1) The body length is from the mouth to the tail (this measurement should be made before peeling).

2) The length of the mouth peak is the linear distance from the base feather of the mouth to the tip of the upper mouth.

3) The wing length is separated from the wing angle (i.e. wrist joint) to the apex of the longest flight feather.

4) The linear distance from the root of the tail feather to the tip of the longest tail feather.

5) The attachment length is from the midpoint behind the lacuna and attachment joint to the lower edge of diatonic scale in front of the attachment gap and middle toe joint.

Second, northern birds peel specimens.

The materials for making specimens should be complete, clean and fresh. Stripping personnel should know the behavior, habits and habitat of the object, mainly the life form, anatomical structure and physiological structure, and carefully measure and record its weight, body length, wing length, leg length, tail length, mouth length, chest height, chest width, age, sex, origin, collection date, order, family, genus and species. After the scalpels, scissors, tweezers, antiseptic drugs, fillers and protective articles are ready, the peeling work can be carried out. The specific operation process is as follows.

(1) peeling

One is to stuff cotton in the bird's mouth and dirty door respectively to prevent the polluted feathers from flowing out of it when peeling. Open the belly of the bird upward from the midline of the chest, and separate the feathers at the midline of the chest to both sides with the index finger and thumb of the left hand. Hold the scalpel in your right hand from the chest (the apex of the keel process) to the front end of the abdominal dirty door, and open the skin. Stop when you see meat. Don't cut the muscles and abdomen. Sprinkle some gypsum powder on the feathers and the skin on both sides of the opening, so that blood, fat or sticky substances under the skin will not pollute the feathers and stick together. Hold one side of the skin with the left hand, insert the knife between the skin and the muscle with the right hand, and stick the blade inward on the body for blunt peeling. The order of peeling is from front to back and from front to back. When stripping to the leg, hold the attached bone with the left hand, push the cavity bone inward to make the knee joint protrude, cut off or cut off from the knee joint, and make the lower part of the femur separate from the body. The other side does the same. When the legs are separated from the body, they are stripped of dirty doors and tails. Cut the rectum from the end of the rectum, peel it off, and cut the coccyx at the end of the coccyx, so that the tail can be separated from the body. At this time, the body will stand up, the hips will tilt up and the back will peel off. Peel off the shoulder, cut it off from the shoulder joint, and separate the wings from the body. Then peel the skin forward, grab the trunk with your right hand and separate the neck skin with your left hand (without a knife). When the skull is exposed, grab the neck with your left hand and peel the skin off the head with your right hand. When you see a white membrane, it means that you have reached the external auditory canal. Cut off the eardrum and peel it forward in order until the eyes are separated and all the eyeballs are exposed. Meng's skin has been separated into basal ones. Skin and skull should be connected. At this time, the whole neck and body parts were cut off along the occipital bone from the first cervical vertebra, and the peeling work was basically completed. For birds with long neck, big head and thin neck, such as cranes and swans, it is necessary to add a mouth backwards on the top of the head or the ventral surface of the head to cut off all the necks until the skin of the head is peeled off.

(2) Removal and preservation of meat

1. Meat removal

It is to remove soft tissues such as muscle and fat remaining on bone marrow and skin. Head: insert silver-containing cotton into the brain cavity from the foramen magnum, squeeze out the brain and repeat it until it is clean. Use a knife, scissors and electroplating to remove the eyeball, tongue, muscles and soft tissues of all parts.

Wings: first lift the old bone, peel off the surrounding skin, remove the muscles on the oboro bone, then send it into the skin, then spread the wings, with the inside facing upwards, and cut it from the elbow joint along the ulnar flexion position to the phalanx end in turn. The skin on both sides is separated and the muscles here are removed. O for birds smaller than pigeons, skin can be peeled off from the side bone to the toe bone to remove the muscles here. There is no need to do it again. Mouth, legs and appendages: the muscles on the cavity bone are removed in exactly the same position as the inverted jaw bone. To remove the tendon and other tissues in the bone grinding part, a small opening is usually made in the center of the sole of the foot, and lead wire with hook is inserted from the opening to hook out the bone, factory and muscle.

Tail: Scrape with a knife or cut off the flesh and blood, fat and sebaceous glands around the tail heald and tail feather root with scissors. At the root of the tail feather, remember not to pick one by one like picking your teeth (and don't scrape off all the meat here) to prevent the tail feather from separating and falling off.

2. The role of anti-corrosion fixation

Curing protein to prevent microbial corruption; Prevent feathers from falling off, so that specimens can be preserved for a long time. Generally, before filling or connecting the prosthesis, the antiseptic fixative is coated on the inner side of the skin. Here are some antiseptic fixatives.

Pishuang ointment is a highly toxic drug, but it is also the most commonly used preservative, with the best anti-corrosion and fixation effect. Special care should be taken when using. The proportion of Pishuang ointment is: soft soap 1500g, Pishuang 500g, and Bangnao powder 30g. Add a proper amount of water and stir into a paste. The proportion of non-toxic preservative: 65,438+0.30g of acid building powder, 60g of brain powder and 60g of burnt BenQ powder. Stir well and serve.

In the simplest case, you can also use "666" powder or brain powder preservative alone. Toes that are not easy to be coated with preservatives should be soaked in 75% alcohol solution for 2-4 hours to play an antiseptic role, and 2.5% fenpropathrin solvent or powder (3) can also be used.

1. Make a prosthesis (or model)

The choice of prosthesis material should be light and easy to insert and fix the lead. Usually, straw, bamboo silk, wood silk or foam are used as materials and bound according to the shape of the trunk.

Cut or saw out a prosthesis with similar shape. Prosthetics are generally one-fifth to one-quarter smaller than the actual body.

2. Preparation of leads and penetration of each part (six leads are connected in series):

Six lead wires are used to support the head and neck, tail, wings and legs respectively. The selection of lead wire thickness should be based on the principle of being able to support all parts, being easy to insert and fix, and being able to bend and stretch during molding. The general rule of selecting lead wire is that the legs are thick, followed by the head and neck, and the wings and tails are slightly thin. For the convenience of use, these six leads should be straight and sharpened at both ends. Cylindrical prostheses are usually wrapped around the wire with cotton at the neck. This cylinder should be solid, not empty, and wrapped with thin thread. The neck prosthesis is shorter than the original entity. When it is ready, insert thick lead wire step by step. Head: pad the eye socket with sticky mud or protrude slightly. At this time, the wire on the cervical prosthesis is inserted into the human skull from the occipital hole along the back of the upper collar, and then the wire or needle thread passes through the two ear canals and is wound on the cervical prosthesis to fix the skull and the cervical prosthesis. Then the skin of the head and neck will fade back, let the feathers face outwards, and then pull out the eye socket with the handle to make it symmetrical.

Wings: lead wire is inserted from the inner surface of the skin and passes through the keel, ulna, scratch bone and phalanx. The inserted leads are pre-bent according to the natural state of each joint. Then, the inserted wires are connected with the bone segments with wires or thin wires. Leg: Insert the lead wire from the center of the sole of the foot into the back of the attached bone, penetrate into the inner surface of the skin through the cavity bone, and leave some lead wires at both ends for fixation (the insertion order can also be reversed). After wearing it, connect the lead wire with the cavity bone with thread, apply antiseptic, and wrap cotton around the cavity bone to replace the original muscle. Finally, put the skin back and stretch it. After inserting the lead according to the position, start to connect the lead at each position with the prosthesis as a whole. The order of fixation is from front to back: first, put the neck lead through the center of the prosthesis; The wires of the wing pass through both sides of the front end of the prosthesis respectively; The wires of the legs cross from the positions slightly behind the centers of the two sides of the prosthesis respectively; The tail lead is inserted into the skin from between the lower covering feather and the tail feather, and passes through the prosthesis longitudinally. These wires are fixed in the same way. The wires are inserted into the hook in the direction opposite to the direction in which the wires are inserted into the prosthesis, and the hook is inserted into the prosthesis, so that the six wires and the prosthesis are connected into a whole. At this time, we should pay attention to straightening the skin along the stretch and pulling it horizontally to correct the longitudinal pulling of the skin when peeling.

Step 3 Fill and sew

There are many fillers, such as cotton, bamboo, silk, coconut and hemp. The choice of filler can be suitable for different places, depending on the size of the material and the thickness of the bird skin. Bird skin is thin, cotton or soft filaments should be used as filler; Bird skin is thick and big, so it can get twice the result with half the effort to choose fillers with high expansion performance. Improper selection of filler will affect the production effect. The purpose of filling is to make up for the part that the prosthesis can't display. Fill in the form according to the animal's morphological characteristics, and fill in the bird's chest, abdomen, back, length, short, fat, thin and other characteristics. The general principle is: the bladder should be less full, the chest should be full, the abdomen should be filled, the back should be exposed, the legs should be full, and the shape should be realistic. The one-time filling amount should not be too large, but the filling times should be reduced to show the subtleties. The tightness of the filling should be appropriate. Novices in specimen making often have a bad grasp and go to two extremes. First, the filling is too little, and the skin is not completely propped up; Second, it is filled too much like iron. The correct filling is to fully prop up the skin and have a certain sense of looseness. This is helpful for visualization and feathering. Filling, sewing and feathering alternate. Fill a part, sew a part, sew a part of jl feather. The suture method is to insert the needle from the inside to the outside of the skin every time, and J is symmetrically sutured on both sides of the knife edge, and the needle spacing should be equal, from front to back. The size of the needle pitch is measured by not exposing the filler and needle thread.

(4) Plastic surgery

1.

The sewn sample initially forms the outline, structure and trend. If you make a normal specimen, you can fold the wings of the bird; Legs straight, slightly bent; Fold the nest neck to raise the head. If the body is too wide and fat, squeeze the sides in the middle. Feathers should be combed.

2. Put a bed board (or a supporting frame such as branches) on it.

Firstly, the specific position of the foot on the bedplate is designed and determined, then the hole is punched with an electric drill, and the lead wire of the sole of the foot is inserted into the hole of the bedplate to make the specimen stand up. If you feel that the position is not suitable, you can change the position. Finally, the lead wire inserted under the bedplate should be fixed, so that the specimen can be firmly fixed on the bedplate.

Install an artificial eye

An artificial eye is made of glass or plexiglass. The special colors of iris and Cheng Dong are painted with oil according to the actual colors of various birds. In order to prevent the pigment from changing color after being wetted, a little varnish can be added when coating. When installing the artificial eye, first lift the skin at the lower end of the orbit, put one end of the artificial eye into the skin at the lower end of the orbit, then insert a thin straight steel needle into the eyelid from the outside of the artificial eye at the lower end of the orbit, pry the eyelid up and wrap it around the artificial eye in turn. Then, straighten the line of sight of the prosthetic eye and put the eyelids in a natural state with silver.

4. Fine design and processing

When posing, we should take the physical object as the standard, choose the best and most beautiful form and shape it. In this process, it is necessary to be coordinated, symmetrical and reasonable, and with the cooperation of good posture design and feathers, to cover up all kinds of shortcomings of the specimens and achieve vivid purposes.

5. You can comb the feathers backwards to make them fluffy and easy to straighten out one by one. From down to face hair, from big hair to small hair should be carefully arranged. If the feathers of the wings are not easy to fit, they can be bandaged, but not too tight. For wider tail feathers, two pieces of cardboard can be used to clamp them up and down, and toes can be nailed to the bed board or bracket with pins respectively. These fixing accessories (bandages, pins, splints, etc. ) can be taken out after the specimen is completely dried.

The prepared specimens should be naturally dried in a cool and ventilated place. After completely drying, the faded parts of the feather area and exposed area should be coated with paint materials. Generally, the parts that need to be colored are face, crown, neck, sweet footprints, feet and skin. In addition, varnish should be coated on the horny parts, the attachment ZE parts of the legs, the toes and the public parts for protection.

(5) Others

1. Fill in the sample label

The specimen label of each specimen should indicate the name, sex, maturity, origin, death and production date.

2. The difference between fake undressing and real undressing.

The main difference between bird fake skinning specimens and posture specimens (real skinning specimens) is that fake skinning specimens have strict requirements on materials. Its main purpose is to do research and teaching for animal researchers, and it basically has no function of showing and appreciating. So it is simpler and easier than posture specimen making. You just need to do general filling stitching and feathering smoothing. You don't need to pose and don't disturb your eyes (or put cotton in your eyes). Cross your legs and attach specimen labels to your legs.