There has always been controversy about the prosperity of Kanggan. On the one hand, the prosperous period of Kanggan was the glory of China feudal society, because it pushed the politics, economy and culture of China traditional society to a new peak. The expansion of territory, the prosperity of economy, the surge of population and the development of handicrafts are the most remarkable characteristics of the "prosperous time of Kang and Gan". On the other hand, it is considered that the "active thinking", "cultural prosperity", "trade prosperity" and "advanced science and technology" in the Kanggan period failed to meet the standards, so it was not a prosperous time: ① ideologically, the government adopted a policy of cultural coercion, imprisoned Han intellectuals, expanded the literary prison, slaughtered literati at will, and exiled millions of scholars to the customs (famous exile places such as Ningguta), which seriously restricted social thought. (2) In terms of culture, the Manchu rulers took the opportunity to destroy and tamper with a large number of books that did not conform to the concept of the ruling class by revising the Sikuquanshu; (3) In terms of diplomacy, "trade prosperity" is naturally not; (4) In science and technology, we despise hot weapons and technology, and "developed technology" is obviously not. Western traditional historians have also mentioned this statement. Some scholars also pointed out the defects of the Kanggan period. For example, Marx once said that "a great empire, which accounts for almost one third of the human population, ignores the status quo, is content with the status quo and is artificially isolated from the world, so it tries its best to deceive itself with the illusion that China is perfect."

2. Historical evaluation

We should objectively and realistically evaluate the merits and demerits of this period. "Prosperity of Kang Gan" is an imperfect and mediocre prosperity. First of all, in the vertical direction of China's history, the scale of its prosperous time is only an increase in quantity without qualitative change; Secondly, from a global perspective, China's political system, economy (at that time, the total economic production was still higher than that of the West, but the production technology was relatively backward), culture and science and technology have lagged behind the West, which did not appear in the rule of Wenjing, the prosperity of Hanwu, Zhenguan, Kaiyuan (the first in the world at that time), Renzong, Hongwu and Yongle (the first in the world at that time). In addition, the prosperous Qing Dynasty also had many disadvantages: First, in order to limit land annexation and the development of commercial capital and restore agricultural production since the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing government adopted the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce", which led to the strong capitalist development momentum in the end of the Ming Dynasty being stifled; Second, Daxing Literary Prison wiped out a large number of scholars, seriously imprisoned the people's thoughts, made a hundred schools of thought contend in the prosperous period of the late Ming Dynasty, and the development of science and technology completely disappeared. Since then, China has entered a lifeless and bleak era, which is called "China's Middle Ages" by Europeans. When the "kanggan heyday" was going on, the industrial revolution broke out in Europe. However, the contribution of Kanggan era is still outstanding, such as the unification of Taiwan Province Province, the pacification of San Francisco, the resistance to Russian aggression, the three expeditions to galdan, the establishment of a multi-ethnic unified country, and unprecedented territorial expansion. The tax system of "spreading land into mu" was widely implemented in Yongzheng period, which made the economy and population develop rapidly; In addition, it has strengthened the state's management of border areas and promoted the economic and cultural development of local ethnic minorities. During the Qianlong period, various systems were constantly improved, which made the country rich and opened up Xinjiang. At this time, the territory of the Qing Dynasty was second only to that of the Yuan Dynasty, but the actual effective control area exceeded any period in the history of China. After more than 100 years of development, the population of Kanggan has exceeded 300 million, accounting for 2/5 of the world population at that time, twice the largest population in Ming Dynasty and five times higher than the lowest population in early Qing Dynasty. The arrival of the "Prosperous Age of Kang Gan" is closely related to Kang Yong's personal qualities in san huang. They delayed the decline of feudal society by virtue of their own talents, but they could not change their own fate of decline. The prosperity of "Kang Gan Sheng Shi" can be said to be the last glimmer of light in China feudal society.

[Edit this paragraph] ② The territory of "Kanggan Shi Sheng"

Only when the country is unified can the society be stable and the people live and work in peace and contentment, which is the basic condition for the arrival of a prosperous time, and the reason why the "prosperous time of kanggan" is called a prosperous time is in line with this condition. In the Qing dynasty, the issue of reunification, especially the relationship between the local governments of border ethnic minorities and the central government of the Central Plains, has not been effectively solved for a long time. Like the nomadic people in the north, since Zhungeer Grdan unified the western desert, a relatively unified political organization has been established in Central Asia to compete with the Central Plains. Kangxi had an incomplete and brief unification, but it was soon split. In the 24th year of Qianlong (A.D. 1759), the territory of the previous generation was restored with the unification of Xinjiang as the symbol. At this time, "anti-dry Shi Sheng" reached the peak of prosperity. In the prosperous period of Kanggan, China has a total area of130,000 square kilometers. At that time, it became the most vast territory in the world, with Qingji in the west, Balkhash Lake in the northwest, Siberia in the north, Hinggan Mountains and Sakhalin Island in the northeast, the Pacific Ocean in the east, Taiwan Province Island and its affiliated islands in the southeast and Zengmu shoal in the south. Wang Mingsheng, a scholar, praised the Qing court in "Pingding Junggar Fu": "Heaven is sacred and Liuhe is harmonious; Chinese and foreign countries are blessed, and the world is one. Literary repertoire is in short supply, and the voice is taught in the distance, which is a tribute to this scene. However, for the "heyday", Kang Yong worked for three generations but paid a certain price. Ganlong's "all-round martial arts" also caused certain financial pressure to the country.

[Edit this paragraph] (3) Agriculture in the prosperous period of Kanggan

During the early Qing dynasty 100 years, the sustainable development of agricultural production was first manifested in large-scale reclamation of wasteland and expansion of cultivated land area. 166 1 year (the 18th year of Shunzhi), with a cultivated land area of 5.26 million hectares; 1722 (sixty-one year of Kangxi), which broke through the highest statistics of cultivated land in Ming dynasty and reached 8565438+100000 hectares; By 1725 (Yongzheng year), the cultivated land area in China was 5.26 million hectares; The progress of agricultural planting methods has greatly increased the grain output. After harvesting early rice in some areas of Guangdong, insert late rice; After harvesting late rice, plant rape or sweet potato three times a year. Jiangxi's soil is thin, so it is impossible to plant late rice after early rice harvest, so buckwheat is planted and harvested twice a year. Due to the promotion of multiple cropping in the south, the annual output of grain can be increased by more than 60 billion Jin. The number of farmers specializing in vegetable production has increased. Vegetable farmers in the suburbs of Beijing use equipment such as "fire room" and "cellar" to cultivate fresh vegetables such as leeks and cucumbers in winter and sell them in the market. During the Qianlong period, cotton was planted in some areas in Hebei Province where cotton was not planted. In the early Qing Dynasty, sugar cane was planted in the southeast coastal provinces. Sugarcane planted in some places in Guangdong is often a row of thousands of hectares, which looks like reeds from a distance. An important reason for the large increase in population is the popularity of American plants such as corn, sweet potatoes and potatoes. Corn, sweet potatoes, potatoes and other crops were imported from America through Nanyang from the Ming Dynasty (due to geographical discovery). In Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi's Agricultural Administration Encyclopedia described in detail the planting, storage and processing methods of sweet potato. Talking about the techniques of sweet potato seedling overwintering, stem cutting and seed classification, cutting, cellar storage and dry storage is the first book to systematically introduce the cultivation methods of sweet potato. Since then, North Korean scholar Chen Shiyuan has written Biography of Golden Potato, which describes cold bed seedling raising, and Bao's Four Techniques describes vine turning technology, and sweet potato planting technology has gradually improved. The popularity of high-yield crops such as corn and sweet potato has fed more people.

[Edit this paragraph] (4) The population of "anti-dry prosperous times"

The large-scale population growth is the main reason why the Kanggan period was named the prosperous time. During the Kangxi period, the population of China once again exceeded 654.38 billion. When the population was checked in Qianlong five years, the national population was 65.438+0.4 billion. In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong, it has exceeded 200 million, and in the fifty-fifth year of Qianlong, it has exceeded 300 million. There are three reasons for population growth: first, the large-scale planting of high-yield crops such as corn and sweet potato introduced in the late Ming Dynasty made the grain output feed a large number of people. Second, the society is stable for a long time, and people have time to recuperate; Third, the implementation of tax policies such as "never increase taxes in prosperous times" and "spread land into acres" enables people to reproduce unscrupulously. Although it is an indisputable fact that the population in Qing Dynasty was prosperous, it also objectively proved that the prosperous period of Kanggan in Qing Dynasty was a peak of China feudal society. However, population growth has not kept pace with the improvement of population quality. China people gradually lost their vitality under the dark rule of the Qing Dynasty, and ignorance and backwardness began to become synonymous with westerners' view of China people. And it brought huge population pressure to China, and the phenomenon of hungry people and refugees began to increase frequently. The population of China lost its growth space in the later stage of industrialization, which seriously restricted the process of industrialization.

[Edit this paragraph] (5) Handicraft industry in Kanggan prosperous time

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, due to the long-term war, handicraft production was also seriously damaged. After about fifty or sixty years, the handicraft industry gradually recovered and developed after the middle period of Kangxi. Silk weaving industry plays an important role in handicraft industry in Qing Dynasty. At that time, the silk industry in Jiangning, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Foshan and Guangzhou was very developed. Although the rulers of Qing Dynasty set up weaving yamen in Jiangning, Suzhou and Hangzhou, which hindered the normal development of silk industry in Jiangnan to some extent, the folk silk industry in Qing Dynasty developed rapidly. For example, there are more than 30,000 looms in Jiangning when it is dry and sunny, which is much higher than in the past. "There are more than 0/00 kinds of satin looms/KLOC", and the silk products produced sell well all over the country. Even in remote Guizhou, the silk industry has been greatly developed. During the Daoguang period, Guizhou Zunyi silk "competed with Wuling and Zhongzhou", which attracted merchants from Qin, Jin, Fujian and Guangdong to buy and traffic. But on the whole, silk weaving in Qing Dynasty has lagged behind that in Ming Dynasty. By the Qing Dynasty, the cotton industry in some areas of the south of the Yangtze River was also increasingly developed. Cotton textile tools have been significantly improved. For example, the spinning foot car in Shanghai can be "three yarns in one hand and wheels in one foot (famous foot car), with high labor intensity and high sensitivity". Loom also has some improvements and innovations. At that time, the production of cotton cloth, both in quantity and quality, was greatly improved than before. Shanghai's "Sobu, the clothes are the best in the world, and Liang Jiaduo started from this". Suzhou's "Yimei Famous Brand" is famous for "the beauty of cloth, users compete for the market" and "eliminating millions of pieces of cloth a year". As a result, "in the past ten years, rich businessmen have appeared everywhere, and cloth has spread all over the world." "In the past 200 years, there is no place in Mobei, southern Yunnan that is not beautiful." Subu's "Famous Quartet" shows its wide reputation. Wuxi is also rich in cotton cloth. When it was dry, it was called "Cloth Wharf" and "collected by Jia, and tied up in Huai, Yang, Gao, Bao and other places, trading for at least tens of millions of years a year". In the Qing Dynasty, Jingdezhen in Jiangxi Province was still the largest center of China porcelain industry. When we get to Gan and Jia, we won't mention the official kiln. I just said, "There are two or three hundred areas of folk kilns, and there are hundreds of thousands of craftsmen face to face at the end of the year." In addition to Jingdezhen, porcelain industry in other places has also developed. According to statistics, there are more than 40 famous ceramic producing areas in Qianlong period, all over the country. For example, the porcelain kilns in Wuqing, Zhili, Linqing, Yixing, Dehua in Jiangsu, Chaozhou in Fujian, Guangdong and other places are large in scale, and the porcelain produced is colorful and exquisite. Sugar industry in Taiwan Province, Fujian, Guangdong and Sichuan provinces is very developed. During the period from Kangxi to Qianlong and Jiaqing, sugarcane production in Taiwan Province Province was extremely prosperous, with an annual output of "600,000 baskets" and "170 Jin" of sucrose, which were sold to the areas of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Beijing, and exported to Luzon in the south and Japan in the east. Sugar in Guangdong is also sold everywhere. In addition, sugarcane planting and sugar industry in Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Jiangsu provinces are also developing day by day. Mining and metallurgy also developed further in Qing Dynasty. Copper mines in Yunnan, lead mines in Guizhou, and iron mines in Guangdong, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong are all relatively large. For example, in Yunnan's copper mines, when Gan and Jia were at their peak, there were more than 300 copper factories in the province. There are large factories run by the government and commercial enterprises, as well as small private factories. "In the past, there were 70,000 or 80,000 large factories and more than 10,000 small factories. The total number of factories in the province was several million, and the poor in the province came to the factory for food." From 1740 (five years of Qianlong) to181year (sixteen years of Jiaqing), the highest annual output of Yunnan copper mine reached14.67 million Jin. During the Qianlong period, the annual output of black lead in Guizhou lead mine also reached more than140,000 kg. Guangdong's iron smelting scale is also very large. The iron manufacturing industry in Foshan Town, Guangdong Province is also very developed. There are industries such as casting pot, frying iron, thread making, nailing and needle making, among which casting pot is the most famous. Cast iron pots are not only sold all over the country, but also exported abroad in large quantities. In the early Qing Dynasty, commercial trade was very prosperous, and all kinds of commodities were exported at home and abroad, and the circulation in the four directions was closer. For example, cotton from Henan and Northeast China is sold all over the country, while cotton is sold back to other provinces. All kinds of ironware in Foshan Town, Guangdong Province are sold all over the country. At that time, there was a saying that Foshan ruled the world. Others, such as Suzhou silk and cotton cloth, Nanjing satin, Jingdezhen porcelain, Guangdong and Taiwan Province sugar, Anhui, Fujian and Hunan tea, are also sold all over the country. Especially Jiangnan silk products, the Qing dynasty has a broader domestic and foreign market than the Ming dynasty. For example, silks and satins produced in Nanjing are sold almost all over the country. At that time, China's handicraft output value accounted for 30% of the world's industrial and handicraft output value. Cash crops such as cotton and mulberry are only allowed to be planted in places where food cannot be grown. Crops other than food are also banned, not to mention industry and commerce. The emperor of the Qing Dynasty thought that "the more people work in shops, the fewer people plow fields and grow crops", and repeatedly said that "it is absolutely impossible to attract investment to open factories" and "there is no second opinion except that it is strictly forbidden" (all emperors in China think so, mainly because of the productivity at that time).

[Edit this paragraph] (6) The culture of "resisting Shi Sheng"

In the early Qing Dynasty, scholars were dissatisfied with the rulers' national oppression and autocratic rule, and there were widespread national thoughts against the Qing court, and some people also had progressive democratic thoughts. Poets and poets in this period took adherents of the Ming Dynasty who held this idea as the main body. Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi are the most outstanding thinkers and scholars in this period. Their prose, with profound skill, shows strong national thoughts and different degrees of democratic thoughts, surpassing the achievements of late Ming prose and showing a brand-new look; Their poems are also of high quality. Other important poets are Gui Zhuang, Du Jun, Wu Jiaji, Yan, Qian Chengzhi, Qu Dajun and Chen Gongyin. The important theme of adherents' poems is to reflect ethnic contradictions and express patriotic thoughts; Yan, Qian Chengzhi and Wu Jiaji reflected the social and class contradictions at that time. In style, they also have their own characteristics. In the late Kangxi period, the rule was consolidated, and most scholars grew up in the Qing Dynasty, and their life experiences were different from those of the adherents of the Ming Dynasty. Poetry in this period no longer pays attention to the expression of national contradictions and class contradictions, but is devoted to the pursuit of artistic skills. The content is mainly lyrical and depicting landscapes. Famous poets include Shi, Wang Shizhen, Zhu Yizun, Cha, and so on. Wang Shizhen is the leader of verve school. Tea's poems are exquisitely carved and made great achievements. Zhao Zhixin pays more attention to reflecting reality. The novels of this period exude unique brilliance, namely Wu's The Scholars and Cao Xueqin's A Dream of Red Mansions. The Scholars fully exposes and satirizes the destruction of talents by the feudal stereotyped imperial examination system. Although it is exaggerated, it embodies the profound reality that "satirizing life is real". Its simple language art with a sense of humor can also be "harmonious, sad and ironic", full of implications. This is the most accomplished satirical novel in ancient China. A Dream of Red Mansions, through the love tragedy between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu and the story of the rise and fall of Jia Fu, reflects the decay of bureaucratic landlord's life, shows the conflict between the democratic thought of rebellious youth and traditional ideology, and reveals the declining trend of feudal ruling class and feudal society. Through the meticulous description of daily life trivia and characters' inner world, a large number of characters with profound typical significance and distinctive personality have been created. Delicate description, rich atmosphere and beautiful language. It became the peak of China's classical novels and made great achievements in thought and art. China's short classical note novels, such as Yuewei Caotang Notes by Ji Yun and New Qi Xie by Yuan Mei, are not as successful as the previous Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. During the Kanggan period, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty gathered many experts and scholars to compile large-scale cultural classics such as Kangxi Dictionary, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books and Sikuquanshu, which became valuable cultural heritage of China. However, it was a great sin for the rulers of the Qing Dynasty to destroy too many books. The decline of academic culture is a remarkable trend of China culture in the Kang period. Academics is the concentrated expression of objective social life in the spiritual field at any time. Different from the superficial "prosperous" social situation, the academic culture in Kanggan period showed a depressing atmosphere that was not in harmony with the prosperous times. The developed philosophy in the late Ming Dynasty seemed to disappear overnight, and so did the traditional Confucian humanistic care. The rise of textual research, which is characterized by the history of textual research, has promoted the academic development in a boring direction. The corruption of academic research in the Qing Dynasty not only shows that it completely ruined the development of ancient philosophy, but also shows that it prompted the intellectual community to enter the "archaeological period" completely. The Qing court defended the people more than Sichuan, creating hundreds of literary prisons (even the word "cool breeze and bright moon" can lead to literary prisons, but the imagination is very rich). More than one million intellectuals also moved to Manchuria and entered the barren land. How can Kanggan's extreme destruction of literati not lead to the decline of culture? Therefore, stereotyped writing and textual research can flourish.

[Edit this paragraph] (7) Official management of "Kanggan Shi Sheng"

1. The root of the tragedy

The crisis under the appearance of "prosperous times" is actually an era with tragic colors. This tragic color can be clearly seen from two aspects: First, after the end of 18, social crises broke out constantly, and the once seemingly prosperous Qing society quickly fell into depression and neglect "middle decline": people's resistance continued, natural disasters occurred frequently, bureaucratic corruption prevailed, the government treasury was empty, and financial difficulties were encountered. "The country broke the people's poverty, traitors became increasingly rampant, disasters occurred one after another, and scholars learned from others." Secondly, under the appearance of the prosperity of China's traditional society, it is a foregone conclusion that China lags behind the western world, and the tragic fate of being beaten behind is actually finally cast in the prosperous period of Kanggan. There are many reasons for the rise and fall of the Qing dynasty, but the most direct reason is that three key issues related to the future and destiny of the Qing society are not handled well: first, political corruption, second, backward system, and third, foreign relations.

2. Development of thermal weapons

The first stage is that China leads the world for nearly a thousand years (808-1525): in 808, China invented gunpowder. In 904, China people Zheng? #9 1; With the invention of gunpowder bombs, stone throwers changed from throwing stones to throwing gunpowder bombs, and gunpowder was first used in war, which ushered in the era of hot weapons. In 970 AD, the China people invented the jet firearm (bamboo arrows with gunpowder barrel attached). 1000, Tang Mi, a native of China, invented firearms such as rockets, fireballs and thistles. 1 132, China people invented muskets (bamboo muskets, which burn people by spraying flames). 1259, China people invented the musket (a thick bamboo tube fired a projectile). 1280, China invented artillery. 1346, the British invented the artillery that fired stone bullets. 1378, the Germans invented an artillery that fired iron bullets. 14 10, the Spanish invented the matchlock gun. 1525, China invented the artillery that fired explosive bombs, which opened a new era in the world and ended the old era in China. China invented explosive bombs, but they are still keen on using solid bombs. The second stage is 200 years for China to catch up with the world (1525- 17 15). 1525, the Italian Finch invented the flint gun. From 1525, western firearms technology gradually surpassed China. However, from 1525 to 1683 158, China's gun technology can still keep pace with the west. However, after the Qing regime stabilized the whole country in the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), due to the disappearance of military threats, the official paid less and less attention to artillery. From the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683) to the 54th year of Kangxi (17 15), China's firearms technology was roughly equivalent to that of the west. The third stage is the century of China's decline (1715-1840). In the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi (17 15), Jin, the general commander of the Jin army, said that he was willing to donate 22 new guns and distribute them to various battalions for training. As a result, Emperor Kangxi actually prohibited local officials from developing and manufacturing on their own. Since then, China's gun technology has stagnated, and if it does not advance, it will retreat and gradually decline. China's gun knowledge and technology began to be unbalanced. Kangxi didn't want to develop firearms because he was afraid of hurting Manchu and his face. Compared with the Han nationality, horse riding and archery were once the advantages of Manchu. What should we do to maintain this advantage? Let's not play with fire. Kangxi said that doing martial arts straight is "based on skillful riding and shooting and vigorous talent" (Records of the Holy Father of Qing Dynasty.251). It is also said that a "well-trained" army is "refreshed and good at riding and shooting". In his view, the most important ability of a good official is not to command firearms, but to be good at riding and shooting. The most clear expression of this point is Yongzheng. In the fifth year of Yongzheng, he said: "Manchuria is heavy on riding and shooting, and it is not allowed to specialize in shotgun and waste bows and arrows" (clear draft. 139). It is precisely because riding and shooting is the advantage of Manchu people and embodies the face of Manchu people that Kangxi stopped developing firearms. So some scholars jokingly said, "I heard that Ma Kangkang can shoot 300 rabbits a day to show off his martial arts. Maybe putting him in a nomadic fishing and hunting tribe is really a good leader and a first-class archer. But if it is placed in an ancient civilization, it is obviously out of reach. In order to maintain his tribe's superiority in bow and arrow, he is particularly afraid of firearms. From this, I can only think that he is a wise tribal chief, but in his time, he was a well-deserved abandoned child. " During the Opium War, the British army used a spherical hollow explosive bomb called "shrapnel", which contained small shells and gunpowder. Before the shells landed, a fuse detonated the gunpowder, causing great damage. At that time, China's army was still using solid round shells, "awesome, I don't know how to do it". Later, although Lin Zexu succeeded in copying, it was rare. China people built artillery in 1670, and they didn't know it, but they had to copy it to Britain in 1840. China's gun skills were even worse than those in the late Ming Dynasty. When Magalny came to China, in order to leave a good impression on the great emperor Qianlong of China, he carefully selected the gifts for him, which also showed the elegance of European technology: warship model, celestial sports apparatus, glass lamp, globe, Herschel telescope, stopwatch, Parker lens, various artillery, repeating guns, rifles and swords made of special steel. Facing the most advanced technology in the west at that time. Ganlong, like his ancestors, is fighting for his own face. He invited the British envoy Magalny to visit the garden, which was a blow to the proud British people. In his diary, Magalny described what he saw like this: "... there are all kinds of European toys; There are extremely fine globes, solar systems, clocks and musical chimes, and I can't help but wonder. Our talents may be dwarfed. " This unexpected discovery made magal "have to hide his face in shame." In fact, as early as a month ago, when Madzar boasted about his gift to Qianlong, an official who came to help reported to Qianlong: "The equipment in Gyeongbokgung Palace is more detailed than the celestial sphere and the earth made in this country." So, in order to crack down on the British and prove that the Qing Dynasty was everywhere, Qianlong ordered that the western things in Gyeongbokgung Palace be "sent to Jehol before the envoys arrived." These western things were "contributed" by Portugal, the Netherlands and the Pope earlier, and were reserved for the grand occasion of countries coming to Korea, which reduced the prestige of Britain and Yi. Obviously, Qianlong's goal has been achieved. His face is golden, although it was earned by other western countries. However, Magalny quickly recovered from the blow and he needed to regain the dignity of the British people. Therefore, Macartney warmly invited Fu Kang 'an to watch the firearms drills of British soldiers. The result was haughtily rejected by Fu Kang 'an: "You can watch it or not. I'm sure there is nothing unusual about this gun action! " At this time, the Qing dynasty could also arrogantly refuse the British request for training firearms; Forty-seven years later, the Opium War can no longer be rejected because it has changed from a spectator to a target. As for the gun that the British gave to Ganlong, it was brought back by the British themselves. Sixty-seven years later, the British and French allied forces invaded Yuanmingyuan, and they were surprised to find that the guns that the British "paid tribute" to China were still intact there. After so many years, the Qing people have no interest in studying them, or even used them. There are many bullets and shells. Suddenly, the British were glad that they had shipped these guns back to their hometown of Arsenal, England 67 years ago.

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