1927 in may, American movie celebrities launched a "non-profit organization" in Hollywood, named Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (abbreviated as A.M.P.A.S), whose purpose was to promote the progress of film art and technology. The academy decided to commend outstanding filmmakers who have made outstanding achievements and set up an academy award. 193 1 year later, the Academy Awards were gradually replaced by its popular name "Academy Awards", and now its official name is little known.
There are different opinions about the origin of the name "Oscar". More credibly, Margaret Herridge, a female librarian of Academy of Motion Picture AMPAS and Sciences Library in 193 1, exclaimed, "Ah! He really looks like my uncle Oscar! " The reporter next door wrote: "The staff of the College of Arts and Sciences affectionately called their golden statue" Oscar ". "Since then, this alias has spread like wildfire.
Also, the famous actress bette davis complained that she was the first person to name the Oscar. She said that when she won the Academy Award for the first time, she accidentally called her husband, Haimen Oscar Nelson's name "Oscar", which was heard by reporters on the spot, so it spread all at once.
In addition, there is another saying: Skolsky, a Hollywood columnist, forgot the spelling of the golden statuette when he wrote a report on his typewriter at the end of the Sixth Awards Ceremony, and he suddenly remembered a scene from a musical he had seen in the past. It was a group of comedians who came to the orchestra pit and jokingly said to the conductor, "Oscar, do you want a cigarette?" The conductor reached for it, but the comedians avoided handing out cigarettes. This caused great laughter. Scholsky believes that the Academy Award is a symbol of desire and should be a cartoon. So he wrote in his report: "katharine hepburn won the Oscar for her role as Ava in Amazing Genius."
Comprehensive analysis of all aspects, the first statement above is more credible. Because bette davis won the Best Actress Award for the first time in 1935, when the nickname Oscar was already a household name. As for Shoals's view that The Golden Statue should be a cartoon, this view may not be accepted by the majority of filmmakers.
The main body of the Oscar trophy is a 3.9-kilogram 13.5-inch gilded male statue designed by the famous American sculptor George Stanley. According to the selection rules related to the Oscar, the winner of an award can only get one gold cup. If two people win prizes, they should be given a gold cup respectively.
The appearance of the Academy Awards is a naked man, with his hands crossed on his chest and a long sword in his hand, standing on a five-ring disc. Each circle represents an important working department of the Academy of Film Arts: producers, directors, screenwriters, actors and technicians. The original trophy was made by George Stein with $500 allocated by Meyer. It is thirteen and a half inches high and weighs six and three-quarters pounds. It is made of alloy inside and has a layer of gold outside, which looks shiny, so it is called the Golden Award. The graphic design of the Academy Awards came from Cecil You Ke Gibbons, who was an artist at MGM at that time. His boss Meyer appointed him for this job. Gibbons is one of the most outstanding artistic designs in film history. He not only designed the Golden Award, but also won it later. From the second session to the twenty-ninth session, the class of * * * in 28 years won 39 nominations, and he won 1 1 awards alone.
The size, weight, structure and price of Oscar statues are mostly different in the early days and now.
Height: It used to be ten and a quarter inches, but now it is thirteen and a half inches (about 34.3 cm).
Weight: It was 6.75 pounds (about 3. 1 kg) in the early days, and now it is 1 1 pound (about 5 kg).
Structure: Early tin-copper alloy (92.5% tin, 7.5% copper) plated with gold foil; Now it's tin ammonium alloy. After polishing, it is coated with 10K gold foil, and then finely polished. The outer layer is coated with 24K gold foil, and the outermost layer is coated with luminous paint.
Price: In the early days, each trophy was worth $30, but now it is worth $350.
194 1 On September 2, 2008, the Oscar Ownership Law was promulgated, stipulating that trophies should not be bought, sold or mortgaged. If this happens, the college headquarters will claim back the compensation equivalent to the trophy price from the seller. Also, if a prize is won by several people, all other prize holders will be charged at the original price.
Since 1943, because tin, copper and other metals are important strategic materials, the statue of Oscar Award has been made of gypsum and plated with gold for four consecutive years. After the war, these plaster statues were replaced by metal statues.
All winners will get a gold necklace and give it to their relatives. This necklace is engraved with the names of relatives, and there is also a 3.5 cm long Oscar gold statue hanging on it.
The first Oscar was different from the present, with only seven categories: ① best film, ② best actor, ③ best actress, ④ best director, ⑤ best screenwriter, ⑤ best cinematography and ⑤ best art design. And two other special awards: artistic quality award and technical effect award, but these two awards were only given once and cancelled for the second time. The winners of the first Golden Awards were born on1February, 929 18, and presented awards at the Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood on May 16. About 250 people attended.
Oscar awards can be divided into achievement awards, special awards and science and technology awards. Achievement awards mainly include best film, best script, best director, best performance (leading actor and supporting actor), best photography, best artist, best music, best editing, best costume design, best makeup, best short film, best documentary, best foreign language film and so on. Special awards include the Honorary Award, Owen Sulberg Memorial Award, Joan Hercholtes Humanitarian Award, Scientific and Technological Achievement Award and Special Achievement Award. Among the above-mentioned numerous awards, the most influential is the best film award, and the best actor and actress award belongs to the main performance award. Winners are called "the best actor" and "the best actress", which is a great honor for actors and actresses.
The first nineteen Oscars only evaluated American films, and since the twentieth, the Best Foreign Language Film Award has been set among the special awards. The participating films must be large-scale feature films that were shown in commercial theaters in a certain country from last year 1/month1day to the following year1October 3 1 day. Only one film is issued in each country, which is recommended by the film organization or review committee of that country, with English subtitles, and submitted to the Foreign Film Committee of the Academy for review. Then, five nominated films were selected by secret ballot. A jury of 4,000 American film authorities selected the best foreign language film after watching five films. This award is only awarded to works, not individuals. From 1947 to 1993, Italy won ten awards, France won seven awards, Sweden won four awards, and Japan, the former Soviet Union and the Federal Republic of Germany each won three awards.
Since 1929, the Academy Awards have been selected and awarded once a year without interruption. All films staged from 1 month 1 day to1February 3 1 day last year can participate in the selection. The selection of the Oscar goes through two rounds of voting. The first round is nomination voting, which is first nominated by the subordinate departments of the college (by secret ballot). Nominated films will be shown in turn at the headquarters of the college, and then all members of the college will vote in the second round (by secret ballot). Finally, the number of votes will determine the award of this film.
The list of winners is highly confidential. After the members of the college voted, all the votes were handed over to the American accounting firm Price-waterhouse for statistics. The ballot papers are kept in a safe and guarded by armed guards day and night. After the statistics, all the documents were burned and kept absolutely confidential. The winners will be placed in a sealed envelope until the award day, and will be publicly announced by the MC.
The Oscar judging rules consist of two parts: the rules of judging institutions and the rules of judging awards.
Generally speaking, the judging organization of Oscar is not complicated, and it is divided into two levels: pyramid. The highest level is the jury of the president of the college, which consists of the jury of the college branch. Members of the Chairman's Jury are selected from 65,438+04 affiliated associations (Actors Association, Directors Association, Art Directors Association, Photography Association, Artists Association, Screenwriters Association, Film Editing Association, Film Producers Association, Music Association, Recording Association, Public Relations Association, Short Film and Long Film Animation Association, Visual Effects and Authors Association). Except that the chairman of the presidium is from the film editing association, other members elect three representatives from other associations. The members of the presidium include the chairman, the first vice-chairman, two vice-chairmen, the treasurer and the secretary-general, with a term of one year and no more than four consecutive terms. The management activities of the college are mainly carried out under the supervision of administrative personnel appointed by the president of the college. The term of office of the members of the presidium is one year, and they can be re-elected for no more than three times in the same position. The main conditions for the selection of members of the presidium are your contribution and reputation in the industry and the recommendation of at least two serving members. In addition to the professional judges, the jury of the branch under the presidium also includes a huge team of volunteer members, with five or six thousand volunteer members in each branch, which is actually the real source of Oscar influence.
Compared with the rules of Oscar's judging organization, the rules of Oscar's judging awards are quite complicated, with dozens of pages. Although the annual rules of the Oscars have hardly changed in recent years, they will be published in official website on time and meticulously.
The topics of the rules include several parts-the qualifications of participating films, voting rules and the specific selection methods of each award.
The college's restrictions on the qualifications of participating films
1, the length of the feature film is more than 40 minutes, and it has been shown in public with 35mm or 740mm film or non-video tape.
2. To be screened in commercial theaters in Los Angeles, and the advertising and market development during this screening period are in line with industry practice, the screening time must be between 65438+ 10/in 2003 and 65438+February 3 1 in 2003.
Before it is released in Los Angeles, it must be premiered in commercial theaters outside the United States. If the film is not shown in the cinema (such as radio, cable TV, home video and internet), it is not eligible to participate in the Oscar selection. It can't be shown in the media outside the cinema within six months after the premiere, and it can be shown in the media outside the cinema after six months.
4. Submit before the deadline stipulated in the award.
5. When the film is submitted, it should be accompanied by a comprehensive, true and reliable list of film producers, as well as the name and release date of the Los Angeles cinema where the film is shown.
6. Films submitted to this Council for review cannot be recalled on June 65438+1October 365438+1October 2004.
7. The Council will finalize the eligibility. The Council will not be disturbed by any man-made obstacles, and it will make its own independent decision on the selection of awards.
8. In case of any dispute, the Bureau reserves the right to retain the award until the dispute is resolved.
Incentive voting rule restrictions
1, the final round of voting for various awards is only eligible for active lifelong college members.
2. Eligible films will be included in the annual "screening list" of Oscar.
3. Except for the performance award voting, the leaflet "Selection Projection Form" for nomination voting only refers to the names of participating films, excluding the names of relevant individuals.
4. Nominations and awards are elected by secret ballot. The college provides printed ballots and votes are cast by secret ballot. A qualified notary appointed by the dean of the college will open and count the votes.
5. In the nomination voting, all voting adopts the priority selection and weighted average system. Non-nominated films are not eligible to participate in the final selection.
6. There shall be no more than five nominations for each award.
7. If a nominated film is disqualified by the board of directors for some special reason, no new film will be added to fill the vacancy, and this item will enter the next round of voting with one less nomination.
8. If the winning film is co-produced, the author of the work will get a golden statuette, unless the number of awards in this award is limited. If two films get the same score in the final vote, both films will win the prize.
As for the selection rules of various specific awards, due to space limitations, I won't list them here. But we should pay special attention to the selection rules of the best foreign language film, because it seems to be closely related to us.
Rules for the Selection of Best Foreign Language Film
1. A foreign language film that participates in the Oscar refers to a film that is more than 40 minutes long, distributed and produced outside the United States, and mainly uses non-English as the language.
2. The participating foreign language films must be premiered in China within a specified period of time, and continuously shown in commercial theaters for more than seven days with 35mm or 70mm film.
3. The chosen dialogue should be the mother tongue of the country. Accurate and expressive English movie titles are needed.
4. A country can only submit one film.
5. The College will issue a formal application form to the participating institutions for the participating film production companies to fill in the details. On the assumed date, the college office must receive the film registration form, actor list, producer list, short English medicine, director introduction, film poster, etc.
6. At the same time, send a copy of the film, and the content must be the same as the original.
7. The Foreign Language Film Judges Award produced five best nominations by secret ballot.
8. Only those active lifelong college members are eligible to participate in the final round of voting for the best foreign language film.
9. Foreign language films can also participate in other awards, but only if they are shown in commercial theaters in Los Angeles for at least seven consecutive days, and the advertising and market development during this screening period are in line with industry practice and must be shown within the specified time period.
10, after winning the best foreign language film award, the director will receive the Oscar award on behalf of the team.
One of Oscar strategies: establishing authority
Oscar's authority cannot be established overnight. On the one hand, it depends on its strict implementation of rules and respect for film art; On the other hand, it is completely exposed to political light. In the early days of Oscar, I advocated positioning myself as a non-governmental organization and always keeping a respectful distance from the official. /kloc-during the 1920s, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party of the United States were controlled by the financial oligarch Morgan Group and the corporate chaebol Rockefeller respectively. At this time, the American film industry began to emerge, and the two consortia tried their best to control all aspects of the eight major Hollywood film companies. Warner and Fox have taken time and money to file lawsuits, both of which ended in failure. At the same time, the two consortia also expressed their concern about the Oscar award through the White House as the general agent. The 4th Academy Awards not only paid the conference fee, but also sent the vice president to the venue. Although this move was self-love by the White House under the control of the consortium to satisfy its own selfish interests, the college may not appreciate it, but it played a great role in expanding its momentum and establishing the prestige of the college.
Since then, two presidents have visited the Oscar ceremony, the first 13 (194 1) President Roosevelt and the 39th (1966) President Reagan. However, the nature of the president's attendance at this time was completely different from that of the vice president of that year: Roosevelt's attendance was to commend Hollywood's special role in the anti-fascist war, while Reagan's attendance was.
Oscar's second strategy: follow suit
Although Oscar is at the forefront of film popular art, it is rarely unconventional, and most of the time it chooses to follow suit, especially in special periods. During World War II, the 5th 1942 Oscar awarded six awards to the timely work Madame Miniver, but in the 1970s, with the start of the US-Vietnam War, domestic anti-war sentiment was growing day by day, and the 5th 1978 Oscar (1978). Here is another example to prove that anyone who cares a little about movies knows Forrest Gump, which swept the 67th Oscar (1994) and won 13 nominations (and finally won six awards). Because of Forrest Gump's appearance, the annual Oscar selection has also become many classic works-the lion king, the lion king, the lion king. But little known is that Forrest Gump is actually the product of Oscar's response to the long-standing strong anti-intellectual sentiment in American society and his call for healing the pain of Vietnam War. Finally, Oscar's "drifting with the flow" only focuses on the theme of the film, and does not lower the standard of judging the artistic requirements of the film. The above-mentioned films are remarkable in subject matter, but they are also outstanding in artistic level.
Oscar's third policy: box office decides everything.
Speaking of Oscar, there is a topic that can never be avoided, that is, what should Oscar judges do between "art" and "business" when evaluating excellent films? This is also one of the biggest controversies caused by Oscar over the years. Usually, the Oscar judges take a compromise approach to this. The selected films are generally both "art" and "business", and the two achieve the best combination point, neither high-spirited nor depressed, avoiding the suspicion of vulgar narration. But there are inevitable years, and there are films that are extremely "artistic" but also extremely "box office poison". In this case, Hollywood judges often choose to give up. Citizen Kane, which ranked first in American classic movies in the last century, is an example. At the14th Academy Awards, the Academy did not reform the awarding rules, but adopted the selection system of senior film critics. Experts were impressed by the superb film skills of Citizen Kane and gave nine nominations. However, the mediocre box office performance since the film was released and the cold response from the public made the judges feel quite difficult in the final evaluation. After careful consideration, they gave the grand prize to their rivals, "How Green is My Valley" and "Citizen Kane", and only won one best.
The fourth strategy of Oscar: the creator of suspense
1940, Hitchcock's famous thriller Butterfly Dream won the 13th Oscar. Similarly, the Oscar has entered its suspense journey-starting from this year, the winners list will be sealed, and no one has the right to know the results until the host opens it at the award ceremony. This practice is undoubtedly the crowning touch of Oscar, and has since become a model for many international film festivals.
Oscar is like a pool of deep water, and under the splash of spray is a turbulent undercurrent. Oscar was pushed to the world's attention, in addition to its own "software and hardware" harmonious collocation, there is a deeper reason, that is, interests. According to industry estimates, if a film is nominated for an Oscar, its box office added value will be around 30 million dollars, and if it wins the prize, its box office income will increase by 20 million dollars. For example, 198 1, Polar Station won the best feature film award, and earned nearly15 million dollars in three weeks after winning the award. Shakespeare's love story, which is close to us, was released at the end of February, 1998. When it was nominated in February of the following year, the box office revenue was 36.3 million US dollars. After being nominated for an Oscar, the box office more than doubled, earning another $36.7 million. After winning the grand prize at the end of March, it added another $27 million. It is estimated that 60% of the box office of the film is directly related to its popularity at the Oscars. Moreover, after the film won the prize, the reward for the actors was quite rich. Not only is my value rising, but I can also get considerable material rewards. I can even make a deep impression on the world film history with the authority of Oscar.
For these reasons, major Hollywood film companies bet on a film almost every year and invest huge amounts of advertising investment in it. Since the early 1950s, two periodical publications in Hollywood, Joint Performance Daily and Hollywood Report, have become the main battlefields of major production companies, and they bought out many pages to publish movie advertisements. For example, on the eve of the 1984 Oscar selection, MGM and the United States bought a 3 1 page joint performance daily newspaper, and Paramount bought a 28-page annual film, Mother and Daughter. Not to be outdone, 20th Century Fox Film Company and AB Film Company bought a 50-page advertisement of hilker Wood in one breath. It can be calculated that the advertising price of magazines at that time was $3,500 per page, and the expenses of major companies on page advertising were as high as geometry. In addition, major production companies have to spend a lot of money on prime-time TV advertisements. Nowadays, the Internet has also become the main means for them to compete for film promotion.
The production company of propaganda film mainly wants to expand its influence among the public and win the box office through various media. But the influence of public opinion alone is not enough to win the prize, because the Oscar votes are firmly in the hands of the college judges. If the production company wants to win the game, it must take "extreme measures".
Seizing the seat of the Oscar jury has become an effective trick tried and tested by major production companies. Let's look at the following example: As mentioned above, the early Oscars grew up with the support of several major production companies. Among them, MGM undoubtedly occupies an absolute advantage in the college (this is not only MGM's own strong economic strength, but also its general manager Louis B Meyer's great contribution to the establishment of the college), and the first chairman of the college is MGM's famous silent film star douglas fairbanks. In the first decade of the college's establishment, the best film award was almost won by MGM. At that time, there was a saying in Hollywood: "As long as you sign a contract with MGM, you are eligible to win the prize."
Best film and nomination list of previous Oscars
2007 (79th session)
win a prize
Infernal Affairs (2006)
nominate
Little Miss Sunshine (Little Beauty).
Letter from iwo jima.
Queen (queen)
Tower of Babel
2006 (class of 78)
win a prize
Crash (2004)
nominate
Capote (2005)
Brokeback Mountain (2005) Brokeback Mountain
Good night and good luck. Good night and good luck.
Munich (2005) Munich
2005 (class of 77)
win a prize
Million Dollar Baby (2004) Million Dollar Baby
nominate
Pilot (2004) leaflet
Life with a glass of wine (2004)
Finding neverland (2004)
Lei (2004) Lei
2004 (class of 76)
win a prize
The Lord of the Rings: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) The Lord of the Rings III: The Return of the King.
nominate
Lost in Tokyo (2003)
Master and Commander: On the other side of the world (2003), master and commander.
Mysterious River (2003) Mysterious River
Ocean Biscuits (2003) Pentium Age
2003 (seventy-fifth session)
win a prize
Chicago (2002) Chicago
nominate
Pianist (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) The Lord of the Rings 2: The Two Towers.
The Hours (2002)
New York Gangster (2002) New York Gangster
2002 (74th session)
win a prize
Beautiful mind, beautiful mind
nominate
Moulin Rouge (200 1) Moulin Rouge
Lord of the Rings: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (200 1) Lord of the Rings I: The Lord of the Rings first appeared.
Unexpected edge in the bedroom (200 1)
Gosford Park (200 1) Gosford Manor
200 1 (73rd)
win a prize
Gladiator (2000) Gladiator
nominate
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
Drug trafficking network (2000)
Erin brockovich (2000)
Chocolate (2000) Love chocolate
2000 (72nd session)
win a prize
American Beauty (1999) American Beauty
nominate
Sixth Sense (1999) Sixth Sense
The insider (1999) shocked the inside story.
Green Mileage (1999) Green Mileage
The rule of cider house (1999) always has sunny days.
1999(7 1)
win a prize
Shakespeare in love (1998) Shakespeare's love history
nominate
Beautiful Life (1997)
Thin red line (1998) red warning
Saving Private Ryan (1998) Saving Private Ryan
Elizabeth (1998) Elizabeth
1998(70 sessions)
win a prize
Titanic (1997) Titanic
nominate
Los Angeles Confidential (1997) Los Angeles Confidential
Goodwill Hunting (1997) The sun is like me.
Six strong men (1997) takes off to the finish line.
Perfect (1997) Perfect.
1997 (No.69)
win a prize
The English Patient (1996) The English Patient.
nominate
Shine (1996) shine
Secrets & Lies (1996) Secrets and Lies
Jerry Maguire (1996) Mr. Sweetheart
Fargo (1996) strange murder case of vanishing cream
1996 (No.68)
win a prize
Brave heart (1995)
nominate
Reason and Emotion (1995) Reason and Emotion
PO Box Number (1994)
Beibei (1995) Pig Bao Bei
Apollo 13 (1995)
1995 (sixty-seventh session)
win a prize
Forrest Gump (1994) Forrest Gump
nominate
The Shawshank Redemption
Quiz quiz show (1994)
Pulp Fiction (1994)
Four weddings and one funeral (1994) Four weddings and one funeral.
1994 (No.66)
win a prize
Schindler list (1993) Schindler list
nominate
Tiancan (1993) bid farewell to all beings.
Piano, (1993) Piano couplet
In the name of the father (1993) in the name of the father.
The rich man (1993) is a fugitive.
1993 (sixty-fifth session)
win a prize
Unforgettable (1992) unforgivable.
nominate
Woman's Taste (1992) Woman's Taste
Howards end (1992) I can find out the truth.
Several heroes (1992) are heroic in the sea of righteousness.
Crying game (1992) Crying game
1992 (No.64)
win a prize
Silent Lamb (199 1) Silent Lamb.
nominate
Prince of Tides (199 1) Prince of Tides
JFK (199 1) was a terrible assassination.
Bugsy (199 1) first generation lover Bis
Beauty and the Beast (199 1)
199 1 (sixty-third session)
win a prize
Dance with the Wolf (1990) Dance with the Wolf.
nominate
Boy (1990) boy.
Godfather: Part III (1990) Godfather III
Ghost (1990) The ghost is still alive.
Wake up (1990) speechless.
1990(62 sessions)
win a prize
Drive Miss Dai (1989) Drive Miss Dai.
nominate
My left foot (1989)
Dreamland (1989)
Dead Poets Society (1989) Dead Poets Society
Born on July 4th (1989).
1989 (Session 6 1)
win a prize
Rain Man (1988) Rain Man
nominate
Female migrant workers (1988).
Mississippi Burning (1988) violent blood storm
Dangerous contact (1988) Dangerous contact
Unexpected tourists (1988) unexpected passengers.
1988 (sixtieth session)
win a prize
The last emperor (1987), the last emperor.
nominate
The moonlight is sultry (1987).
Hope and Glory (1987) Hope and Glory
Fatal temptation (1987) Fatal temptation
Broadcast news (1987) Receive broadcast news.
1987 (fifty-ninth session)
win a prize
Pai (1986) Pai
nominate
A room with a view (1986).
Church (1986)
Hannah and her sisters (1986) Hannah's sisters
Little God's Child (1986) Poor God's daughter.
1986 (58th session)
win a prize
Out of Africa (1985) Out of Africa
nominate
Witness (1985) Witness
Pritz's honor (1985) Pritz's honor.
Kiss of the spider woman (1985) kiss of the spider woman
Color purple (1985) purple
1985 (57th session)
win a prize
Amadeus (1984) Biography of Mozart
nominate
The story of a soldier (1984) is personal.
The place in my heart (1984) is deep in my heart.
India trip (1984) India trip
The killing battlefield (1984) was slaughtered by the war.
1984 (56th session)
win a prize
Intimate words (1983) Mother and daughter are deeply in love.
nominate
Compassion (1983) tender sympathy
Right thing (1983) is the pioneer of space exploration.
Dresser (1983) scuffle
Great cold (1983) reunites mountains and rivers.
1983
win a prize
Gandhi (1982) Biography of Gandhi
nominate
Judgment (1982) trial
My Fair Lady/a quiet and modest maiden
Missing (1982)
Extraterritorial aliens (1982)
1982 (54th session)
win a prize
Chariot of Fire (198 1) Chariot of Fire
nominate
Red Man (198 1) is in full swing in Wan Li.
Raiders of the lost ark (198 1) raiders of the lost ark
About Golden Pond (198 1) Golden Pond
Atlantic city (1980) Atlantic city
198 1 (fifty-third session)
win a prize
Ordinary people (1980)
nominate
Tess (1979) Tess
Angry Bull (1980) Angry Bull
Elephant Man (1980) Elephant Man
The daughter of a coal miner (1980), the daughter of a miner.
1980(52 sessions)
win a prize
Kramer to Kramer (1979) Kramer to Kramer
nominate
Norma Rui (1979) Norma Rui
break