it is profitable to build roads and invest in wood. " It seems that this is not a real ban, but the government brews and sells it alone to obtain its profits and monopolize patents, which can be described as a false ban. The former is forbidden for the people; However, Emperor Wu's prohibition is for the benefit, and the two are completely different. Later, the power of the Jin Dynasty imperial court was the same as that of the Han Emperor's liquor monopoly system. It can be seen that drinking is becoming more and more popular, customs are becoming more and more popular, the state system is improvising, and the interests of the official standard are given priority, both ancient and modern. Is it not just a wine custom? However, people who like to drink alcohol are forbidden. The historical record is clear. Fourth, it is forbidden because of drunkenness. In the four years of Tai 'an, Wen Chengdi in the Northern Wei Dynasty, after a bumper harvest, farmers started drinking and making trouble. To this end, Wen Chengdi ordered the prohibition of alcohol, and the imperial decree clearly stipulated: "Brewing, selling and drinking are all cut." ("Shu Wei" Volume 111 "Criminal Records") In fact, people can't help but be officials, and it is difficult to ban them secretly.
"The cup is small but big, and the sun and the moon grow in the pot." In any case, people should have a direct or indirect relationship with wine in social life. The materialization of this relationship is the taste of wine. The taste of wine is rich in the wine order, while the wine order is pure culture, which is the cultural essence of wine culture.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago, wine lists appeared at banquets in the Yellow River Basin. The wine list is divided into vulgar list and elegant list. Guessing boxing is the representative of ordinary orders, and Yaling is a written order, which is usually welcomed by people with rich cultural knowledge. Bai Juyi said, "Being a poor official at leisure is better than listening to new songs drunk." People think that elegance at parties is more interesting than music with wine. Writing order includes word order, riddle order, preparation order, etc.
Liquor Decree is a combination of wine and games. For example, the pot-throwing game in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the "impromptu singing" between Qin and Han Dynasties are all a kind of wine order. However, after the game developed into a mandatory and conclusive game, it became a relaxed and serious cultural phenomenon. In the Western Han Dynasty, emperors had a big banquet and ordered Liu Zhang to supervise the drinking order. Liu Zhang invited him to make the drinking order according to the military orders. During the dinner, some Lu people escaped from the banquet and were beheaded by Liu Zhang with a sword, and were beheaded for drinking games. This may be a play in a play. This is the origin of "wine orders are like military orders". Tang and Song Dynasties were the most playful dynasties in ancient China, and the drinkers' wager game was of course colorful. Bai Juyi has the chant of "planting a red snail bowl and flying white jade" In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, wine made by going up one flight of stairs develop into a variety of things. In the Qing Dynasty, wine orders were divided into four categories: Zhan Ling, Ya Ling, your legend and Sheng Ling, and Sheng Ling was the highlight of wine orders.
There is a lot of wine in A Dream of Red Mansions.
Raise the meaning of the order
Raising money, as the name implies, must be used in the drinking order, and raising money is the distinctive feature of this drinking order. When it comes to financing, we must first understand what financing is. This is an ancient computing tool. There was no calculator in ancient times, and bamboo was generally cut into thin slices for calculation. People who are good at calculation can get results without relying on calculators, so the chip extends to planning and planning. Liu Bang commented on Sean in Hanshu Gaudi: "I am not as good as an ovary because my husband won the battle thousands of miles away." Now military commanders will make operational plans indoors, which is called strategizing. Among them, preparation means planning, planning and planning. Since the Tang Dynasty, chips have two different uses in drinking: First, they are still used for counting, such as the "wine chips" in Bai Juyi's poem "Drunk Flowers for Wine". In this sense, chips can still be seen in later alcoholic drinks games. Their function is to count chips and then drink according to the number of chips obtained. The other one is more complicated. People are not satisfied with the original usage of raising money, but have turned it into a tool for making bills. The method of making chips is also very complicated. The chips made of silver, ivory, animal bones, bamboo and wood are engraved with various orders and wine agreements. When ordering food, shake the drum and draw chips in order, and then drink in the order specified by chips and wine order. According to the examination, the wine preparation of the Analects of Confucius in Tang Dynasty is the earliest known preparation order.
Improve order characteristics
The size of the bag is very large, and the length is unlimited. There are 80 large financing orders in each round, including orders, so that China Bank can make orders.
It is precisely because of this feature that the preparatory work can draw materials from novels such as The West Chamber, The Water Margin, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, A Dream of Red Mansions, etc., and contain rich cultural phenomena such as the sixty-four hexagrams in the Book of Changes.
Brewing culture
Wine culture is a part of China traditional culture, but it is also a special cultural phenomenon. Incredibly, in today's fast-paced modern life, several young people will sit in McDonald's and play Dream of Red Mansions slowly. However, as a traditional culture, wine-making is still a precious property left by our ancestors, which not only has certain cultural research value, but also has a certain civilized role in certain appropriate occasions. For example, in any case, it is better than "deep and boring" drinking, and "second brother is good, and the fifth champion is good" drinking. Because "arty" is always more tasteful than "vulgar". And "arty" is not a derogatory term.
Wine culture is the product of China's diet system, and its essence is agricultural culture. The wine prepared at the banquet is very cultural. Contestants, from ancient and modern masterpieces, poems and songs, to astronomy, geography and folk slang, must have a well-thought-out plan in order to perform well on the spot without being fined. People also exercised their agility and competitive spirit in the feast; It not only enlivens the atmosphere of diet, but also adds aesthetic taste.
In China, Dionysian spirit originated from Taoist philosophy. Zhuang Zhou advocated the unity of things and me, the unity of heaven and man, and the unity of life and death. Zhuang Zhou sang the song of absolute freedom, advocating "wandering things", "wandering around the world" and "land without things". Zhuangzi would rather be a free turtle shaking his head in a mud pond than a bound swift horse. The essence of China's Dionysian spirit lies in pursuing absolute freedom and forgetting the benefits of life and death, honor and disgrace.
There are striking similarities between world cultural phenomena. Dionysus, the god of grape cultivation and wine making, is the symbol of Dionysus in the west. In ancient Greek tragedies, the Dionysian spirit in the west rose to the theoretical level and was sublimated by the philosophy of German philosopher Nietzsche. Nietzsche believes that Dionysian spirit is a symbol of emotional catharsis, a survival experience of abandoning the traditional bondage and returning to the original state, and human beings have gained great pleasure in life in the desperate and painful cry of disappearing the unity of individuals and the world.
In the kingdom of literature and art, Dionysian spirit is ubiquitous, which has a great and far-reaching influence on literary artists and their masterpieces. Because freedom, art and beauty are trinity, art is born of freedom and beauty is born of art.
The artistic freedom gained by drunkenness is an important way for China ancient artists to get rid of bondage and gain artistic creativity. Liu Ling, a famous figure in Wei and Jin Dynasties and the first "alcoholic", said in Ode to Wine Virtue: "There is a gentleman who takes heaven and earth as the sky, ten thousand periods as a moment, the sun and the moon as a moment, and eight droughts as the DPRK." "The curtain is on the ground, which means so." "I was drunk, but I suddenly woke up. If you don't listen to thunder, you won't see the mountain shape. I can't feel the feeling of cutting muscles in cold weather and summer. Looking down on everything, it is like Jianghan duckweed. " This "ultimate human" state is a typical embodiment of China's Dionysian spirit.
Compared with lawyers, businessmen, craftsmen and farmers, literati seem to have more fate with wine. First, literati are addicted to alcohol. Wine can inspire and activate thinking in images; There is a beautiful saying in writing poems after drinking. Drinking itself often becomes creative material. In a history of China literature, almost all the pages smell of wine. Li Bai and Du Fu, outstanding representatives of China literati, are lifelong alcoholics. Li Bai called himself "Brewmaster", and Du Fu was named "King of Wine Industry" by Mr. Guo Moruo because of a remark that "a bully is always a coward and a heavy drinker". "Li Bai has hundreds of poems about fighting wine. Chang' an went to sleep in a restaurant, but the son of heaven didn't get on the boat and claimed to be Brewmaster. " (Du Fu's Eight Immortals in Drinking) "When you are drunk, you are a guest and poetry becomes a god." (Du Fu's "Poem of Self-management") "Give yourself what you want, and make a poem of wine." (Su Shi's Drinking with Tao Yuanming) "A cup of unfinished poetry has been completed, and the poetry day is amazing." (Biography of Yang Wanli going to Wanhua River Valley in February after the Ninth Festival). Zhang Yuannian, a political poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, said: "Flowers fly after the rain, and the meaning of drunkenness is not in wine. "In the history of China's poetry, examples of drunken poems handed down from generation to generation abound. They also took pains to count out that among their existing poems, Li accounted for 17% and Du accounted for 2 1%. This reminds us that if there is no wine, Du Li's poems will lose a lot of charm, and the works of Li Taibai and Du Gongbu we read today will be much thinner.
Second, scholars pay special attention to the process of drinking, especially the set of red tape in the process of drinking. Therefore, it is necessary to make a very strict law and dance with all kinds of alcoholic drinks. The order of drinking is not fun, but a severe test of people's intelligence, knowledge level, literary accomplishment and adaptability; If you don't read enough poetry books, you are extremely smart and make a fool of yourself on the spot. Literati simply put this set into a wonderful extreme, and simply put hundreds of classics, poems, proverbs, allusions, couplets and other cultural contents into the wine sequence. Therefore, banquets are always full of strong and persistent bookish and cultural atmosphere. In the interweaving, we not only appreciate the mellow beauty of wine, but also appreciate the fragrance of culture. We can't see with our own eyes the elegant taste of ancient literati when feasting, but we can only get a glimpse from novels such as A Dream of Red Mansions, The Garden of Mirrors and books about wine. Because of the participation of literati, drinking is a taste, a realm and an infinite scenery. The wonderful part of wine culture is really created by literati. After the May 4th Movement, modern literati often get together for banquets, and even Mr. Lu Xun has attended many times, which is often recorded in Lu Xun's diary. His poem "Self-mockery" (the poem "Look at a thousand fingers coldly and bow down as a willing ox" became a famous couplet), which was made when Yu Dafu hosted a banquet. Yu Dafu is a drinker. He once said, "Be drunk for three thousand days, and then be drunk for ten years". He was drunk and wrote many good poems on impulse. The elegant collections of new literati are still full of cultural flavor, and improvisation of poetry is still a major theme. Feng Zikai once wrote: "The best things in the world are wine and food, which is like a poem." The rapid development of the May 4th Movement cleansed the old world, but the wine culture that has been passed down through the ages is still in the same strain. The new literati who created a new culture, as soon as they picked up their glasses, still looked like their ancestors.
Not only poetry, but also the Dionysian spirit is more vivid in the paintings and artistic calligraphy unique to China culture. Among the painters, Zheng Banqiao's calligraphy and painting are not easy to get, and those who seek them treat each other with dog meat and wine, while those who seek calligraphy and painting can get what they want. Zheng Banqiao also knew the painter's tricks, but he couldn't resist the temptation of wine and dog meat, so he had to write a poem to laugh at himself: "Look at the moon, you might as well go all out, only hate the wine coming late. Laugh at him and ask for a book, and ask his husband to get drunk. " Wu Daozi, the painter of The Wind in Five Dynasties, must get drunk before painting, and then start painting when he is drunk. Huang in Yuan Sijia is also "too drunk to draw". Wang Xizhi, a "book saint", wrote the Preface to the Lanting Pavilion when he was drunk, saying that he was "charming, extremely healthy and unparalleled", but when he woke up, he "read dozens of books, but failed to reach it". Li Bai wrote Huai Su's "Drunk Monk": "My teacher was drunk and slept in bed, sweeping thousands of copies in a moment. Flying flowers and showers are shocking, falling flowers and flying snow. " Huai Su was drunk and splashed ink, just to keep his "self-narrative post" that ghosts and gods admired. Zhang Xu, the sage of the grass, wrote "every drunk calls for madness", so he has his "four ancient poems".