Because the technology adopts the planting mode of alternating large and small ridges, after the whole ground is covered with plastic film, the rainwater collection area is artificially increased. Limited precipitation, even ineffective precipitation below 5 mm, can be collected into the planting ditch through the water diversion effect of ridges and the good seepage prevention effect of plastic film, and seep into the roots of crops along the sowing holes to become effective precipitation, which greatly improves the soil water content in the plough layer, well solves the defect that ordinary semi-mulching planting precipitation stays on the film surface, and the rainwater collection effect is superior. In 2006, soil moisture was measured in Wangheshe experimental field 19mm in gao ling cun, Zhongchuan Township, three days after precipitation. The soil water content in 0-20-40cm and 20-40cm soil layers is 65,438 08.9% and 65,438 05.6%, which is 5.0% and 2.5% higher than that of ordinary flat cover respectively. In the middle and late May, 2007, on the third day after the rainfall (less than 5mm), the soil water content of Sanfang and Wucun in Wuxiang was measured. The soil water content of 0- 10cm, 16.3% and 10-20 cm soil layers was measured. The effect of collecting rain is very obvious.
2. Soil moisture inhibits evaporation
Because the surface is completely covered with plastic film, the water loss from the soil to the atmosphere is basically cut off, and the ineffective water loss caused by evaporation between trees is minimized. At the same time, the water in the deep layer of the soil accelerated to move up and obviously gathered on the surface layer of the soil, which effectively improved the utilization rate of soil water. In 2006, the soil moisture at jointing and heading stages of maize was measured and analyzed in Zhongchuan. The results showed that the soil moisture in 0-20㎝ soil layer increased by 2.2 and 3.3 percentage points, respectively. The water content of 20-40㎝ soil layer is 2. 1 and 1.7 percentage points higher than that of ordinary tile semi-covering, respectively. In 2007, the soil moisture of maize in different growth stages was measured in Zhongchuan, Laojun, Sifang and other towns. The soil moisture content of 0-20 cm plough layer planted with full film and double ridges is 65438 0.7-4.2 percentage points higher than that of ordinary semi-mulching.
The results of multi-point measurement for many years show that the soil moisture in 0-20 cm plough layer of corn planted with full film and double furrows is 65438 0.7-4.2 percentage points higher than that of ordinary semi-mulching planting. It is equivalent to storing 2.6-6.3m3 more water per mu and 3.9-9.4mm more precipitation, and the effect of moisture conservation is very obvious. Therefore, the whole film double ridge furrow sowing technology has obvious drought resistance and yield increase effect.
3. Solar radiation warming
After the ground is covered with plastic film, the soil can get a lot of solar radiation and heat up because of the strong transparency of plastic film. At the same time, the full-film double-ridge furrow sowing technology adopts the planting mode of covering the whole ground with plastic film and alternating large and small ridges, which on the one hand increases the surface area, increases the solar radiation energy of the soil, and basically cuts off the gasification consumption of water to the space, thus preventing the loss of solar radiation energy with water vapor. Therefore, the soil temperature can be significantly increased. According to the measurement, the daily average soil temperature of 0- 10 cm soil layer covered with plastic film is 3.5-4.8℃ higher than that of open field and 1.5- 1.8℃ higher than that of ordinary semi-covering. The heating effect is obvious. At the same time, the double ridge and furrow full-film planting, with its special curved surface with alternating ridges and furrows, changed the reflection angle of solar rays, thus improving the illumination conditions of the lower part of the plant, increasing the illumination intensity of the basal leaves and effectively improving the photosynthesis of the population. At maize seedling stage, due to the multi-angle reflection of solar rays, the space temperature near noon 15cm is 4. 1℃ higher than that in open field and 1℃ higher than that in ordinary semi-mulching. Promote growth: Before jointing, measure the growth potential of corn in four rooms. Compared with ordinary semi-mulching, full-film double-ridge furrow sowing increased plant height by 2.7-5.4 cm and leaf length by 3-8 cm respectively. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf length and leaf width increased by 33cm, 0.6cm,1.5cm and1.4cm respectively. The field growth potential showed obvious differences.
Increase yield and income: compared with conventional semi-plastic film mulching cultivation, the number of grains per panicle, grain weight per panicle, yield, and income per mu increased by 95- 130, 30.0-4 1.4g, 20.0-3 1.8% and150 respectively. The plastic film used per mu is 5.3-5.8kg, which is 1.5- 1.8kg more than ordinary plastic film, and the cost of plastic film is 2 1-25 yuan. For the first time this year, the people didn't know enough about the operation technology. Compared with ordinary semi-mulching, the labor cost per mu is about 30 yuan, and the cumulative cost per mu is 5 1 yuan. When you are proficient in operation, you can basically not increase employment. In 2006, the yield per mu was 646.6 kg, which was 33.7% higher than that of ordinary plastic film mulching (483.4 kg). The yield per mu of common full film mulching is 627.6kg, which is 29.8% higher than that of semi-mulching 483.4kg. The average yield of demonstration field is 620kg, which is higher than that of common semi-mulching 500kg 120kg, and the yield increase rate is 24.0%. According to the current corn price 1.50 yuan/kg and straw price of 0.20 yuan/kg, the output value of corn per mu 180 yuan is 22.80 yuan (the ratio of grain to straw is 65,438+).
If the dual-purpose technology of one membrane is adopted, the validity period of the technology can be extended. Select good quality plastic film, protect the plastic film after corn harvest, and plant millet, flax and other crops in the next crop. In the plots with convenient water sources, you can also use water-saving supplementary irrigation and fertilization to continue planting a crop of corn. The output value per mu can reach 200-300 yuan, and the cost of plastic film can be saved by 80-90 yuan per mu, saving labor and livestock costs 120 yuan.
Yes, it is equivalent to a direct economic benefit of 400-500 yuan/mu. 1) land selection and preparation
Select the plot with flat terrain, deep soil layer, loose soil, medium and high fertility, good soil physical and chemical properties, strong water and fertilizer conservation ability and slope below 15 degree. It is not advisable to choose barren land such as steep slope, gravel land and heavy saline-alkali land.
Before autumn, after harvesting the crops, deeply plough and clear the stubble in time, till the ploughing depth reaches 25-30 cm, and harrow in time after ploughing; The plots with good soil preparation quality in autumn should not be ploughed in spring as far as possible, and the ridges should be directly covered with plastic film. In autumn, the plots with poor soil preparation quality should be shallow plowed before film mulching, and the surface should be flat. In conditional areas, rotary cultivators can be used to make the surface smooth, stubble-free and sticky, creating good soil conditions for plastic film mulching and sowing.
Precautions:
(1) In strict accordance with the requirements of technical regulations, select suitable planting areas, and try not to popularize full-film double-ridge furrow sowing technology in areas with annual rainfall less than 250 mm.
(2) Choose medium or high fertility plots, and it is forbidden to use full-film double-ridge furrow sowing technology in barren land, steep slope land and sandy land. Do "the land is not good and not planted".
(3) The selected plots should be prepared in time after the previous harvest, and the land preparation in early spring should be done sooner rather than later, shallower rather than deeper. With the help of soil moisture conservation measures such as harrowing, the land should be fine and flat to prevent soil moisture loss. To achieve "poor soil preparation."
(4) Crops such as beans, potatoes and wheat should be selected.
2) Fertilization
Generally, 3000 ~ 5000 kg of high-quality decomposed farmyard manure is applied per mu (one film is used for two years, and the application amount of farmyard manure should be increased to more than 7000 kg in the first year due to the difficulty of fertilization in the second year), and it should be evenly spread on the surface before ridging.
Apply 25-30 kg of urea, 50-70 kg of calcium superphosphate, 0/5-20 kg of potassium sulfate/kloc, 2-3 kg of zinc sulfate or 80 kg of corn special fertilizer per mu, and then mix the fertilizers evenly and sprinkle them in the ridge area of the small ridge.
Precautions:
(1) The general principle is that the amount of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer should be increased compared with conventional planting. Don't "grow fat enough".
(2) Intensify technical propaganda and training, determine the yield according to the land, determine the fertilizer according to the crop growth, and truly achieve scientific fertilization.
(3) Actively popularize autumn fertilization technology and increase the application amount of base fertilizer.
(4) Topdressing should use raindrops (topdressing gun topdressing).
3) row and ridging
Each ridge is divided into two ridges with a width of 1 10 cm. Rowers made of wood or steel bars (the pitch of large rows of teeth is 70cm, and the pitch of small rows of teeth is 40cm) row a pair of ridges at a time. When rowing, first draw a sideline 35cm away from the ground, and then row the whole field along the sideline in the order of a small ridge and a large ridge.
Ridged Sichuan platform should be ridged and ditched according to crop planting trend, and ridged along contour line on gentle slope. The big ridge is 70cm wide and10cm high, and the small ridge is 40cm wide and15cm high.
Ditching and ridging along the small ridge with a ridger; Ditching and ridging with a step plow, plowing the small ridge back and forth along the small ridge line, scraping the soil of the plow arm to the middle of the large ridge with a hand rake to form a ridge surface, and tidying the ridge surface with a shaper to make the ridge surface bulge to prevent the formation of a depression that is not conducive to rainwater collection. Continuous ridging and film mulching are needed to prevent soil moisture loss.
Precautions:
(1) Strengthen training and observation, and require farmers to row and ridge in strict accordance with regulations when laying film. Make the big ridge 10cm high and 70cm wide, and the small ridge 15cm high and 40cm wide.
(2) Popularize the use of ridger to make the ridge surface smooth and compact, without adhesion, and improve the work efficiency and quality.
4) soil disinfection
For plots that are seriously harmful to underground pests, 0.5 kg of 40% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate and 30 kg of fine sand should be used per mu after ridging, and then mixed with toxic soil for sowing or sprayed with 50 kg of water.
For the plot with serious weed damage, after ridging, spray 50% acetochlor EC 100 g with 50kg of water on the whole ground, and cover it with plastic film in time after spraying a ridge.
5) Plastic film mulching
① Time:
Film mulching in autumn: after the previous crop is harvested, plow and rake the ground in time, and ridging and film mulching will be carried out in the middle and late of 10. At this time, plastic film mulching can effectively prevent moisture evaporation in autumn, winter and spring, and keep soil moisture to the maximum extent. However, the plastic film has been left in the field for a long time, and in order to strengthen winter management, the areas with surplus straw can be covered with straw.
Ridge mulching: soil thawing 15cm in the first half of March, ridge mulching in early spring. At this time, film mulching can effectively prevent water evaporation in spring, improve the ground temperature, and has a good effect of preserving moisture and keeping warm. In the slack season just after the Spring Festival when the labor force is abundant, ridging and film mulching can be carried out.
Methods The plastic film with the thickness of 0.008 ~ 0.01mm and the width of120cm was selected. Open a shallow ditch with a depth of 5 cm along the edge line, and after laying the plastic film, one side of the edge line is in the shallow ditch and compacted with soil; On the other side, in the middle of the big ridge, along the plastic film every 1 m, borrow soil from under the film edge with a shovel and fix it in place, and press the soil belt horizontally every 2 ~ 3 meters. After the first layer of film is covered, one side of the second layer of film is butted with the first layer of film in the middle of the big ridge, and the films do not overlap, so soil is taken from the side of the next layer of big ridge for compaction, and so on. When covering the film, the film should be spread and leveled, and the ridge surface should be leveled immediately after taking soil.
(3) After covering, a week or so after covering the plastic film, when the plastic film is close to the ground, drill a water seepage hole with a diameter of 3 mm every 50 cm in the middle of the ditch to make the rainwater collected in the ditch penetrate. After the field is covered with plastic film, it is forbidden for livestock to trample in the field, causing damage to the plastic film. Always check line by line along the ridges and ditches. Once it is found to be damaged, cover it tightly with fine soil in time to prevent the film from being lifted by strong wind.
Precautions:
(1) Strengthen training and publicity to make farmers realize the importance of plastic film mulching in autumn and at the top. Give priority to with top ling plastic film mulching, and actively promote autumn plastic film mulching where conditions permit. In areas covered with plastic film in autumn, attention should be paid to solving problems such as fertilization in autumn and management in winter. To achieve "no autumn (top ling) film mulching and no planting".
(2) In areas with rainfall of 250-450 mm, plastic film mulching is mainly used in autumn, and in areas with rainfall of 450-550 mm, plastic film mulching is mainly used at the top.
6) Seed preparation
Combined with local natural conditions (rainfall, accumulated temperature) and climatic characteristics (late frost time, microclimate characteristics), improved varieties were selected, and hybrid corn varieties with compact plant type, strong disease resistance, wide adaptability, excellent quality and great yield-increasing potential were selected, mainly including Shen Dan 16, Yuyu 22, Jinsui series, Jinyuan series and Jiushi 20.
In principle, seed treatment requires the use of coated seeds. For some uncoated or coated chemicals, seeds must be coated with chemicals before sowing. To control underground pests, seed dressing with 50% phoxim EC is 0. 1% ~ 0.2% of the seed weight. In order to control head smut and other diseases, seeds were dressed with 20% triadimefon powder150 ~ 200g or 70% thiophanate-methyl EC1.5 ~ 2.5kg of water and 50kg of seeds.
Precautions:
(1) Strengthen the introduction, test and demonstration of excellent varieties, and screen new varieties that can adapt to different ecological types and market demands. Determine the suitable main varieties in different regions as soon as possible.
(2) Strengthen the supervision of seed market, strengthen law enforcement, and resolutely put an end to the circulation of corn hybrids and varieties with poor seed quality prohibited by the state.
(3) Vigorously publicize the variety characteristics and corresponding cultivation techniques of new varieties that have been determined to be popularized in production, so as to achieve good varieties and overcome blindness in the application of improved varieties.
(4) Expanding the application rate of virus-free potato varieties. 1) sowing date
When the temperature is stable over 10℃, it is the suitable sowing date of corn, which can be determined according to the local climate characteristics, generally in the middle and late April.
2) Sowing method
Sow in the furrow with a corn seeder according to the specified plant spacing. Sow 2-3 seeds per hole with a sowing depth of 3-5 cm. Immediately after sowing, step on the sowing hole to make the seeds closely combine with the soil, or seal the sowing hole with loose materials such as fine sand and livestock manure to prevent the sowing hole from hardening due to the diffusion of water in the rain.
Precautions:
(1) The sowing date can be appropriately advanced by 2-3 days, but not too early to prevent freezing after early sowing. (2) According to the growth period of varieties, if late-maturing varieties are planted, they should be sown in advance under the condition of avoiding freezing injury, and if they are medium-early-maturing varieties, they can be sown later, but not later than the end of April. (3) Standardize the use of seeder when sowing, press the sowing hole at any time after sowing, so that the seeds can be closely combined with the soil, and cover with fine sand or cooked manure after sowing, so as to prevent the sowing hole from spreading moisture and hardening in the rain and affecting the emergence of seedlings.
(4) To ensure the whole seedling, 2 capsules per hole.
(5) Grasp the reasonable sowing depth, which is generally 3-5cm. (6) Under the premise of ensuring the quality of seeds, the targeted coated "red seeds" are widely used to disinfect the soil in the plots with serious underground pests and weeds.
3) Reasonable close planting
The planting density is determined according to soil fertility, rainfall conditions and variety characteristics. In areas with annual rainfall of 300-350 mm, 3,000-3,500 plants are suitable, with plant spacing of 35-40 cm, 3,500-4,000 plants in areas with annual rainfall of 350-450 mm and 30-35 cm, and 4,000-4,500 plants in areas with annual rainfall above 450 mm, with plant spacing of 27-30 cm. Plots with high fertility and good moisture can appropriately increase the planting density.
Precautions:
(1) reasonable close planting, and determine the reasonable density of different areas through experiments. Under normal circumstances, the rainfall is 100mm and the number of plants is 1000 plants/mu.
(2) Actively introduce density-tolerant and high-yield varieties suitable for local popularization, and give full play to the group yield-increasing effect. 1) seedling management (emergence to jointing)
The key point of seedling management is to promote root development and cultivate strong seedlings on the basis of ensuring the whole seedlings, so as to meet the requirements of "four seedlings" of early seedlings, full seedlings, full seedlings and Miao Zhuang.
Breaking ground to lead seedlings to rain In the spring drought period, covering soil is easy to form hardening, which leads to difficulty in digging seedlings, uneven seedlings or lack of seedlings. Therefore, when seedlings emerge after sowing, it is necessary to break the ground to introduce seedlings, and it is not recommended to cover the ditch with soil.
Check and replenish seedlings in the field at any time. If it is found that there are no seedlings or broken ridges, it should be transplanted in time. After replanting the missing places, pour a small amount of water, and then seal the holes with fine wet soil.
When the number of seedlings reaches 4 ~ 5 leaves, seedlings can be fixed, and 1 seedling can be reserved in each hole, and the sick, weak and miscellaneous seedlings can be removed, and healthy seedlings with uniform growth can be reserved.
Raked full-film corn grows vigorously, often producing a large number of tillers (raking flat) and consuming nutrients. After the seedling is fixed to the jointing stage, it should be checked frequently, and the tillers should be completely broken from the base in time, and attention should be paid to preventing corn top rot, albino seedlings and pests.
Precautions:
(1) Take the way of breaking ground to introduce seedlings, release seedlings in time, and ensure the whole seedlings.
(2) Fix the seedlings in time, keep the seedlings strong, and ensure that the seedlings are neat and even.
(3) Control weeds in time.
(4) Be diligent in breaking invalid tillers from the base in time.
(5) According to the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive control", agricultural control, biological control and physical control are the main methods, and chemical control is used reasonably.
On the plots where pests and diseases occur, it is necessary to check them frequently and prevent them in time and effectively.
2) Mid-term management (combined pumping)
The focus of medium-term management is to promote the increase of leaf area, especially the middle and upper leaves (one branch with three leaves), and promote the stout stems. During this period, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of corn top rot, smut and corn borer.
When corn enters the big bell mouth stage, topdressing strong stalk and ear fertilizer, generally topdressing urea15 ~ 20kg per mu. The topdressing method is to drill a hole between two plants with a corn seeder or a topdressing gun, or to dissolve the fertilizer in 150 ~ 200 kg of water, drill a hole between two plants with a pot, and pour about 50 ml. After the whole-film double-ridge furrow sowing of corn, the conditions of water, fertilizer and heat are good, the rate of double ears is high, and three ears often appear, so the three ears should be broken off as soon as possible to reduce nutrient consumption.
3) Post-management (male to mature)
The key point of later management is to prevent premature aging, increase grain weight and prevent pests and diseases. It is necessary to protect leaves, improve photosynthetic intensity and prolong photosynthetic time, and advocate that plots with many grains, heavy grains and high fertility should not be topdressing to prevent greed; If there are symptoms of fertilizer deficiency such as yellowing of plants, grain-increasing fertilizer should be applied in time, and it is generally appropriate to apply 5 kg of urea per mu.
4) timely harvest
When the milk line of corn seeds disappears and the seeds become hard and shiny, they can be harvested. After the ear is harvested, the straw should be harvested and silaged in time. Leave plastic film underground in autumn and winter to store soil moisture. In the second year, when the soil is thawed and covered with plastic film, the film is uncovered, the soil is prepared, fertilized, ridged and covered with plastic film. Pay attention to the recycling of old plastic films.
If a piece of film is used for two years, the straw can be left for the next year or cut off and placed on the plastic film to protect the plastic film, and corn can be planted between two crops in the next year.
Precautions:
According to the grain filling process and the milk line of the grain, if conditions permit, the grain should be harvested as late as possible to ensure the full filling and maturity of the grain. In the past, "when the bract leaves turn yellow and the seeds become hard, they can be harvested" was changed to "when the bract leaves are dry, the black layer appears and the milk line of the seeds disappears, that is, harvesting when the physiology is mature". Generally, it is harvested at the beginning of 10/0. 1) technical features
Two-year planting technology of corn with full film and double ridges and furrows is the cultivation technology of sowing the next crop on the in-situ film after harvesting the corn with full film and double ridges and furrows, and ploughing the next spring without uncovering the film. It can prevent soil moisture evaporation in autumn, winter and spring to the greatest extent, enhance soil microbial activity and maintain good permeability of soil; It can also reduce wind erosion and water erosion and improve the ecological environment; The investment and labor cost of plastic film can be reduced; Moreover, corn stubble can be directly returned to the field to increase soil organic matter. Under the condition of ensuring fertilizer supply, high yield can still be obtained.
2) Operation method
Last year, after harvesting the corn sown in full-film double ridges and furrows, the damaged parts were sealed with fine soil and the plastic film was protected. In the second year, if corn is planted, drill holes in the middle of the previous crop and sow 2 seeds in each hole. If you plant potatoes, you can plant potatoes at the edge of big ridges, and you can also plant other crops such as wheat, rape, beans and vegetables.
3) Site management
The key point is to reapply fertilizer. Topdressing for many times during the growth period, with topdressing urea 20-25 kg, calcium superphosphate 20-30 kg, potassium sulfate 15-20 kg and zinc sulfate 2-3 kg per mu at jointing stage; Topdressing urea 10 ~ 15 kg at the big bell mouth stage, and topdressing granular fertilizer as appropriate after tasseling. Fertilization method is topdressing between two plants with seeder. After the autumn harvest, remove the straw and residual film in time, and plough and prepare the soil.