Even if it is dried by the wind and the sun, the wood will not be straight again, because it has been processed like this. Therefore, wood can be measured with ink lines, straightened with auxiliary tools, sharpened with swords on grindstones, and a gentleman can study extensively and reflect on himself every day, then he will be wise and his behavior will not be wrong.
Therefore, if you don't climb the mountain, you don't know how high the sky is; I don't know how thick the ground is without facing the deep stream; If you don't understand the legacy of the emperor, you won't know the breadth of knowledge. Children of michel platini, Vietnamese, foreigners and raccoons cry at birth with the same sound, but their customs are different when they grow up. This is because of education.
The Book of Songs says, "You are a gentleman, don't always covet comfort. Respect your work and love the virtue of integrity. The gods will give you good luck and blessings when they hear all this. " There is no greater spiritual accomplishment than being influenced by morality, and there is no greater blessing than not having a disaster.
I used to think all day and didn't learn much in an instant; I once stood on tiptoe and looked at it from a distance, but I didn't see it as wide as when I was climbing. Wave when you climb high, your arms are not lengthened, but others can see you in the distance; Calling with the wind will not get louder, but the listener can hear clearly in the distance.
With the help of chariots and horses, people can walk Wan Li Road without walking fast; People who use boats and boats are not good at swimming, but they can cross the river. A gentleman's qualification is no different from that of ordinary people, but he is good at using foreign things.
In the south, there is a bird called "Mongolian pigeon", which takes feathers as its nest, weaves with hair and ties it to the ear of a tender reed. When the wind blows, the reed spike breaks, the bird's nest falls down and all the eggs are smashed. It's not that the nest is poorly woven, but that it shouldn't be tied to reeds.
In the west, there is a kind of grass called "Belamcanda", which grows on a high mountain. It is only four inches high, but it can overlook a hundred miles away. Not because grass can grow tall, but because it grows on the top of the mountain.
Pennisetum grows in hemp fields and can stand upright without support. White sand will not turn white when mixed into black soil. The root of Sophora japonica is called Ai Xiang. Once it is immersed in smelly water, gentlemen and servants will avoid it. It's not that Ai itself is not fragrant, but that it is soaked and stinks. Therefore, a gentleman should choose a good environment to live and a moral person to make friends, so as to prevent delay and protect his moderation and integrity.
Everything happens for a reason, and the arrival of honor and disgrace also corresponds to virtue. Rotten meat gives birth to maggots, while dead fish give birth to worms. If you slack off and forget the code of conduct, something will happen. Objects that are too hard are easily broken, and those that are too weak are easily bound. If you are not nice to people, it will cause disgust. Dry wood is flammable, low-lying and easy to wet, and there are many animals and plants. Everything is like sheep.
Therefore, when the target is set, the bow and arrow will be shot. When a tree grows into a forest, it will lead to axe cutting. When the forest is lush and shady, birds will come to stay. When vinegar turns sour, it will attract mosquitoes. Therefore, words may cause trouble and actions may be humiliated. A gentleman can't help being cautious when dealing with people.
Earth and rock piled up into mountains, from which wind and rain started; Water flows into the abyss, and dragons are born from it; Accumulate good deeds, cultivate noble morality, improve spirit, and thus have the state of mind of a saint. Therefore, without the accumulation of half a step, there is no way to reach thousands of miles away; Without the accumulation of tiny flowing water, there is no way to merge into the rivers and seas.
The horse jumped less than ten paces; A bad horse walks for ten days in a row, and its success lies in its non-stop. If you stop carving a few times, then the rotten wood will continue to carve. If you insist on carving, then this stone can be carved successfully.
Earthworms have no sharp claws and teeth, and no strong bones and muscles, but they can eat the soil and drink the underground spring water, because they are single-minded. A crab has six legs and two claws, but it has nowhere to hide without snakes and eels, because it is impetuous.
Therefore, without the will to study hard, there will be no significant academic achievements; Without hard work, there will be no great achievements in career. Neither side will tolerate a man who can't get to his destination on the wrong road and serves two monarchs at the same time. The eyes cannot see two things at the same time and see clearly, and the ears cannot hear two sounds at the same time and hear clearly.
A poisonous snake can fly without feet, and a mouse has five skills, but there is still no way. The Book of Songs says, "Cuckoo nests in mulberry trees, and there are seven young birds. A good gentleman should be single-minded and impartial. Only when the behavior is single-minded and impartial will the will be rock-solid. " Therefore, a gentleman is determined and single-minded.
In ancient times, there were harpists, and the fish in the water surfaced to listen. Boya played the piano, and the horse pulling the cart would stop to eat and listen with its head up. Therefore, the sound will not be heard because it is weak, and the behavior will not be discovered because it is hidden. If Baoyu is buried in a deep mountain, the vegetation is moist, and if pearls fall into the abyss, the cliff shore will not dry up. Good deeds can be accumulated, and they are not widely told. How can they be accumulated into virtues?
Where should learning begin and end? A: According to its practice, it should start with reading poems and other classics and end with reading the Book of Rites. In its sense, it begins with learning and ends with becoming a saint. Sincere practice, such long-term accumulation, will certainly be able to deeply understand the fun, learn to die.
Therefore, although the tutorial of learning has an end, the desire to make progress cannot be slackened for a moment. It takes a lifetime to learn to be a man, and vice versa. Shangshu is a record of political affairs; The Book of Songs is a summary of one's heart. The Book of Rites is the premise of the legal system and the general program of various regulations, so you can't finish it until you learn the Book of Rites, which is the pinnacle of morality.
The Book of Rites respects the ceremony, the Book of Rites speaks in harmony, the Book of Songs and the Book of History are profound and profound, and the Spring and Autumn Annals is righteous and has covered all the university questions between heaven and earth.
A gentleman's knowledge is obvious, which is manifested in his dignified behavior and his behavior in line with etiquette. Every move, even the slightest words and deeds, can set an example for others. Little people learn from their ears and from their mouths, only four inches apart. How can they perfect their seven-foot figure?
The study of the ancients is the demand of their own moral cultivation, but today's study is just to show off others. Gentlemen learn to improve themselves, while villains learn to show off and grandstanding, and take knowledge as gifts such as poultry and calves to win praise. Therefore, it is impetuous to teach others without asking your advice; Asking and answering two questions is lengthy; Impetuousness and wordiness are wrong. A gentleman's question and answer should be like an empty valley, no more, no less, just right.
Nothing is more convenient than getting close to your tutor. "Book of Rites" and "Yue Ji" have statutes but are too rough; The Book of Songs and Shangshu are simple but not close to reality. Chunqiu is implicit but not thorough enough; It is noble and comprehensive to imitate a good teacher and learn from a gentleman, and it can also reach the world. So learning is nothing more convenient than getting close to the tutor.
Respecting the tutor is the most convenient way to learn, followed by advocating etiquette. If you don't respect the teacher or salute in class, just read some miscellaneous books and explain the Book of Songs and Shangshu, then you will only be a scholar all your life. To study the wisdom of saints and seek the root of benevolence and righteousness, the shortcut to mastery is to start with etiquette.
It's like bending your five fingers and lifting the collar of a fur robe. When you eat, your hair will be completely smooth Not learning manners is like measuring a river with your fingers, holding millet with your fingers, and getting something to eat in a rice cooker with an awl. Therefore, respecting etiquette, even if the knowledge is not thorough and clear, can still be regarded as a moral and cultivated person; If you have no manners, even if you can distinguish right from wrong and be eloquent, you are just a shallow Confucian scholar without real cultivation.
If someone comes to you for an impolite question, don't answer it; Talk about impolite things, don't ask questions; Say rude things in front of you, don't participate; Don't argue with savage and competitive people. Therefore, it is necessary to conform to the principle of propriety and righteousness before giving reception; Avoid people who don't conform to the principle of propriety and righteousness;
Therefore, only respectful and polite people can talk about the purpose of Tao; Only those who are fluent in writing can talk about the content of Tao; Only people with sincere attitude can talk about the profound meaning of Tao. Therefore, talking to someone who can't talk is called impetuous; Don't talk to people who can talk to you, that's neglect; Talking casually without looking at the other person's reaction is called blindness.
Therefore, a gentleman should not be impetuous, careless or blind. He should be careful with everyone who comes for advice. The Book of Songs says: "It is approved by the son of heaven not to be impetuous or negligent." That's the truth.
An arrow in a hundred shots is not a good arrow if it doesn't hit the target; Car Ma Qianli, only half a step away, is not a good driver; You can't master ethical norms, adhere to the principle of benevolence and righteousness, and of course you can't be considered good at learning. Learning is a matter that needs full attention. Learning for a while and stopping for a while are ordinary people in the market.
There are few good behaviors and many bad behaviors. Jay, Zhou and Tuo are all such people. A scholar can only be considered if he can master the knowledge he has learned comprehensively and thoroughly.
A gentleman knows that learning is not perfect, so he reads a set of books to achieve mastery, understands through thinking and exploration, practices through imitating a tutor, and removes his wrong habitual temperament to maintain.
I don't want to see if my eyes are wrong, I don't want to listen if my ears are wrong, I don't want to talk if my mouth is wrong, and I don't want to think if my heart is wrong. When you reach the ideal state of concentrating on your study, you will be as eager to have colorful eyes, good ears and good mouth as you are.
If this is done, then there will be no evil thoughts in front of power and selfish desires, many people will not give in, and nothing in the world can shake their beliefs. Living is like this, and it will not change until death. This is called moral integrity. Only with virtue and integrity can we be firm, and only with perseverance can we improvise. If you can be firm and improvise, you are a mature and perfect person. At that time, the sky will be bright and the land will be wide, and the value of a gentleman lies in the perfection of virtue.
Original text:
Mr. Wang said: I can't learn. Green is taken from blue, and green is blue; Ice, water, but colder than water. Wood is straight in the rope, not a wheel, and its curve is in the gauge. Although there is a crisis, those who stop coming forward will make it happen. Therefore, the wood is straight by the rope, the gold is sharp, the gentleman is knowledgeable, and he saves himself every day, so he knows clearly without fault.
In the south, there is a bird named Meng Dui, whose nest is feathers, whose hair is woven and whose reed is tied. When the wind breaks, the egg broken child dies. The nest is endless, but so are the people connected with it. There is a kind of wood in the west called Shegan. Its stem is four inches long, and it was born on a high mountain. However, in the abyss, the wooden pole can't grow out, but it stands naturally. In the bitter fleabane bitter fleabane, I can't bear to go straight; White sand is nirvana, and it is black.
Lan Huaigen is a cheese, but he grows up, and the gentleman is not close, so he refuses to accept it. Its quality is not beautiful, but it is also gradual. Therefore, a gentleman must choose his hometown when he is born, and he must be a scholar when he travels. Therefore, we must also guard against evil and righteousness.
Everything has a beginning and an end. When honor or disgrace comes, it will be like virtue. Meat rots into adults, and fish withers into moths. Ignoring and forgetting your body is a disaster. Strong cultivation, soft cultivation. Evil is in the body, and resentment is in the structure.
Leap, not ten steps; This is a great contribution to the success of Ma Xu. Perseverance, rotten wood can't be carved; Perseverance, the stone can be carved. Earthworms do not have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. They eat the earth and drink the yellow land with their hearts. The crab kneels six times and pinches twice. It's not that the snake hole has no sustenance, it's also impetuous.
Therefore, people with ulterior motives have no bright future; He made much ado about nothing, which has nothing to do with hehe. Those who follow the right path will not come, and those who follow the right path will not allow it. Eyes can't see, ears can't hear. The viper flies without feet, and the mouse is poor in five skills.
"Poetry" said: "The corpse dove is in Sang, and her son is seven. A good gentleman with noble character is always a polite person. His appearance is clumsy and his heart is like a knot! " Therefore, a gentleman is bound by one.
I used to play drums, but the fish flowed out to listen; Boya Guqin, while Liu Ma raises Yuan. Therefore, the sound is not small but not heard, and the line is not hidden but not shaped. Jade is moist in the mountains, pearls are born in the deep, and cliffs are not withered. Do good without accumulating evil? Did anyone not hear?
Therefore, learning must stop at ceremony. Husband is called the extreme of morality. The respect of ceremony, the harmony of music, the abundance of poetry and books, the micro-spring and autumn, between heaven and earth. The learning of a gentleman is also in the ear, in the heart, in the four bodies, and in the dynamic shape.
Finally, as long as you move, you can become a law. The knowledge of villains is also heard, not spoken; Between the mouth and ears, four inches, seven feet of beauty!
Ancient scholars were themselves, and today's scholars are people. The study of a gentleman is also for beauty; Little people learn that birds are calves. Therefore, if you don't ask, you will be proud of it, and if you ask, you will be proud of it. Proud, no, ooh, no; A gentleman is like a man.
Learn not to be close to others. Rites and music are not mentioned, poetry and books are not cut, and the Spring and Autumn Period is unhappy. If you learn from a gentleman, you will respect him all over the world. Therefore, learning ink is almost close to people.
One shot in every shot is not good enough to shoot; A thousand miles is not enough, and good is not enough; Learning badly is because ethics has nothing to do with human nature. Those who learn well will learn well. Once in the way, once in the way, the person who draws the lane is also; There are fewer good people, more bad people, and stealing feet. All the people, and scholars.
A gentleman knows that her husband is not perfect and can't think of beauty, so he recites it consistently and thinks it over, so as to treat others and educate people. Make eyes have no desire to see, ears have no desire to listen, mouth has nothing to say, and heart has nothing to worry about. When you are good at time, your eyes are good with five colors, your ears are good with five tones, your mouth is good with five flavors, and your heart benefits the world.
Therefore, rights cannot be dumped, the masses cannot be moved, and the world cannot be shaken. Life depends on reason, death depends on reason, and husband is called virtue. Fuck, then you decide, then you decide, then you respond. If a husband can respond positively, he is an adult. The sky sees its light and the earth sees its light, and the gentleman values all this.
Extended data:
Creative background:
During the Warring States period, slavery further collapsed, the feudal system gradually formed, and epoch-making changes took place in history. A hundred schools of thought contend and wrote many books, publicizing their own views and criticizing others, resulting in a situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend".
Xunzi was a representative figure of Confucianism in the late Warring States period. He believes that the existence of nature does not depend on human will, but people can use subjective efforts to understand it, adapt to it and use it. In order to reveal the significance of learning the day after tomorrow, he created the article "Encouraging Learning".
Appreciate:
Xunzi's articles are good at reasoning, clear-cut, thorough analysis, good at giving examples, and often use parallelism sentences to enhance the momentum of discussion. Language is full of warning, strong persuasion and appeal.
Focusing on the central argument that "learning is not enough", this paper systematically and hierarchically expounds the significance, function, attitude, content, method and purpose of learning. This article can be divided into four paragraphs.
The first paragraph, from the beginning to "a gentleman is cautious about independence", expounds the necessity of learning and choosing a good learning environment. Xunzi believes that human nature is "evil" and must be corrected by courtesy, so he attaches great importance to learning.
The theory of evil nature is the starting point of Xunzi's social and political thought. In his works, he first proposed that learning should not stop, just to grasp the key and solve the fundamental problems. Because he attached great importance to this issue, he put forward his own views through the mouth of a "gentleman" to show his solemnity.
The central argument was put forward at the beginning, and the language was concise and profound, which naturally led to the following discussion. Take "green", take it from blue, and green is blue; Ice, water is for it, but it is colder than water ",which means that anyone can make progress by studying hard." Today, I can surpass yesterday, and students can surpass teachers. These two metaphors greatly inspire and inspire learners.
These two metaphors profoundly and powerfully illustrate the central point and inspire people. Then, the article further sets up a metaphor to fundamentally clarify this truth: "The wood is straight in the rope, thinking it is a wheel, and its curve is in the rules. Although there are storms, those who are no longer righteous are naturally. " Greater encouragement to learners.
After emphasizing the important role of learning, the article draws a conclusion by metaphor: "Therefore, if you have a rope, you will be straight, and if you have a sharp gold, you will benefit. If a gentleman saves himself with knowledge, he will know clearly without fault. " Wood will straighten when measured with chalk lines, and a metal sword will sharpen when placed on a grindstone. This is like a gentleman who reads widely and checks himself every day, so he will be well-read and have no mistakes in his behavior.
It is more convincing to draw a conclusion through metaphor. The word "day" in the judgment sentence closely echoes the word "already" in the opening sentence, which highlights that if you want to "know clearly and act correctly", you must keep learning, thus effectively clarifying the central argument.
This passage shows the great significance of learning in changing people's quality and improving people's intelligence. Learning is of great significance. Xunzi believes that learning can't just sit in the room and think hard, but must use external things to learn from reality.
So, "I've been thinking all day, it's better to learn what I've learned for a while." Xunzi compared "thinking all the time" with "learning in an instant" through personal experience, emphasizing that learning is not as good as dreaming. The word "learning" as opposed to fantasy is self-evident, that is, using external things to learn from reality. This view of learning was also put forward by Xunzi based on his epistemology. Xunzi denied Mencius' view that people have innate "conscience" and "goodness", so he emphasized learning from external practical things.
The concept of "learning" put forward by him here has materialistic factors. Then, with five metaphors, Xunzi started with his own life experience: standing on a high place can see more than standing on tiptoe; Climb up and wave, shout with the wind, the arm is not long, the voice is not big, but people can see and hear clearly from a distance; It can be seen that the utilization of high places and downwind is of great significance.
By extension, people who "fake horses" and "fake boats" are not good at walking or swimming, but they can "walk Wan Li Road" and "cross the river". Because the examples used in metaphor are very common in daily life, it feels not only kind but also credible.
With the constant metaphor, the truth expounded goes deeper and deeper into the reader's mind, and it will naturally come to the conclusion that "gentlemen are the same, and good and evil are also things". That is to say, gentlemen are more talented than ordinary people because they are good at using foreign things to study hard. It can be inferred that if a person is good at using foreign things and studies hard, he can also become a gentleman with talent and virtue.
This is consistent with the first paragraph "Shine on you, ice is cooler than water, and straight wood can be used as a wheel", with the same meaning and dark structure.
In the second paragraph, from "the accumulation of soil makes a mountain" to "those who don't know it", it is expounded that learning must be persistent and persistent. People still need to pay attention when learning from practical things outside, so this paragraph is further explained in two aspects: one is "product" and the other is "one".
Firstly, the article sets up two metaphors to lead to the argument: "Accumulated soil makes mountains, and wind and rain flourish;" The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born; Accumulate goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared. "This shows that learning should focus on accumulation. Xunzi doesn't recognize the saying that "a born saint" at all. He pointed out that as long as people study hard and "accumulate good deeds", they can have the idea of saints.
He fully emphasized the role of "accumulating goodness", which is also in line with the "learning is impossible" proposed at the beginning. In brushwork, metaphor leads to arguments, which strengthens the linguistic potential of arguments and makes them convincing as soon as they appear. Then, the article complained: "So, if you don't accumulate steps, you will take Wan Li Road;" If you don't accumulate small streams, you can't become rivers and seas. "This is a negative metaphor to illustrate the importance of accumulation.
After a positive and a negative metaphor, the reason that learning pays attention to accumulation has been preliminarily clarified, but in order to explain it in depth, the article repeatedly compares "you can't take ten steps in one leap" with "Ma Xu pushes ten times and never gives up", and then compares "perseverance, perseverance, carving a stone".
Of course, if you want to "give up" and keep accumulating, you must be single-minded and not impetuous. Therefore, the article compares "the earthworm has no advantage of its claws and strong bones and muscles" with "the crab kneels six times and pinches twice", which means that it can "eat the earth and drink the yellow mud", but "it is not a snake's den that has no sustenance", indicating that learning must be absorbed and not sloppy.
These two metaphors emphasize that learning must be persistent and take care of the above-mentioned discussions. Through this metaphor, we can clearly understand that learning must be persistent. At this point, the central argument of "learning can't" put forward at the beginning has been thoroughly expounded and fully proved.
The third paragraph, from "learning while learning" to "this is also called it", expounds the contents and methods of learning. Explain the whole process of learning and the general content and requirements of learning from this paragraph. It is a common practice to "start with chanting and end with reading ceremony"; "Start as a scholar and end as a saint. If you really accumulate strength for a long time, you will enter and stop when you learn. " This is the general requirement.
"Its meaning should not be abandoned for a moment" emphasizes the necessity of what has been learned, and points out that giving up and not giving up will be the difference between man and beast. "If you really accumulate strength for a long time, you will enter", emphasizing the great role of people's subjective initiative.
Then, I pointed out the subjects I studied, and pointed out that Li paid attention to "respect", Yue paid attention to harmony of melody, The Book of Songs and Shangshu paid attention to reciting, and Chunqiu paid attention to subtle meaning. If I can learn this, I will learn everything between heaven and earth. Then it analyzes two completely different learning attitudes of "gentleman" and "villain", and points out that students should be educated in selection.
The method of education is not to be a teacher or impose on others, but to behave appropriately. The author especially emphasizes that "a gentleman learns to cultivate self-cultivation, while a villain learns to please others", aiming at explaining that the ultimate goal of "persuasion" is "to stop at ceremony".
Then Xunzi put forward two fundamental learning measures, namely, "learning from Mohism" and "long ceremony". He believes that only taking the actual model as the learning object is a fast and effective learning method, and the road of a gentleman can be "respected all over the world".
In Xunzi's view, learning quickly, "getting close to people" is only a means, and the purpose is "long ceremony". Xunzi also made a sharp comparison between the nature, form and essence of learning: "Chang Li, though unknown, is also a lawyer;" It broke up without ceremony, even though you were arguing. "In this way, starting from the utilitarianism of political thinkers, identifying and analyzing the quality of learning is a manifestation of the emerging landlord class thinkers' profound observation and handling of problems, and it is also a leap in educational thought.
Finally, Xunzi put forward strict conditions for the attitude and methods of accepting students and educating students. The specific conditions are "reciprocity", "obedience in words" and "obedience in color". Teachers spend time with their students, and what they say will be correct.
The fourth paragraph, from "one in a hundred" to the end, expounds the fundamental purpose of learning, that is, the ultimate destination. This paragraph puts forward the highest requirements and the highest realm that can be achieved by persuading students to study. This is not to lose a shot a hundred times, not to miss a step in a thousand miles, not to betray benevolence and righteousness, to be pithy and pure, and to be consistent.
The process of learning is to read poems, books, rituals, music and Spring and Autumn Annals, to think independently, to achieve mastery through a comprehensive study, to constantly eliminate distractions to strengthen one's moral cultivation, and even to regard the purpose of learning, being happy and benefiting the world as an instinct. Even if he has great power and high interests, he can't be charmed, diverted by many people, and even tempted by the world.
Life is the same, death is the same, become a moral practitioner. And this instinct is like "five colors are good for eyes, five tones are good for ears, and five flavors are good for mouth". The typical example of "enough to be beautiful" mentioned by Xunzi is both "complete" and "refined", in which "complete" is quantity and "refined" is quality, that is, the typical example of high unity of quality and quantity. It is enough for such people to be teachers, and they can be "gentlemen" in the upper class and "gentlemen" in the lower class.
Finally, it is pointed out that as a complete moral model, one must persevere and adapt to various changes in order to be considered an "adult". "Heaven sees its brightness and the earth sees its light" is an intertextuality, and both the world and the earth can see its wisdom and brilliance. This kind of person can shine brilliantly, be famous for generations, have endless education and breed the universe. It is also a place that Xunzi dreams of, enjoys it, and has a wonderful pen.
About the author:
Xunzi (about 365438 BC+03 BC-238 BC) was a native of Zhao at the end of the Warring States Period. A famous thinker, writer and politician, he is called "Xun Qing". It was also called in the Western Han Dynasty because it avoided the taboo of Emperor Gaozu, and because the words "Xun" and "Sun" were homophony.
Xunzi developed Confucianism. On the issue of human nature, he advocated the theory of evil nature, advocated that human nature was evil, denied the innate moral concept, and emphasized the influence of acquired environment and education on people. His theory is often compared with Mencius' theory of good nature by later generations, and Xunzi has also made considerable contributions to sorting out Confucian classics.