Paper is one of the four great inventions in ancient China [2]. Together with the compass, gunpowder and printing, it provided a material and technical foundation for the prosperity of ancient culture in China. The invention of paper ended the complicated history of ancient bamboo slips and greatly promoted the spread and development of culture. Paper is the crystallization of the long-term experience and wisdom of the working people of the Han nationality, and it is used as a sheet fiber product for writing, printing, painting or packaging.
In ancient times, ancestors mainly relied on knotted ropes to record. Later, they gradually invented characters and began to use Oracle Bone Inscriptions as writing materials. Later, bamboo and wood chips (bamboo slips) and silk were found and used as writing materials. But paper was invented because silk was too expensive and bamboo was too heavy. According to research, the production of paper began in the Western Han Dynasty. From 65438 to 0957, Shaanxi Provincial Museum excavated a batch of artifacts named "Baqiao Paper" from a Western Han Dynasty tomb near Baqiao in the eastern suburb of xi, and its production date was no later than the era of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. Later, paper fragments of the Han Dynasty were unearthed in Luonaoer, Xinjiang, Juyan, Gansu and other places, about 150 ~ 200 years earlier than the paper made by eunuch Cai Lun from the early Eastern Han Dynasty to Yuanxing. However, we should also see that although paper was invented long ago, it was not widely used at first, and * * * documents were written in bamboo slips and silk books. In Xian Di, Zuo Bo, a native of Donglai, improved the previous paper-making method and further improved the paper quality. The paper he made is white, delicate, soft, uniform and bright, and the paper quality is particularly good. Known as "Zuo Bo paper" in the world, especially five-color stationery and high-grade stationery.
From the archaeological findings so far, the invention of papermaking was not later than the early Western Han Dynasty. As early as the Western Han Dynasty, China had invented papermaking with hemp fiber. Su Song's paper spectrum: "Shu people use hemp, Min people use tender bamboo, northerners use mulberry bark, Tunxi people use rattan, Hairen use moss, Zhejiang people use wheat flour and straw, Wu people use cocoon, and Chu people use paper." Papermaking used to be made by hand. First, take the flexible plant fiber, boil it, mash it, make it into mucus, make it into baskets, make it into films, dry it a little, and press it with a heavy object. Most of the paper used today is mechanical paper. Most of the paintings and calligraphy works that have existed for more than 1000 years are made of mulberry paper.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, paper was widely spread and used, and papermaking was further improved. Before the Jin Dynasty, the paper-making area was concentrated in Luoyang, Henan Province, and gradually spread to Vietnam, Sichuan, Shao, Yang, Anhui, Jiangxi and other places, with increasing output and quality. Paper-making raw materials are also diversified, and there are many names of paper. Such as bamboo curtain paper, the paper has obvious lines, and its paper is tight, thin and even. Tunxi has rattan paper with rattan skin as raw material. The paper is smooth and white as jade, leaving no ink marks. Dongyang has fish egg paper, also known as fish note, which is soft and smooth. Jiangnan uses straw and wheat straw fiber to make paper, which is yellow and rough and difficult to write. In the north, mulberry bark fiber is used to make paper, which has excellent texture, white color, light softness and strong tensile force, and the paper grain tears like cotton silk, so it is called cotton paper. Cai Lun has a wide range of papermaking raw materials. Paper made of rotten fishing nets is called net paper, and paper made of rags is called cloth paper. At that time, the rags of fishing nets were classified as hemp fibers, so they were collectively called hemp paper.
In order to prolong the life of paper, the Jin Dynasty has invented a new technology of dyeing paper, that is, impregnating paper with yellow tiller boiling juice, some of which are written first and then dyed, and some are dyed first and then written. Impregnated paper is called dyed yellow paper, which is natural yellow, so it is also called jute paper. Yellow paper has the function of killing insects and moth.
In the Jin Dynasty (4th century), paper finally replaced silk as the main writing material. Cai Lun has played a great role in promoting the production of hemp paper and leather paper. Although he is not the inventor of papermaking, his historical position as a technical innovator and organizer should be affirmed.
In the 8th century, paper was widely used in China, and then ...
What is the name of the ancient white paper?
-Ordinary bills
In ancient times, it refers to white writing paper.
Tang Bai Juyi's Fifty Rhymes of Guo Xuzhou's Refinery: "There are 100 poems by Su Yu, with Yuan Jia's poems attached."
What was ancient paper made of?
The original paper was made of hemp fiber or hemp fabric. Because papermaking is still in the primary stage, the process is simple, and the made paper has rough texture, loose fiber bundles and unsmooth surface, which is not suitable for writing. Generally only used for packaging.
Only in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, after Cai Lun's improvement, a set of relatively stereotyped papermaking technology was formed, which can be roughly summarized into four steps: the first step is the separation of raw materials, that is, the raw materials are degummed by soaking or cooking in alkaline solution and dispersed into strong fibers; The second is beating, that is, cutting off fibers by cutting and ramming, and sweeping them into pulp; The third is papermaking, that is, the pulp is made into slurry through water seepage, and then the pulp is picked up by a fishing machine (mat) to interweave the pulp into thin and strong wet paper on the fishing machine; The fourth is drying, that is, drying or drying wet paper, and taking it down becomes paper.
After the Han Dynasty, although the craft was constantly improved and matured, these four steps remained basically unchanged. Even in modern times, in the production of wet papermaking, there is still no fundamental difference between the production process and the papermaking method in ancient China.
The development of papermaking technology is mainly reflected in two aspects: in terms of raw materials, mulberry bark and rattan bark were used for papermaking in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. By the Sui Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, bamboo, sandalwood bark, wheat straw and rice straw had also been used as raw materials for papermaking, providing a rich and sufficient source of raw materials for the development of papermaking pages. Among them, bamboo paper made of bamboo in the Tang Dynasty marked a major breakthrough in papermaking technology. Bamboo fiber is hard, brittle and easily broken, which is technically difficult to handle. The success of making paper with bamboo shows that the paper-making technology in ancient China has reached a quite mature level.
In the Tang Dynasty, processing technologies such as adding alum, adding glue, coating powder, sprinkling gold and dyeing came out one after another, which laid a technical foundation for the emergence of various technical papers. The quality of the paper produced is getting higher and higher, and there are more and more varieties. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, in addition to ordinary paper, there were various precious papers such as waxed paper, cold gold, staggered gold, rib, clay gold and silver plus painting, calendering paper, and various rice paper, wallpaper, flower paper and so on. Make paper a necessity for people's cultural life and daily life.
What was the name of the paper used for writing and drawing in ancient China?
Xuan paper ~
The musical instruments in the traditional culture of Han nationality in China are pen, ink, paper and inkstone. The name of Four Treasures of the Study originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Historically, what "Four Treasures of the Study" refers to has changed frequently. "Four Treasures of the Study" in Southern Tang Dynasty refers to Zhuge Bi in Xuancheng, Li Tinggui Mo in Huizhou, Chengxin Tang Paper, and Weilong inkstone in Wuyuan (originally in Huizhou, Anhui Province, but now in Jiangxi Province). Since the Song Dynasty, "Four Treasures of the Study" refers to Hubi (Huzhou, Zhejiang), Huimo (Huizhou, now Shexian County, Anhui), Xuan Paper (Jingxian County, Anhui Province, was named after the government ruled Xuancheng), Duanyan (now Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, formerly known as Duanzhou) and She Yan (now Shexian County, Anhui Province). Xuancheng is the only "hometown of Four Treasures of the Study" in China, producing Xuan paper (Jingxian), Xuan pen (Jingxian/Jingdezhen), Hui ink (Jixi/Jingdezhen) and Xuan inkstone (Jingdezhen).
What is the earliest paper found in ancient China?
As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-AD 220), before Cai Lun invented "Cai Hou Paper", the embryonic form of paper appeared in China. Early Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-23 AD) paper unearthed from Fangmatan Han Tomb in Tianshui, Gansu, China, is the earliest paper found so far. In addition, ancient paper of the Western Han Dynasty was also unearthed in Lop Nur and Xi Baqiao, Xinjiang. But these papers are rough, and the raw materials are hemp or silk floss.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty AD 105, eunuch Cai Lun summarized and improved the paper-making technology since the Western Han Dynasty. Taking bark, rags, hemp heads and fishing nets as raw materials, combined with a whole set of processes of retting, ramming and copying, he created a kind of plant fiber paper called "Cai Hou Paper". Since then, paper has gradually replaced bamboo tubes and silk as the main writing material.
What was the name of the paper used for writing and drawing in ancient China?
Rice paper or silk?
What was paper money called in ancient times?
China used to be one of the "Mingbi" for offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods, funerals and sweeping graves for the dead. Also known as ghost money. Generally, white paper is cut into the shape of copper coins, and then it will be scattered in the cemetery in the wild or burned to the dead. People generally call this kind of paper loose burning.
There are different kinds of paper money. According to records, there are three kinds of paper money. One is the oldest "making money", which uses mallets and iron money molds to make the shape of money on earthenware paper; One is "cutting money", that is, as the saying goes, "buying road money", which is cut into squares with earthenware paper, pasted with gold and silver paper foil, or folded into ingots that look like gold and silver; One is "printing money", which imitates modern paper money and silver dollar and prints "Bank of Tong Ming" and various figures. Just like paper money circulating in the world. The emergence of paper money stems from the ancient belief in the immortality of the soul. They believe that there is a heaven and an underground world, so they must give their dead relatives paper money to use in heaven or underground world.
What are the four famous ancient papers?
In ancient times, there were four famous papers, namely Xie, Koryo, Chengxin Tang and Jinsu.
What was the name of the paper used for writing and drawing in ancient China?
Xuan paper. Xuan paper is divided into raw Xuan, semi-cooked Xuan and cooked Xuan. Shengxuan has strong water absorption and hydrophilicity, and it is easy to produce rich Mo Yun changes. By splashing and accumulating ink, you can collect water and dilute ink, and achieve the artistic effect of leaving ink. Used for freehand brushwork. What students pursue in painting is this "changeable" interest in ink, which is determined when they put pen to paper, and ink permeates quickly, which is not easy for unskilled people to master. It is this magical variability that has attracted countless celebrity masters to explore in the pursuit of Mo Yun and change since ancient times, and has never stopped. ...
Cooked Xuan is coated with alum when it is processed, so the paper is harder than raw Xuan, and its water absorption capacity is weak, and the ink color will not spread when it is used. Therefore, the characteristics make cooked propaganda suitable for meticulous painting rather than ink freehand painting. Its disadvantage is that it will appear "alum leakage" or brittle crack when stored for a long time. Cooked Xuan can be reprocessed. Coral, mica paper, cold gold, sprinkled gold, glutinous golden flower tendon and peach tiger skin are all reprocessed colored papers. Health promotion is highly absorbent. When writing with light ink, the ink easily penetrates and melts. It is relatively easy to write in thick ink. Therefore, when creating calligraphy and painting, you need to master the shade of ink to be handy.
Semi-cooked Xuan is also processed from raw Xuan, and its water absorption capacity is between the first two. Yu Ban Xuan belongs to this category.
The simple way to distinguish between raw propaganda and cooked propaganda is to dip paper with water. Health propaganda is the time when the water is dispersed immediately, and cooked propaganda is the time when the condensation is basically unchanged. Half-cooked propaganda (also called boiling hammer propaganda) spreads slowly.