□ Sensitive questions and open questions are placed at the back of the questionnaire.
If sensitive questions, such as gender and income, come first, respondents will be disgusted and refuse to answer more. If you encounter these questions in the future, even if the interviewee refuses to answer sensitive questions, all the information of non-sensitive questions that have been answered will be retained. Open-ended questions should also be postponed, even if they involve non-sensitive questions, because they usually require more consideration from the interviewee and the interviewer's writing, so it takes longer to answer than closed-ended questions. If the interviewee takes 15 minutes to answer the first question of 100, or finds the first question difficult to answer, he may come to the conclusion that he has no time to complete the questionnaire, or it may take too much time and energy to answer it, and may refuse to continue.
□ Ask simple questions first.
The first question on the questionnaire should be easy to answer. They should not pose a threat to the respondents, and they should be aware that there are completely different answer options. The first question should generally be about a fact, not an opinion or belief, and should not be considered. A question about gender or age is better than a question about philosophy of life. Open-ended questions generally involve facts such as age, gender, marital status, occupation and education (but not income, etc.). ). If possible, open-ended questions should be questions that respondents are interested in and can motivate them to complete the questionnaire.
□ First ask the information required for the following questions.
If the information such as family members' names is obtained first, it will help the interviewee to recall the problems involving other family members.
□ Arrange the questions in a logical order
Generally speaking, people will arrange their answers to questions in some common order, such as chronological order. Therefore, researchers should follow this convention when designing questionnaires. It goes without saying that when the questionnaire asks the interviewee about his employment history, if he answers it in chronological order, that is, from his first occupation to his present occupation, or from his present occupation to his first occupation, the interviewee will find it easy to answer. Don't ask the second occupation, then the fifth occupation and then the fourth occupation in the questionnaire. Except in chronological order, most questionnaires have some kind of structure or "frame of reference", which generally depends on the topic under study. In a specific questionnaire, there are often several reference subframes. For example, one reference frame can be career history, another is marriage history, another is the birth date of the child, and the other is contraception, all of which can be used in the same birth survey. Generally speaking, it is best to deal with one reference system before dealing with the next. For example, ask all the questions about the interviewee's occupation first, and then turn to the questions about contraception. If someone asks the interviewee his first occupation, then asks a sexual question, and then goes back to ask the second occupation, then the interviewee's attention and thinking sequence may be destroyed.
□ Avoid establishing reaction tendency.
The rules just mentioned advocate the establishment of a logical sequence, such as time sequence, to prevent problems or confusion of reference systems and to suddenly jump from one reference system to another. However, this is not a hard rule that cannot be changed; At any time, as long as researchers think it is necessary to establish a logical order, or ask many consecutive questions about the same problem, it is possible to establish a reaction tendency. "Reaction tendency" is the tendency to answer questions in a specific way, regardless of the content of the questions or the correct answers. As mentioned above, "social identity" is a kind of reaction tendency, which agrees with the statement that society wants and is supported by norms. This reaction tendency is easier to correct through the wording of questions than the order of questions. Another reaction tendency corrected mainly by question wording is "presupposition", that is, the tendency to answer "yes" instead of "no" and "agree" instead of "disagree". Another reaction tendency is corrected by the wording of the question, that is, "I prefer strong expression to gentle or hesitant expression."
Other reaction tendencies may be caused by the order of questions. For example, it is entirely possible that when asked about the income of each occupation from the beginning to the present, the respondents will increase the income of each occupation one by one, regardless of whether the income has actually increased.
If you suspect or see that the order of the questions has aroused the reaction tendency in an experimental interview, then the researcher has no choice but to change the order. He can randomize the order of the questions, or make the forms and/or answers of the questions different. The disadvantage of this is that the interviewee's thinking sequence may be interrupted. He may be confused because he needs to mark more answer options if he wants to change from one form to another. However, if the reaction trend can be broken, it is worthwhile to do so. Another advantage of mixing the form and order of questions is that the diversity of forms can make the questionnaire less boring for respondents, thus helping them to complete the form.
□ Divide the reliability test questions into two groups.
Paired questions-yes/no, are often used to test credibility. For example, in one part of the questionnaire, you can ask "Accepting (agreeing/disagreeing) certain gifts due to work should be absolutely forbidden", and in the later part, you can ask "Accepting (agreeing/disagreeing) certain gifts due to work should be allowed". If the question is not credible due to ambiguity or other reasons, the interviewee will disagree or agree with these two questions (the preset reaction tendency mentioned above may lead to agreeing with these two questions). Using this problem matching method will not solve the problem of preset reaction tendency, but it can make researchers find unreliable problems and remove them from the data analysis of this interviewee or the whole sample.
Obviously, people will not put these two questions together in pairs, because if they do, all the interviewees will eventually understand that their answers must be the same (so as not to appear "stupid"), and then the original intention of using repeated questions will disappear. Moreover, if there are many such pairs, they should not be arranged in order. For example, the positive form should not always come first, and the choice of the first question should be random. Even if the questions are mixed in the questionnaire, they are often found, especially if there are many such pairs, or if the interviewee has answered many questionnaires and knows in advance that there will be such a "yes/no" pair. Respondents find it bad to be right, so they should avoid being right as much as possible. There are at least three reasons: (1) Respondents will deliberately give consistent answers to the two questions, thus failing to achieve their goals. (2) Respondents spent too much time reviewing the questionnaire to find out how they answered the previous question. This may make him feel so embarrassed that he is impatient to answer the questionnaire before he finishes it. (3) The interviewer may interpret dividing the questions into two groups as a trick to catch him cheating. String 9
□ Arrange measurement items according to the needs of answering questions.
Some questions in the questionnaire are that the measurement items are very common. Researchers must decide whether to combine the measurement items together or separate them. If they can be grouped together, researchers can use "agree/disagree" as the topic of the whole group without having to repeat the answer options of each question. If non-metric items have the same answer options, that's fine. One of the main reasons for advocating the decentralization of measurement items is that if they are listed together, respondents will seek a form of answer, or they will guess what they are measuring and answer accordingly.
-Let questions have many different lengths and forms.
As mentioned briefly in the discussion on reaction tendency above, researchers may wish to diversify the questions in the form of questions, the form of answers, the length, the openness and the proximity. This helps to keep the respondents interested, but it may also make the questionnaire more difficult to answer.
□ Determine whether "funnel technology" is applicable.
Some social researchers advocate that the order of problems should be arranged in a funnel shape. According to funnel technology, we should ask a wide range of general or even open questions first, and then ask more specific questions, so that the funnel becomes narrower and narrower. This technology makes the interviewee feel uncomfortable by asking some non-threatening (even irrelevant) questions first. By using funnel technology and "screening" questions, researchers can determine whether a specific question is suitable for the interviewee, thus avoiding asking inappropriate questions. The filtered or screened questions determine whether the follow-up questions are suitable for the interviewees. For example, the researchers first asked the respondents whether they smoked, instead of asking them how many cigarettes they smoked or what brand of cigarettes they smoked. If you answer "No", skip the specific question about smoking. If the general or open-ended questions asked first are easy to answer, then the funnel technique works. But it's best to ask easy-to-answer, closed-ended questions about facts, and then ask particularly sensitive questions and open-ended questions. In any case, everyone agrees that the beginning of the questionnaire should help the respondents feel at home.
What principles should be followed in questionnaire design? The first is language accuracy. Questionnaire is the medium and bridge for language communication and information communication between investigators and respondents. If the questionnaire designer uses improper words in the design, it will cause misunderstanding to the respondents and bring great trouble to the investigators' next improvement work. Furthermore, the tone is mild, and the communication and interaction of the questionnaire is the communication process between the investigator and the respondent. As you can imagine, a questionnaire with strong tone is hard to be treated sincerely by the respondents, so the information reflected in the questionnaire will not be true and effective, and the questionnaire will lose its meaning. Of course, blindly relaxing the tone and quoting a lot of technical terms and flowery rhetoric will also confuse the respondents and the information they get will not be accurate.
Furthermore, the theme is clear and the thinking is clear. Generally speaking, the main part of the questionnaire is the question of concern, and the questionnaire designer also follows a certain main idea when arranging the order of questions. Because the design order of questions is from shallow to deep and from shallow to deep, the respondents' attention is gradually increasing. If the topic is not clear, it is difficult for respondents to keep pace with the rhythm of questions. If the order of topic design is reversed, it will also cause the respondent's incompatibility.
In addition, the questionnaire questions should not be too long, and the length of the questionnaire should not be too long. When writing questions, questionnaire designers should try their best to make the language concise, simplify the questions and eliminate the resistance of respondents. When expressing problems, be concise and easy to understand. Many times, people's patience is limited, and the length of the questionnaire is too long, which "scares" the respondents to a certain extent. The long and complicated questions will make the respondents dissatisfied with this questionnaire. Accurate language, mild tone, clear theme, clear thinking, concise question setting and short questionnaire length can make designers get twice the result with half the effort in questionnaire design.
What principles should be followed in arranging programs? What principles should be followed in arranging the order of nursing diagnosis?
Answer: (1) Arrange according to Maslow's hierarchy theory of basic human needs. According to Maslow's basic human needs hierarchy theory, the problem that physiological needs can't be met is solved first. Maslow's theory does not explain the priority of various physiological needs, so the problem that poses the greatest threat to the balance of physiological functions should be ranked first. For example, the demand for oxygen takes precedence over the demand for water, and the demand for water takes precedence over the demand for food.
(2) Pay attention to the subjective feelings of the clients. According to the client's personal values, lifestyle, views and feelings on health issues, in the case of no conflict with the principles of treatment and nursing, consult with the client and give priority to solving his physical and mental needs according to his wishes.
(3) generally solve the existing problems first. It is generally believed that existing problems should be solved first, but sometimes potential problems and cooperation problems are not the first optimal problems, and sometimes the latter is more important than the former. Nurses should comprehensively evaluate potential problems based on theoretical knowledge and clinical experience. For example, large-scale burns are in shock stage, and there is a danger of insufficient body fluids. If it is not prevented in time, it will endanger the life of patients and should be classified as a first-class problem.
In order to ensure the strength and stability of the wall, what principles should be followed in the arrangement order of bricks? 1. Make sure the mud is full when laying. 2, the wall should be vertical. 3, brick to stagger, shall not overlap. 4, low temperature masonry. It is necessary to properly control the drying speed of the wall.
What psychological principles should be followed in designing and arranging questionnaire questions?
From easy to difficult; From familiar to unfamiliar; There are behavior problems first, then attitude problems; The questions of interest rank first, and the questions of concern rank last; The auxiliary problem comes first, and the sensitivity problem comes last.
What principles should the teahouse design follow? I am the tea company here. I can send you the joining plan for your reference. The innovative model of tea industry will increase sales by 3-5 times.
What principles should a web page design follow? 1. Define content: a web page should first consider the content of the website, including the functions of the website and the needs of users, and the whole design should be carried out around these aspects. If you don't understand the needs of web users, the designed network documents are almost meaningless. If you want to design an online electronic trading system, there is no need to list some literature and art, otherwise it will only arouse users' disgust.
2. Harmony and unity of colors: Web page design should achieve two purposes of conveying information and aesthetics, and pleasant web page color matching can make visitors unforgettable. The color design of web pages should follow the principle of "overall coordination and regional comparison".
3. Update regularly: In addition to updating the content in time, it is necessary to improve the layout and color every once in a while to keep visitors fresh about the website, otherwise a large number of visitors will be lost.
4. Compatibility of platforms: It is best to test in different browsers and resolutions. The basic principle is to ensure a good effect in the version above IE 5, and it can be displayed normally at resolutions of 1024×768 and 800×600. In addition, the code written in Java and ActiveX should be as little as possible on the web page, because not every browser can support it well.
5. Open quickly: I believe that everyone has encountered such a situation, and finally found a link of interest from the search engine, but finally gave up because of the delay in opening. According to statistics, the average person can only endure about 30 seconds from choosing the page he wants to see to downloading it through Inter. Experts from the Digital Media College of our school believe that the speed of web page opening is not only related to the server performance and bandwidth capacity, but also directly related to the file size and code quality of web pages.
6. Clear navigation: Don't have too many navigation items. Generally, 5~9 links are appropriate, but only a few main pages can be listed. If there is a lot of information and you really need to create a large number of navigation links, you can try to list them in a hierarchical directory or create a search form for visitors to search by entering keywords.
What principles should be followed in job design to investigate and diagnose the original working conditions, so as to decide whether to carry out job design and what aspects to improve it. Generally speaking, the decline of employees' job satisfaction, low enthusiasm and low work mood are all phenomena that need to be designed.