Incandescent lamp (yellow light)
Introduction:
Incandescent lamp, also known as electric light bulb, is a kind of lamp that uses electricity to heat thin silk thread (usually tungsten filament in modern times) to incandescent light. The periphery of incandescent lamp is made of glass, which keeps the filament in vacuum or low-pressure inert gas to prevent the filament from oxidation at high temperature. Incandescent lamps with different uses and requirements have different structures and components. Although incandescent lamp has low light efficiency, it has good light color and light collection performance, and it is the most widely used and the largest output electric light source.
Composition:
This is an ordinary incandescent lamp, which is mainly composed of glass shell, filament, wire, induction column, lamp holder and so on. The glass shell is made into a sphere, and the material is heat-resistant glass, which separates the filament from the air, which can not only transmit light, but also play a protective role. When the incandescent lamp works, the temperature of the glass bulb can reach about 100℃. The filament is made of tungsten filament which is much thinner than the hair, and it is made into a spiral shape. It seems that the filament is very short, but in fact, this extremely thin spiral tungsten wire is drawn into a straight line, and the length exceeds 1 meter. On the surface, the two wires of the electric wire are very simple, but in fact they are composed of three parts: internal wire, Dumex wire and external wire. The inner conductor is used for conducting electricity and fixing the filament, and is made of copper wire or nickel-plated iron wire; A short red line in the middle is called Dumex line, which is required to be closely combined with glass without air leakage; The outer conductor is copper wire, and the task is to connect the lamp holder with electricity. The trumpet-shaped glass part of the induction column is an induction column, which is connected to the glass shell and plays the role of fixing metal parts. The air in the glass bulb is pumped out by the exhaust pipe, and then the lower end is welded and sealed, so that the lamp will not leak. The lamp holder is a metal piece connecting the lamp holder and the power supply, and it is bonded with the glass shell with solder paste. It is particularly necessary to talk about filament here, because it is the lamp that shines. The tungsten filament in an incandescent lamp, like the carbon filament, is afraid of air. If the glass bulb is filled with air, when the temperature of the tungsten wire rises above 2000℃ after being electrified, the air will attack it mercilessly, so that it will burn out quickly, and at the same time, a yellow-white tungsten trioxide will be generated, which will adhere to the inner wall of the glass bulb and the inside of the lamp. If there is less air left in the glass bulb, the above process will proceed slowly, and tungsten will combine with oxidation in the air to form a thin blue mixture of tungsten trioxide and tungsten oxide. These are all tricks played by the air-oxygen in the air oxidizes the high-temperature tungsten wire. Therefore, tungsten filament bulbs should be evacuated to remove all air. Sometimes, I am afraid that the air pump is not clean, so I have to apply a little red phosphorus to the induction column of the light bulb. Red phosphorus will become white phosphorus when heated, and white phosphorus will easily react with oxygen to generate solid phosphorus pentoxide, which will "eat" oxygen and destroy the residual oxygen in the glass shell. However, this does not solve all the problems. Incandescent lamps will turn black when used for a long time and burn out after a while. Indeed, the evaporation rate of tungsten wire in vacuum is much slower than that of carbon wire. However, when the lighting temperature of incandescent lamp rises very high, the evaporation of tungsten is still very serious. Long-term high temperature makes the tungsten atoms on the surface of the tungsten filament evaporate and diffuse like water vapor, and then deposit on the inner surface of the glass shell layer by layer, which makes the glass shell slowly turn black and become more and more opaque. The evaporation of tungsten also makes the tungsten filament thinner and thinner and finally burns out. The higher the working temperature of filament, the faster the evaporation of tungsten and the shorter the life of incandescent lamp.
Energy saving lamp (white light)
Introduction:
Energy-saving lamps, also known as energy-saving bulbs, electronic bulbs, compact fluorescent lamps and integrated fluorescent lamps, refer to lighting equipment that combines fluorescent lamps and ballasts. In 2008, the state started the "green lighting" project, and urban and rural residents and enterprises enjoyed a certain percentage of subsidies for using the energy-saving lamps of the winning enterprises. The promotion of energy-saving lamps is of great significance, however, the harm of waste energy-saving lamps to the environment has also attracted people's attention. By the end of 20 12 and 10, hundreds of millions of energy-saving lamps have been scrapped in the energy-saving promotion project, each of which can pollute 180 tons of water and five or six acres of soil. The treatment and recycling of waste energy-saving lamps have attracted people's attention. Nevertheless, people's demand for energy-saving lamps is still growing, especially in the coming 20 15 years.
Working principle:
1. In addition to the necessities such as water, air and food, light has always affected people's work and rest, and has always lived a life of sunrise and sunset. Until 1879? Edison invented the electric light bulb (incandescent lamp). The principle is that when the lamp is connected to the circuit, the thermal effect of the current flowing through the filament makes the incandescent lamp emit continuous visible light and infrared light, which can be detected when the filament temperature rises to 700 K. Because the filament temperature is very high when working, most of the energy is wasted in the form of infrared radiation. At the same time, due to the high filament temperature and rapid evaporation, the service life is greatly shortened, about 2200 hours, and the light efficiency is about per watt 12(Lm). In the past, the lighting system only focused on quantity, but now it is gradually refined and pays attention to energy-saving effect. Due to the extensive use of lighting technology and lighting appliances, people's living standards have generally improved, and the demand for lighting equipment has surged day by day, which has also expanded the electricity consumption. Therefore, the development of high-efficiency and high-quality lighting equipment has attracted attention. Electronic energy-saving lamps mainly heat filaments through ballasts. At the temperature of about 1 160K, the filament begins to emit electrons (some electron powder is coated on the filament), and the electrons collide with argon atoms. Argon atoms gain energy after collision, and then collide with mercury atoms. After absorbing energy, it changes into ionization. The fluorescent lamp emits 253.7nm ultraviolet light, which excites the fluorescent powder to emit light. When working, the temperature of filament is about 1 160K, which is lower than that of incandescent lamp (2,200k ~ 2,700k), so its service life is greatly prolonged to over 8,000 hours. Because it doesn't exist like incandescent lamps? The thermal effect of current can reach 60 lumens per watt.
Energy-saving lamps are about the same size as incandescent lamps. The interface of the lamp holder is the same as that of the incandescent lamp, and the incandescent lamp can be directly replaced. The official name of energy-saving lamp is rare earth tricolor compact fluorescent lamp, which was born in Philips Company of the Netherlands in 1970s. It was included in the 863 promotion plan by the state and took the lead in promoting it in Shandong Jiaodong Peninsula. The first two factories to respond were Weihai Beiyang and Qixia Lighting Factory, but it was difficult to promote them because of the high initial cost. Guangdong relies on superior geographical location and national policy support to mass-produce energy-saving lamps with low-cost raw materials and sell them to the whole country. Because the concept of early energy-saving lamps is vague, the cost of halogen powder energy-saving lamps produced in Guangdong is relatively low, and the price sold to the market is also relatively low. At present, 80% of the energy-saving lamps in China are made in Guangdong, and 80% are in Guangdong? Produced in Zhongshan ancient town.
3. On the premise of achieving the same light output, this light source only needs to consume the power consumption of ordinary incandescent lamps 1/5 to 1/4, which can save a lot of lighting electricity and expenses, so it is called energy-saving lamp.
Energy-saving lamps are actually compact fluorescent lamps with their own ballasts. When the energy-saving lamp is ignited, the filament is first heated by the electronic ballast, and the filament begins to emit electrons (because some electronic powder is coated on the filament). Electrons collide with argon atoms filled in the lamp tube, and the argon atoms gain energy after collision, and then collide with mercury atoms inside. Mercury atoms undergo jump ionization after absorbing energy, forming a plasma state in the lamp tube.
5. The voltage at both ends of the lamp tube directly passes through the plasma state, emitting 253.7nm ultraviolet rays to excite the phosphor to emit light. Because the filament temperature of fluorescent lamp is about 1 160K, which is much lower than the working temperature of incandescent lamp of 2200K-2700K, its service life is greatly prolonged, reaching more than 5000 hours. Because it uses a high-efficiency electronic ballast, and there is no incandescent lamp.