Generally speaking, Russia is dominated by pasta, and they like to eat rye-baked black bread (хлеб). Black bread is baked with flour, buckwheat, oats and other raw materials, and it is the staple food of Russians, just like the pasta of northerners and the rice of southerners in China. Taste black music for the first time. It's a bit sour and prickly, but the more you chew it, the more mellow it will be. The shape of Heileba is like a small pillow, and the shell is baked hard. If you don't eat for two days, you won't be able to chew at all, and you won't go bad. Heileba is very cheap in Russia, and it is one of the few commodities whose prices can be controlled by the government. In addition to brown bread, Russian famous specialty foods include caviar, pickled cucumber, yogurt and so on. When eating fruit, they don't peel it.
Russian cuisine is famous for its rich flavor, heavy oil, sweet, sour, salty and spicy, and it is a world-renowned delicacy. Red cabbage soup and potatoes are two major features of Russian cuisine. Russian food is very rich. In northern, central and Siberian regions, the most common first course is soup made of beef or other meat, fresh or acid-soaked Chinese cabbage and other vegetables. Residents in Novosibirsk and Irkutsk markets like to eat red vegetable soup. Red cabbage soup has a long reputation in Russia. The method is to stew beet and Golas in a pot, add Chinese cabbage and sweet radish after boiling, and add onion, garlic, oil, salt and meat after boiling. This is the most basic procedure. The real Russian red cabbage soup has strict procedures. When cooking soup, add lemon, tomato sauce and coriander with slow fire, and place them reasonably. There is also a cold cabbage soup made by Rumex (a wild herb with hot and sour leaves and young leaves for salad), which is left overnight. Leaves called "spices" are often added to vegetable soup to enhance the flavor and umami taste of the soup. Among many soups, fish soup is also a very popular one. There is also soup made of duck pieces, hen pieces or kidney flowers and pickled cucumbers, which is delicious.
In summer, people like to prepare cold soup. This is made of Gowasu and chopped meat, fresh vegetables or boiled eggs. When eating, a layer of sour cream is drenched, which has the functions of clearing away heat and relieving summer heat, relieving boredom, refreshing and nourishing the stomach. China's yuba, mushrooms, vermicelli, and Russian chicken nuggets are used to make soup, and they are also delicious. In restaurants, the more common vegetable soup is a hodgepodge of beef slices, potato slices or shredded potatoes, carrot slices and red beets. Or add chicken pieces, usually cut into larger pieces. A meal is mostly a big plate of soup, and bread and cream are enough. Besides brown bread, there are many kinds of foods baked with flour, such as big cakes, fried cakes, fried beef buns, milk residue cakes, soft buns and so on.
The most common second course is stewed beef, or beef fried potatoes or other side dishes, and sometimes mashed potatoes, salad, sausage and fish pieces are added. However, local residents generally don't eat crucian carp, and most of the cheap big crucian carp are bought by overseas Chinese to eat. Russians like to eat sashimi, marinated in red flesh color, which tastes good.
Potatoes are the favorite food of Russians. There are many ways to do it, and French fries with food is a major feature of Russian cooking. The method of burning beef with potatoes is to cook potato pieces with green pepper and beef, and then add some black pepper, onion, garlic, vinegar and so on. Sprinkle some coriander when you take the pot. This dish has both meat and vegetables and is rich in nutrition. This is the most popular dish.
Generally speaking, we decide whether to eat early or late according to working hours, but in most cases, we have breakfast between 8: 00 and 10, including steamed eggs, fried eggs, sausages, black tea or coffee, milk and bread. Lunch 1 till 4pm, vegetable soup, beef, chicken nuggets, potatoes or mashed potatoes, desserts, pancakes and fruits. Drink black tea and eat some bread from 5 pm to 6 pm. Dinner at 7 pm, salad, meat, etc. , just don't drink soup.
There are long sunshine in summer, four meals a day, and three meals a day in winter is enough. Although Russians, like European and American residents, mainly eat high-fat and high-calorie meat such as cream and meat. But at the same time, they drink a lot of milk and its products and drink tea every day, which is very beneficial to reduce blood fat, lose weight and prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular sclerosis.
When it comes to Russian food, we can't help but mention one of the traditional Russian pasta-pie (пирог), and the smaller one is called пирок. It plays an important role in Russian food. As an important dish, pie is essential in every important festival, New Year, baptism, birthday, naming day, wedding and funeral.
Russian pie has many meanings, such as "the sun", "great festival", "bumper harvest", "children's health" and "happy marriage". There is an old Russian proverb that "Russians are accompanied by pies all their lives".
In Russia, not only the methods of making pies are varied, but also the materials and shapes of pies are different. Russian pie belongs to yeast fermented pie, which can be divided into yellow rice pie, buckwheat rice pie and flour pie according to the different raw materials used. There are also many shapes of Russian pies, including triangle, square, rectangle, pizza-style exposed pie, semi-exposed pie, closed pie and so on. The names of the pies are also very interesting, such as "Gureyev Ski Cake"; Named "wedding cake" for its purpose; There are also "Chinese cabbage pie", "jam pie" and "milk residue cake" named after fillings ... Pie is an ideal food or gift when you drink водка or give it to friends and relatives. When children quarrel at home, the mother will make a big cake for everyone to share, which means "reconciliation is as good as ever". There is also a kind of pie called "wedding pie" in Russia. Its making method is very interesting and represents a special Russian custom. When a couple of Russian youths are preparing to get married, on the wedding day, both men and women will make a traditional pie, which consists of pancakes and several fillings, in addition to cooking all kinds of delicious food to entertain guests. When making a cake cover, the patterns made by the husband and wife will be different: the pattern of the cake in the husband's family should be made into a figure of a villain, indicating that "people are prosperous", while the pattern on the wife's side should be dominated by flowers, symbolizing beauty and loyalty. The seemingly simple pie is full of deep blessings and infinite hopes and longings for a new life!
Russian pie shows Russian culture from a special angle, which not only shows the far-reaching historical development of Russian cakes, but also reminds people of the delicate and affectionate side of the rough and unrestrained Russian people.
Second, Russian wine culture
Vodka (водка) is the national wine of Russian Ross, also known as Odek and Osk. It is also produced in Japan and China. It is the product of extremely cold places. /kloc-in the 20th century, tsarist Russia brewed a kind of "water of life" distilled from rye beer and mead, which can be regarded as the embryonic form of vodka today. Soon after, corn, potatoes and other crops were introduced to Russia and became new raw materials for vodka. /kloc-the method of filtering vodka by birch charcoal layer was established in the 0 th and 8 th centuries. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, with the application of continuous distillers, today's odorless, tasteless, clear and transparent vodka was created. Authentic vodka has no flavor and aroma of other distilled spirits, so it is the most suitable base wine for cocktails. Cold dry drink is also wonderful, as if ice dissolved in the mouth, and then converted into flame-like heat. Vodka is a famous Russian wine and is also famous in the world. Some westerners simply regard vodka as a synonym for Russia.
In the eyes of Russians, men who don't drink are not real men. Russian man said, it is better to let me die than not to drink vodka. Some Russians also ask if they have drunk when they meet, just as we in China often ask "Have you eaten" when we meet, but they don't say it, but express it in body language: the thumb and forefinger of the right hand form a circle, and then the forefinger pops up and bounces to the chin. No wonder foreigners living in Russia compare vodka to the "first wife" of Russian men.
Strictly speaking, vodka is roughly equivalent to China's liquor, because it does not refer to a certain brand of liquor, but refers to a kind of liquor in general. In Russia, almost all wines are called vodka. There are dozens of brands of domestic vodka and ten brands imported from Europe. Vodka can be brewed in two ways. One is to treat alcohol with activated carbon to remove impure odor, and then add water to blend. Most vodka sold in the market is blended in this way, with three degrees: 38 degrees, 40 degrees and 42 degrees. Personally, I think this vodka tastes bad and tastes like fake wine. When I was in China, a friend brought vodka back from the Soviet Union and invited some of our classmates to taste it. After drinking the first cup, we felt that it was far from what we expected, and agreed that the vodka brought back by our friends was fake wine. The friend insisted that this was the taste of vodka that Vienna drank. After arriving in Russia, I found that my friend was right. But he was only half right. Because there is another kind of vodka made from grain. This vodka tastes much better than that mixed with alcohol. Crisp and refreshing, with a long aftertaste, basically belongs to the taste we imagined. Unfortunately, this kind of vodka is not sold much in shops.
Russians pay more attention to drinking glasses, and ordinary people have all kinds of special glasses for drinking beer, wine, brandy and vodka. Vodka glasses are mostly large glasses of 200-300 ml. Before drinking vodka, it needs to be cooled in the refrigerator. It is said that it tastes better. Russians like to drink vodka in one gulp, which is very generous. Of course, in general, the wine is only poured to about two-thirds of the glass. The first cup is usually done together, and then everyone can drink it at will according to their own capacity. However, Russians never play tricks on drinking, and they are extremely honest. Generally don't persuade wine, try to drink until you are drunk.
Russians don't pay much attention to the place where they drink. As long as they want to drink, they don't have to be at home or go to a restaurant. Besides, it costs money. Every afternoon at five or six o'clock, the streets are full of lovely drinkers: girls hold dogs in one hand and beer bottles in the other, and they firmly believe that beer is bread; Men must have vodka in their hands and drink it while walking. In winter, drunkards often freeze to death in the snow, and drunkards who can't find their homes can be seen everywhere in the street.
Russians don't pay much attention to food when drinking. Just a sip of wine, a bite of bread and a bite of cheese. Many Russians always take vodka with them when they go out. They don't always have snacks and drinks. If any drinker in the same car or plane has opened delicious smoked sturgeon or sausage, cheese and pickled cucumber, their journey will be more enjoyable. It is said that before 19 17 "October Revolution", some poor people could not afford food by drinking, so they were entitled to eat food by drinking white wine, taking a sip of wine and smelling the greasy cuffs close to their noses.
Russians are good at singing and dancing. Most men are very healthy and humorous. Drinking wine will show this character to the fullest. After a few glasses of vodka, you will be very happy, or dance or sing. Then there are all kinds of stories, jokes and tongue twisters, which are full of fun. Drinking at parties between friends usually lasts for three or four hours, and breaks every 1 hour 10 minute. Smokers can go out and smoke for a while. Russian toast is also very interesting. The first toast is to get together, the second to health, and the third to love, love for the motherland, love for the family and love for the wife. In short, let's drink to all love. The next step is to wish peace, friendship and so on. If it is a party or a friend's house, the last cup should be dedicated to the hostess to express her appreciation for her superb cooking and thank her for her hard work.
It is said that Russian President Vladimir Putin doesn't like vodka, which is rare in Russian politics. He likes to drink beer and only drinks vodka on formal occasions or at the insistence of his friends. Former President Yeltsin can be said to be the most loyal defender of vodka. He not only likes to drink vodka, but also drinks it often, one liter at a time. Stroyev, Speaker of the House of Lords, rarely drinks alcohol and only looks for one brand of vodka. He is very particular about drinking, the drinking utensils must be exquisite, and his snacks must be delicious, so his nickname is "Brewmaster". Seleznyov, Speaker of the House of Commons, is just the opposite. He can drink well, but as long as it is domestic vodka, he is not picky about what he eats, and it is enough to chew Chinese cabbage raw.
Another alcoholic drink that Russians like is beer. In Russia, beer is sold as a common drink. In other words, it is not sold as an alcoholic beverage under the control of the government. Therefore, beer can be easily bought in any store or kiosk that sells soft drinks, but vodka may not be available. Because it has the characteristics of both soft drinks and alcoholic drinks, it has become a necessity in Russian daily life. Whether it is hot or cold, early in the morning or late at night, you can see a large number of Russian citizens, men and women, walking in a hurry, or enjoying themselves with beer bottles in their hands. This has become an indispensable scene of Russian street culture. Abandoned beer bottles can be seen at any time in the cleaning box set on the street and on the dental calculus on the street. Once I was waiting for a bus by the roadside, I accidentally found a beer bottle on the roadside street lamp. It seems that Russians have not forgotten their humor when drinking.
In Russia, old people still like a drink called Gowasu, but young people have been attracted by the special tastes and huge advertisements of western-style drinks such as Coca-Cola.
Wine does not seem to occupy a lofty position in Russia as it does in continental Europe. Perhaps vodka is too important in the eyes of Russians, and even the best things are hard to replace.
Third, Russian tea culture.
As we all know, China is the hometown of tea and the birthplace of tea culture. China people have a long history of drinking tea. Although the history of drinking tea in Russia is not too long, tea plays an important role in Russian national culture. Russians not only like drinking tea, but also gradually create and own their own unique tea culture.
Historically, tea was directly introduced into Russia from China via Siberia. 16 16 years, Russians went to China, which gave them a chance to learn about tea. At the reception banquet, Russian special envoy Petrov was very surprised to see that there was an unknown leaf in the hot milk that Petrov had never seen before. This is the beginning for Russians to understand tea. Two years later, the Ming government sent people to Russia with boxes of tea and presented them to the Tsar, in an attempt to open the sales market of China tea in Russia, but without success. 1638—— 1640, Vasily Starkov was sent to altan Khan Hall, where he was entertained by Darnayan, and they drank tea. Before the departure, altan Khan presented many gifts to the Tsar, including furs, silks and satins and 200 packs of tea, which the Mongols thought were equivalent to 100 mink. Starkovs opposed the tea project, saying that in Russia, it is an unknown thing that no one wants. So the Moscow court would rather ask Khan to give mink with the same value. But the result was still handled as planned. This kind of tea is about 248 kilograms and worth about 30 old rubles. This is the beginning of China's tea export to Russia. More than 30 years later, Bihua tea was introduced to the Netherlands. It can be seen that before the middle of17th century, tea was still a novelty for Russians. After tasting it, the tsar fell in love with the drink, and from then on, the tea angrily went to the palace hall and then entered the aristocratic family. From 65438 to 1970s, Moscow merchants began to import tea from China.
During the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty (1679), China and Russia signed an agreement to import tea from China for a long time. However, importing tea from China is a long way, difficult to transport and limited in quantity. Therefore, tea became a typical "urban luxury drink" in Russia in the 17 and 18 centuries, and its drinkers were limited to the aristocrats and the rich in the upper class, and drinking tea once became a symbol of status and wealth. It was not until the end of 18 that the tea market expanded from Moscow to a few provinces such as Makarev at that time and Nizhny Novgorod today. It was not until the19th century that the trend of drinking tea at the beginning of the century prevailed in all walks of life in Russia.
But in fact, relevant historical data prove that Russians first came into contact with tea earlier, in 1567. Petrov and Aleshev, the two Cossack leaders who had been to China in those days, once described an unknown and peculiar China drink, which was popular in southeastern Siberia and Central Asia. But perhaps because the description of the Cossack leader did not attract the attention of the czar nobility, this history is little known.
Different nationalities have different tea drinking customs. Judging from the form of drinking tea, people in China always drink tea with a cup of fragrant tea and drink it slowly; When Russians drink tea, they will be accompanied by a large plate of cakes, scones, pies, sweet bread, biscuits, candy, jam, honey and so on. From the functional point of view, China people drink tea mostly to quench their thirst, refresh themselves or entertain guests; Russians often drink tea to supplement or replace one of the three meals. Of course, it is essential to talk about the world while drinking tea. Russians regard drinking tea as a way of communication, and achieve the best communication effect when drinking tea, while drinking tea alone can give themselves a chance to meditate and communicate with each other.
Judging from the varieties of tea, China people like to drink green tea, while Russians like to drink black tea. Interestingly, black tea is "чёрныйчай" in Russian, which literally means "black tea". The reason why it is called "black tea" seems to be logical: first, black tea is black without soaking in water; Second, Russians like to drink black tea, and thick black tea is also black. Judging from the taste of drinking tea, Russians prefer sweet tea. When drinking black tea, they are used to adding sugar, lemon slices and sometimes milk. Therefore, sugar and tea are inseparable in Russian tea culture. People use спасибозачайсар. From the specific way of drinking tea, Russians drink sweet. The second is to bite a small piece of sugar and drink tea in your mouth; The third is to watch sugar and drink tea. I don't put sugar in my tea or mouth, but I watch or think about sugar and drink tea. The first way is the most common, the second way is mostly accepted by the elderly and farmers, and the third way often means that when there is no sugar, people who drink tea think about sugar at the same time, and the result seems to be the sweetness of tea, which means "looking at plums to quench their thirst".
It is worth mentioning that Russians also like to drink a kind of sweet tea with honey instead of sugar-чайсмёдом. In rural Russia, people like to pour tea into small saucers instead of pouring people into tea bowls or teacups. They hold the saucer horizontally with their palms, put a mouthful of honey into their mouths with a tea spoon, then stick their mouths to the edge of the saucer and suck tea with noise. The tea drinker's face was flushed with the heat of tea, revealing incomparable happiness and satisfaction. This way of drinking tea is called "drinking tea with saucer" in Russian. Sometimes homemade jam is used instead of honey, which is the same as making tea with honey. In the Russian countryside in the 18 and 19 centuries, this is a method of drinking tea that people admire.
Russians attach importance to drinking tea, so they often give it more cultural connotations, which makes the word "tea" in Russian have more meanings. Russians often mention пригласит1000 (зват1/kloc-0. Later, this expression became the meaning of tipping on any occasion in Russian.
Tea culture in China pays attention to tea sets. When it comes to Russian tea culture, we can't help mentioning the famous Russian tea stove (самовар). Russia has "какойечайбезсамовара". In ancient Russia, from the royal family to the grass-roots people, teapots were indispensable utensils for every household, and people often carried them on outings. Russians like to put tea on the table. There are many such occasions: when friends and relatives get together, when acquaintances or passers-by suddenly visit; Have breakfast in the morning and steam in the evening; In the hot summer, during the busy farming season, there is a field head and a crowded station with heavy snow. When happiness wants to share with others, when sadness needs comfort; On ordinary days and festivals celebrated by the whole people ..... Many Russian families have two tea makers, one for daily use and the other for holidays. The latter is usually placed on a small table in the corner of the living room dedicated to boiling tea, and some people have specially set up a "tea room" where the protagonist must be cooking tea. Teapots are usually made of copper. In order to keep the luster of copper products, the owner will put a cover sewn with flannel or cover it with cloth after use.
Russian teapots appeared in the18th century, and gradually became popular with the introduction of tea in Russia. The production of teapot is closely related to the continuous progress of metal manufacturing technology. It is impossible to verify when the first teapot was made, but according to records, as early as 1730, there were similar-shaped kettles in the copper vessels produced in Urals. It was not until the middle and late18th century that the real Russian tea maker appeared. At that time, there were two kinds of tea stoves with different uses: teapot type and stove type. The main function of teapot-type tea stove is to cook tea, and it is often used by vendors selling hot honey water to hold hot honey water, which is convenient for selling and keeping warm. The principle is that a hollow straight pipe is erected in the middle of the tea boiler to hold hot charcoal, and the straight pipe is surrounded by tea leaves or honey water to achieve the effect of heat preservation. In addition to the vertical tube, the kitchen-type tea pot is divided into several small parts, which are widely used: tea can be cooked at the same time. The function of this "mini kitchen" makes its use not only limited to families, but also favored by tourists and travelers. No matter in the forest or grassland, as long as pine cones or sawdust can be found as fuel, people can put stove-type tea stoves on the spot, make a picnic lunch and enjoy afternoon tea. By the middle of19th century, there were basically three types of tea stoves: teapot type (or coffee pot type), stove type and boiling water type (only used for boiling water).
The shape of the teapot is also diversified. There are spherical, barrel-shaped, vase-shaped, small glass-shaped, pot-shaped and some irregular-shaped tea stoves.
When it comes to cooking tea, you can't help mentioning its place of origin. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Mr. Peter Xilin's factory in Moscow mainly produced tea sets with an annual output of about 3,000 pieces. By the 1920s of 19, Tula, not far from Moscow, had become a base for producing tea sets. Tula and Tula have hundreds of copper products factories, which mainly produce tea sets and teapots. By 19 12, 19 13, the output of tea sets in Russia reached its peak. At that time, the annual output of tea stoves in Tula had reached 660,000 sets, showing the huge demand in the tea stove market.
There are many descriptions of Russian tea stoves in the works of Russian writers and artists. Yevgeny onegin of Pushkin has such a poem:
It's getting dark. It's time to make tea.
Shiny, sizzling on the table,
It scalded the tea in the porcelain pot;
Mist rippled around.
By this time, it had gone from Olga's man.
Pour out cup after cup of fragrant tea,
Thick tea leaves keep flowing.
The teapot written by the poet not only sets off the artistic conception of time and space, but also embodies the unique atmosphere of Russian tea culture.
Coustou Dief, a famous Russian painter, painted an oil painting "Businessman's Tea" with the theme of drinking tea. On the left of the picture is a copper tea stove standing high on the dining table. Transmitting the information of Russian tea culture through human vision.
In modern Russian family life, it is still inseparable from cooking tea, but people are more accustomed to using electric cooking tea. There is no straight tube for charcoal in the central part of the electric tea pot, and there are no other spacers. The main purpose of the tea pot has become a single boiling water. People use porcelain teapots to make tea. The amount of tea depends on the number of people who drink tea, usually one teaspoon per person. After the tea leaves are soaked for 3- 15 minutes, pour a proper amount of brewed strong tea leaves into each cup, and then take boiled water from the teapot and pour it into the cups. In modern Russian urban families, the popular trend is to use teapots instead of teapots, which are more often only used for decoration and handicrafts. However, every grand festival, modern Russians will definitely put the tea urn on the dining table, and family, friends and relatives will sit around the tea urn and drink tea. Only in this way can the festive atmosphere and human feelings be fully celebrated. Traditionally, питьчайзасамоваром is in Russia.