Cultivation techniques of cherry
Cultivation value
Cherry can be listed in late spring and early summer, and it is the earliest fruit tree in the Yangtze River basin and Huaibei area. The fruit growth period is short, and it takes only 40 ~ 60 days from flowering to harvesting. The field management is light and the production cost is low. The fruit is bright in color, delicious in taste and rich in iron. In addition to fresh food, it can be used for dessert decoration or advanced banquet, and can also be processed into canned sugar water, candied fruit, preserved fruit, fruit juice and other products. Especially sweet cherry, with large fruit, thick meat and high hardness, is especially suitable for processing. There is a large demand and high price at home and abroad. At present, the domestic planting area is small, which has high development value in Huaibei area. Dwarf cherry and China cherry have small plants, early fruiting and long life, and are also suitable for garden cultivation and greenhouse cultivation.
Main types and varieties
Cherry belongs to the subgenus of Prunus in Rosaceae. There are three main types of fruit tree cultivation in production: China cherry, European sweet cherry (sweet cherry for short) and European sour cherry (sour cherry for short).
The excellent cherry varieties in China are Jinhong cherry from Taihe, Anhui, Dawolou leaf from Zaozhuang, Shandong, Dahong cherry from tengxian, Dong Tang cherry from Nanjing, Jiangsu, and short-stalked cherry from Zhuji, Zhejiang. The excellent varieties of sweet cherry are Dazi, Red Cherry, Rainie, Sato Jin, Nanong, Hongguang, Hongyan, Jiahong, Hong Ju and Binku. The sour cherry variety has a sour taste and is mainly used for processing. Fertility tolerance, cold tolerance, late flowering. It is also a good root of sweet cherry.
Growth and fruiting habits
The growth of cherry root system has strict requirements for soil permeability. When cohesive soil or soil is poorly managed, the distribution of root system becomes shallow obviously, which leads to premature senescence of aboveground parts.
Cherry trees in China are weak in length, mostly small and medium-sized trees or shrubby crowns. Sweet cherry is a tall tree with strong dryness and vigorous growth. Sour cherry trees are shrubs or small trees.
The germination rate of China cherry is higher than that of sweet cherry, and almost all buds of the former can germinate during germination. The number and life span of cryptobuds are longer than those of sweet cherry and China cherry, which is the basis of later branch regeneration. The ability to branch varies with species and varieties, and China cherry is generally stronger than sweet cherry. With the increase of age, the branching ability is obviously weakened. Annual branches can be roughly divided into two types: growing branches and fruiting branches. After entering the fruiting stage, the growth of branches becomes smaller. Branches that are originally growing branches (such as extension branches of backbone branches at all levels) often form flower buds at the base and leaf buds at the middle and upper parts. Some people call it mixed branches. This branch has three functions: expanding the crown, forming new fruit branches and flowering and fruiting. Other fruit branches can be divided into four categories: long fruit branches, middle fruit branches, short fruit branches and bouqueted fruit branches. Usually from the first fruit stage to the first full fruit stage, varieties with strong branches play an important role in the formation of yield. On the contrary, varieties with weak branching ability, or trees in full fruit stage, mainly form yield with bouquets of fruit branches and short fruit branches.
The bud is lateral. Different from other drupe fruit trees, the flower buds on long fruit branches are mostly solitary at the base and lower part of the branches, and few compound buds exist, so this part is bare after flowering and fruiting. Short fruit branches and bouquet fruit branches are the main types of fruit branches of most sweet cherry varieties, which have strong fruiting ability, long life, continuous uniaxial extension and many years of fruiting. A flower bud has 1 ~ 5 flowers, which are racemes or clusters. Most cherry varieties in China can be self-pollinated, while most sweet cherry varieties are cross-pollinated, which requires pollination, and sometimes cross-pollination is incompatible. However, in recent years, some excellent varieties, such as Steiner and Rubins, have been introduced to China, and these varieties can bear fruit by themselves and are more resistant to fruit cracking.
The development cycle of cherry fruit is short, and like peach, it has two rapid growth periods and a slow stone hardening growth period. Flesh is divided into soft meat and hard meat, and the varieties with crisp and hard meat are generally more resistant to storage and transportation.
Characteristics of cultivation techniques
1. The propagation and planting of cherry branches in China have strong rooting ability, and the survival rate of cutting propagation can reach 80% ~ 90%. It is advisable to use annual branches for cutting, and cut before the juice flows out in spring. The cutting length is 1.5 cm ~ 20 cm, buried for 2/3, and then the top or tip height of the cutting is leveled with soil cover 1 cm ~ 2 cm. When propagating a small number of seedlings, the method of dividing plants or layering can be used. Sweet cherries must be propagated by grafting. Grass cherry (a kind of China cherry with strong affinity for sweet cherry) can be used as rootstock, and other rootstocks can be used as green cherry, sour cherry and Mahali cherry. The latter two kinds of rootstocks have a certain dwarfing effect. In recent years, the British dwarfing rootstock Colt has been introduced, which can double the size of trees. Bud grafting or branch grafting can be used.
Cherry in China has strong adaptability and can be planted in Jianghuai area. Sweet cherry is not suitable for planting because of its poor adaptability to wind and high temperature and humidity south of Huaihe River. Otherwise, it is easy to cause long branches and leaves, and the fruit maturity is in the rainy season, which is also easy to cause fruit cracking and rotten fruit. The best soil is loam with good ventilation and drainage, which can keep it moist. The planting area also directly chooses frosting to avoid the wind.
To plant sweet cherries, we should choose good pollination trees and plant them at the same time. When Naong and Binku are the main varieties, topaz, Dazi and Zaozi can be used as pollination trees. When red light and big purple are the main varieties, they can be matched with Nahong and Topaz. However, Naong and Binku showed incompatibility after cross-pollination. Guahong and Hong Ju can pollinate each other. In addition, Steiner and Rubins are good pollinators because of their strong pollen affinity. Pollination trees should generally account for 30% ~ 40%. Canned sweet cherries should also be yellow varieties with large fruits and hard flesh, such as Naong, banana and Rainie.
Seedlings can be planted in autumn or spring. Watering once immediately after planting, raising soil and keeping moisture, or covering the tree tray with plastic film are beneficial to improve the survival rate of planting and the early growth of plants. The row spacing varies according to the crown size. The crown of cherry in China is small, generally 4-5 meters, and the crown of sweet cherry is large, which should be 4-6 meters. On barren land or when dwarfing culture is adopted, the plant spacing can be appropriately reduced.
2. Pruning China cherries is not dry enough, but there are many branches. Usually, natural clumps are used. There is no trunk or the trunk is extremely short. Cultivate 4 ~ 5 oblique main branches from near the ground, shorten the crown appropriately in winter to expand, and choose auxiliary main branches. In the growth period, those with strong new shoots can pick the core early (before June), promote secondary branching and accelerate the formation of crown. Plastic surgery can generally be completed within three years.
Sweet cherry seeds have strong characters, and it is generally considered that natural favorite or natural clump trees form quickly, prune lightly and bear early fruits, which are suitable for close planting. The shaping process of the front tree can be peach. In addition, varieties with strong dryness and obvious stratification (such as nano-farmers) can also adopt evacuation and stratification trees. However, this kind of tree is relatively tall, inconvenient to manage, and often fails to bear fruit because of the large amount of pruning. If the dwarfing anvil is used, the tree structure can be simplified, and the free spindle-shaped or trunk-shaped tree-shaped accelerated molding can be adopted.
When pruning, in order to promote the early fruiting and high yield of young trees, except the trunk branches are cut short according to the plastic requirements, the other branches with moderate growth are slowly placed to promote the formation of short and medium fruit branches and bear fruit at an early date. Erect branches and over-dense branches need thinning. Branches with small angles should adjust their angles during the growing period. 2-3-year-old branches with short fruit branches and short bouquets should be properly retracted in full fruit stage to stimulate vegetative growth and the formation of new fruit branches, and delay the senescence of fruit branches and the outward migration of fruiting parts. After entering the senescence stage, China cherry can often use the forecast rate to update the main branches; Sweet cherry can be regenerated year by year by using hidden shoots. Pruning should be done after fruit picking.
3. Soil, fertilizer and water management and growth control promote the shallow root distribution of cherry, especially sweet cherry, which is often vulnerable to drought, wind and freezing with the growth of tree age. After planting, it is necessary to expand holes and dig deep into the soil year by year to deepen the distribution of roots. According to the characteristics of early and short growth period of cherry blossom, fertilization should be based on post-harvest fertilizer and base fertilizer before winter to promote flower bud differentiation and increase storage nutrition of trees. In addition, appropriate topdressing (mainly nitrogen fertilizer) and topdressing outside the roots (spraying 0. L% ~ 0.3% urea or 600 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate at flowering stage can improve fruit setting rate and promote branch growth.
Lack of water in soil often leads to cherry fruit dropping. If there is drought from flowering to harvest, it is necessary to irrigate properly. Cherry reporting system requires strict soil ventilation conditions, less irrigation each time, timely intertillage and moisture conservation. In places without irrigation conditions, trees can be covered with grass to keep water. This has a good effect on improving the fruit setting rate and berry quality of cherry. After entering the mature stage, repeated rainfall is easy to cause fruit cracking. In addition to selecting varieties resistant to fruit cracking and well draining in the field, 72% calcium hydroxide or 54% calcium chloride solution should be sprayed 2 ~ 3 weeks before berry harvesting, and sprayed again every 5 ~ 7 days to reduce fruit cracking.
In windy coastal areas, in order to prevent young trees from lodging, it is necessary to do a good job of cultivating soil and master the cultivation in spring and autumn, and it is not advisable to cultivate soil around the trunk for a long time.
Cherry, especially sweet cherry, young trees are easy to grow vigorously, but it is difficult to form flower buds and cause a larger crown. In addition to using dwarfing rootstocks and other measures to slow down the growth potential, spraying 250-300 ppm (250-300 ppm) paclobutrazol solution on the leaves at the early stage of cherry growth (China cherry can also be harvested) has obvious effects of promoting flowers, early fruiting and high yield.
Main pests and diseases and their control
Many diseases and insect pests of cherry, like other drupe trees, can be controlled. The main diseases that harm cherry are perforation, root rot and dirty disease. Root-neck rot mostly occurs in trees at the early fruit stage, causing root-neck rot. Control methods: mainly to avoid long-term soil cultivation of plant roots and necks, and to prevent underground pests from biting bark. At the same time, it is necessary to check frequently, scrape off the diseased plants in time, and disinfect them with Bordeaux pulp or stone mixture after scraping off. If the root neck rot is serious, the overground part can be restored by bridging in spring. The main pests that harm cherry are Cerambycidae, Chrysopa flavescens, Lepidoptera bark beetles, Coccinella and ship maggots. The small winged moth occurs once a year 1 generation, and its larvae damage the large branch cortex. The main control measures are spraying pesticides at the peak of adult emergence, painting white on branches to prevent spawning, and killing or digging out larvae in time when they are found in the field.
Harvest, storage and processing
Cherry fruit is extremely resistant to storage and transportation, and is mostly sold locally. When the berries show the inherent color of the variety and the pulp begins to soften, they can be harvested and have high edible quality. When sweet cherries are sold in other places or stored in cans, they should be harvested at the eighth maturity stage in advance. The fruit of the whole tree is harvested in 2 ~ 3 times according to the maturity. Spraying gibberellin solution with the concentration of10-20 ppm (10-20 ppm) at the end of pit hardening of sweet cherry can delay the ripening of berries for 3-4 days, increase fruits and improve pulp hardness, which is beneficial to storage, transportation and processing. China cherries can also be tried. If the market supply is too concentrated and needs short-term storage, the low temperature of 0.6c ~ oc and the relative humidity of 85% ~ 90% should be maintained. Or put it in a deep well about 30 cm above the water.
There are many processed cherries, which need certain equipment. The following is the method of processing ripe inferior fruits into cherry jam. First, remove the core of the defective fruit, rinse it with clear water, put it in aluminum pot, add a little water and boil it for about 15 minutes to soften it. Then beat the pulp and concentrate it with sugar. The ratio of pulp to sugar can be 2: 1. First, boil half of the sugar and pulp, then add the other half of the sugar to boil until the soluble solid content reaches 55%, and then take out the pot.