Brief introduction of main operas

(1) Peking Opera.

Peking Opera evolved on the basis of fine-tuning in the mid-Qing Dynasty and the introduction of China tunes into Beijing. Xipi and Huang Er are the main tunes, accompanied by huqin and gongs and drums, which were formed around 1840 and prevailed in 1930s and 40s, sometimes called "national drama". It is the representative of China modern opera, with comprehensive business, mature performance and magnificent momentum. Peking Opera is the quintessence of China, with a history of 200 years. Singing, reading, doing and playing are the four artistic means and four basic skills of Beijing opera performance. Singing is singing; Read, refers to the musical chanting. Singing and reading complement each other, and "song", which constitutes one of the two major elements of Beijing opera singing and dancing performance art, refers to the body movements of dance; Playing refers to martial arts and tumbling skills. The combination of "doing" and "beating" to form "dance" is one of the two major elements of Beijing Opera. The names of the main characters in Beijing Opera are Sheng, Dan, Jing and Ugliness. The classification of Peking Opera facial makeup includes full face, hero face, sextile face, crooked face, immortal face, clown face and so on. The "Four Famous Dan" are Mei Lanfang, Cheng, Shang Xiaoyun and Xun Huisheng.

(2) Yue Opera.

Yue Opera originated in Zhejiang and developed in Hangzhou, Shanghai and other places. Yue Opera has beautiful vocals, which can reflect the characteristics of folk music in Jiangnan area.

(3) Huangmei Opera.

Huangmei Opera originated in Anhui. Good at lyric, full of charm, beautiful singing, such as flowing, singing and dancing, simple and delicate performance.

(4) Pingju.

Pingju is the second largest drama in China, next to Peking Opera. Originated in the eastern part of Hebei Province, it developed from the lotus drop of Quyi, popular in Luanxian, Qian 'an, Yutian, Sanhe and Baodi (now Tianjin), and widely spread in the north. The artistic characteristics of Pingju are that the singer is good at singing, the words are clear and clear, the lyrics are easy to understand, the singing is as clear as resentment, the performance is lively and has a cordial folk flavor.

(5) Henan Opera.

Henan Opera originated in Henan Province. Its rhythm is distinct, its tone is high and lively, its tone is low and euphemistic, its language is pure, its feelings are rich and its local flavor is rich.

(6) Shaanxi opera.

Shaanxi Opera originated in northwest Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other places. People's voices are high and passionate, and they are required to sing in a real voice, so they maintain the original and unrestrained characteristics.

Beijing Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera, Henan Opera and Shaanxi Opera constitute the six major operas in China. In addition, China's distinctive local dramas include Sichuan Opera, Shanxi Opera, Southern Opera and Kunqu Opera.

(7) Sichuan Opera.

Sichuan Opera originated in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places. The performing arts of Sichuan Opera have a deep foundation in life, forming a set of perfect performance procedures, which are true, delicate, humorous and full of local flavor. They are especially good at using stunts such as lifting their feet, opening their eyes, changing their faces, drilling fire rings, and hiding knives to depict their characters.

(8) Jin Opera.

Shanxi Opera originated in Shanxi. The ingenious combination of coarseness and fineness not only has the agitation and coarseness of Bangzi cavity, but also has the unique style of roundness and fineness.

(9) Southern Opera.

Southern Opera was the earliest drama in southern China in the late Northern Song Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, that is, in the12-14th century. It is one of the earliest forms of China's drama. There are many different names for Southern Opera, and there are other names, such as Wenzhou Zaju, Yongjia Zaju, Stork Soup and Nanqu. Ming and Qing Dynasties are also called legends. As far as its music, Nanqu, is concerned, it is an important opera vocal system, which has laid the foundation for the rise and development of many vocal operas such as Haiyan Opera, Yu Yaoqiang Opera, Kunshan Opera and Yiyang Opera, and provided rich nutrition for the prosperity of local operas since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is of great significance in the history of China opera art development.

(10) Kunqu Opera.

As early as the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty (65438+the middle of 4th century), Kunqu Opera was produced in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province. Kunqu Opera, Haiyan Opera originated in Zhejiang Province, Yu Yaoqiang Opera originated in Jiangxi Province and Yiyang Opera are also called the four major tunes in Ming Dynasty, belonging to the southern opera system. Kunqu Opera is an ancient drama in China. It was originally named "Kunshan Opera" or "Kunqu Opera" for short. It has been called "Kunqu Opera" since the Qing Dynasty, and now it is also called "Kunqu Opera". The accompaniment instruments of Kunqu Opera are mainly Sheng, Xiao, Suona, Sanxian and Pipa. The performance of Kunqu Opera also has its own unique system and style. Its greatest characteristics are strong lyricism, delicate movements and ingenious and harmonious combination of song and dance. On May 8, 2006, the play was awarded as "masterpiece of oral and intangible heritage of mankind" by UNESCO. China attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, Kunqu Opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

Four Common Dramatic Terms in Dramatic Works

screen

The behavior of a drama and the paragraphs in the performance are divided according to the changes of time and place in the development of the plot. Because it is related to the ending on the stage, it is called "curtain". A scene marks the development of a large segment, and a field represents the time interval or scene change of a large segment. In modern drama, the boundary between scene and field is not obvious, and in multi-scene and non-scene plays, time-space conversion is more free.

preface

The preface is also called "wedge" and "introduction". It was originally a theatrical term. A scene before the first act in some long plays, used to introduce the background of the play or to show the theme of the whole play. Later, it was also used in some works such as literature, movies and TV plays, generally referring to the author's suggestion or explanation of the background of the times and the relationship between the main characters before the conflict began.

Dramatic conflict

Drama conflict is the concentrated and generalized reflection of social life contradictions in drama art, and it is the fundamental factor that constitutes drama. Works are always completed by presenting, developing and resolving conflicts. Conflict promotes the development of drama plot, shows the character, and then embodies the theme of the script. Hegel first put forward this theory from aesthetics. Later, Bruntel of France suggested that there would be no drama without conflict. Because of the different plot structure of drama, conflict can present different faces and characteristics.

Drama climax The dramatic conflict enters the most tense, sharp and intense scene with decisive significance, which is the key stage to determine the fate of the characters or the success or failure of the matter. It usually appears in the second half of the whole play. At this time, the character of the main characters and the theme of the works can be fully displayed.

End of movement

Postscript means that the author arranges another paragraph or scene after the story is finished or the last scene is finished according to the needs of creation, so as to explain the ultimate fate of the characters and the prospect of the development of the event. It often echoes the preface of the work.