Baoding Army Military Academy (referred to as Baoding Military Academy) is the first regular army military academy in modern Chinese history. It is located on Dongfeng East Road in Baoding City, Hebei Province. It was formerly known as the Beiyang Crash Arms Academy in the Qing Dynasty and the Army Crash Course of the Beiyang Army. , Army Officer Academy. From 1912 to 1923, Baoding Military Academy ran for nine periods, with more than 6,000 graduates, many of whom later became instructors at Huangpu Military Academy. There are Baoding students in both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. Starting from the Beiyang Military Academy, Baoding trained nearly 10,000 officers, of which more than 1,600 were awarded the title of general.

The main function of Baoding Military Academy is to train junior officers. The study period is two years, divided into five subjects: infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineering, and baggage. The academic regulations are based on the Japanese Military Academy, and most of the instructors are graduates of the Japanese Military Academy. Baoding Military Academy has had eight presidents successively, among whom the second president was Jiang Fangzhen (Chart: Baili), the most famous military strategist in the Republic of China.

Military Academy History

· In November 1901, Li Hongzhang died of illness, and Yuan Shikai went to Baoding to take over as the Governor-General of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang. According to the "Xinchou Treaty", the military training instructors at the small station were not allowed to be stationed near Tianjin, so they also moved to Baoding.

· In May 1902, the "Beiyang Xingying Jiangben School" was opened in Baoding.

· In February 1903, Yuan Shikai petitioned to open an army primary school, a middle school, and a large school to carry out formal military education and training. Later, the "Beiyang Army Accelerated Arms Academy" was built in Baoding, which was the predecessor of Baoding Military Academy.

· In 1906, the Beiyang Army Department Army Crash Course, Army Officers School, and Army Preparatory College were opened at the Baoding campus.

· In 1912, after Yuan Shikai became the President of the Republic of China, he moved the Army Preparatory College to Beijing and changed its name to Army University. In October, the Baoding Army Officer School was opened at the original site in Baoding.

· During the summer vacation of 1920, soldiers stationed at the military academy mutinied because they were not paid and robbed the military academy. Afterwards, the school building was set on fire.

· In August 1923, Baoding Military Academy was closed.

Famous generals who studied in Baoding (including Baoding Army Officer School and its predecessor): Xiong Bingqi, Wu Peifu, Qi Xieyuan, Sun Yue, Li Jinglin, Wang Duqing, Sun Chuanfang, Wang Chengbin, Chiang Kai-shek, Zhang Qun, Yang Jie, Chen Tiaoyuan, Li Jishen, Shang Zhen, Ji Fang, Ye Ting, Zhao Bosheng, Dong Zhentang, Bian Zhangwu, Ji Zhentong, Zhang Kexia, Deng Yanda, Jiang Guangnai, Chen Mingshu, Xiong Shihui, Chen Baocang, Huang Shaohong, Huang Qixiang, Zhang Zhizhong, Fu Zuoyi, He Jifeng, Yu Hanmou, Liu Wenhui, Tao Zhiyue, Tang Shengzhi, Li Shuchun, Yang Aiyuan, Li Pinxian, Hao Mengling, Qiao Mingli, Luo Zhuoying, Zhou Zhirou, Qin Dechun, Gu Zhutong, Chen Cheng, Bai Chongxi, Qian Dajun, Liu Zhi, Shangguan Yunxiang, Xue Yue, Tao Jun, Hu Zongduo... …

Major Events

● In 1993, the Baoding Military Academy site was announced as a cultural relic protection unit in Hebei Province. In June of the same year, the Baoding Military Academy Memorial Hall Preparatory Office was established;

● In 1995, the first phase of the memorial hall imitating the architectural style of the original military academy was built on the military academy site;

● In 2002, it was expanded to 12 acres and the review stand was restored;

● In September 2002, 140 million yuan was invested to build the largest Baoding Military Academy Square in North China and opened to the public;

●In October 2003, the Baoding Military Academy Memorial Hall was officially opened;

● In May 2006 The former site of the Army Officer School in Baoding (1912-1923) was approved by the State Council to become the "Sixth Batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units".

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Baoding Army Officer School (known as "Baoding Military Academy" in Xi's name) was formerly the Army Crash Course of the Beiyang Army in the Qing Dynasty. It is the first formalized higher military academy in the history of our country. . From 1912 to 1923, Baoding Military Academy ran for nine periods, with more than 6,000 graduates, many of whom later became instructors at Huangpu Military Academy. There are Baoding students in both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. Starting from the Beiyang Military Academy, Baoding trained nearly 10,000 officers, of which more than 1,600 were awarded the title of general. It has created a large number of military talents and has a position that cannot be ignored in the modern history of our country.

Baoding Army Officer School is located 5 miles northeast of Baoding Old City, with a total area of ??about 1,500 acres. It is more than two kilometers long from east to west. It spans both sides of today's Wusi East Road in the south, and spans both sides of today's Wusi East Road in the north. It is more than one kilometer long from north to south. It is a large-scale formal higher military institution in the modern history of our country.

This was originally a Guandi Temple with a thousand acres of temple property and hundreds of temples. It was later converted into a military camp. In the 26th year of Guangxu (AD 1900), it was burned down by the Eight-Power Allied Forces. When the military academy was built, it was built using the original temple property and requisitioning adjacent land. The school is divided into four parts: the main branch, the branch branch (including the small teaching field), the large playground and the shooting range. The school headquarters is located in the center, covering an area of ??more than 180 acres. Its architectural layout is modeled after the Japanese Military Academy. It is a complex of brick and tile structures with austere appearance.

There are tall walls on all sides, surrounded by a river outside the wall, and ancient willows line both sides of the river. The gate of the military academy is on the south side, and there is a tall screen wall across the river opposite it. The gate tower is tall and three rooms wide, and its majestic momentum can be compared with the gate of Zhili Governor's Mansion. The red lacquer door is decorated with copper nails and rings, and a horizontal plaque with six characters "Army Officer School" is hung on the lintel. There are high stone steps in front of the door, and the south road in front of the steps leads directly to the river bank. There are a pair of stone lions on both sides of the south road, which are about ten feet tall. A flat bridge was built over the river to connect to the large playground. The school-based part consists of the North and South colleges. The north courtyard is the living area. The South Campus is the center and teaching area of ??the military academy, and is divided into East, Middle, West and Three Campuses. The east and west courtyards are classrooms and student dormitories. Each has ten rows of green brick buildings with corridors. The layout is symmetrical. There are corridors connecting the rows of buildings. Every two rows form an independent courtyard. The courtyard wall has a moon-shaped door. , there are about one students living in each hospital, commonly known as Yilian Daozi. The Intermediate School has a campus office and a martial arts hall. The tall Shangwu Hall faces south, surrounded by stone railings, carved beams and painted buildings, and is magnificent. There are couplets on both sides of the hall door, which read: "Shangfu Yinfu, Wuhou Taoluo, and concisely figured it out into a hall; if you are determined to serve the country, you will tie your hair and join the army, and many students will look forward to it." There is a long corridor in front of the hall leading directly to the school gate. To the north of Shangwu Hall is a large empty courtyard. There are two ancient poplar trees over five feet high standing side by side in the courtyard, and a bronze bell hangs between the two trees. Because officials often give lectures and issue orders here, it is regarded as the center of the school. To the east of the main campus is the branch campus, covering an area of ??92 acres. The shooting range is located to the north of the branch campus and covers an area of ??more than 330 acres. The large playground is in the shape of a "[", which spans the north, west and south sides of the school headquarters. It covers an area of ??more than 880 acres, with the west side being the largest.

Baoding Army Officer School was founded in the 28th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1902 AD) and ceased in the 12th year of the Republic of China (1923 AD). In the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu (AD 1900), the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded China and forced the Qing government to sign the "Xinchou Treaty", which was humiliating and humiliating the country. The military training institution in Xiaozhan, Tianjin, the Armed Forces School, was forced to move to Baoding. In the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu (AD 1902), Yuan Shikai, Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang, created and trained a standing army (New Army) outside the Dongguan Pass in Baoding and established a Military and Political Department (Revolution Supervision and Training Office), which was equipped with military equipment, staff, and coaches. The three offices are headed by Liu Yongqing, Duan Qirui and Feng Guozhang respectively. With Yuan Shikai's approval, the Beiyang Army General Bian Academy was founded outside Dongguan, Baoding, with Feng Guozhang as the general manager (i.e., principal). In the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906 AD), Duan Qirui took over. In the 29th year of Guangxu (AD 1903), the Beiyang Army renamed Bian Xuetang as Beiyang Army Arms Academy, and also renamed Beiyang Tongguo Army Academy and Army Suiying Academy. In the 33rd year of Guangxu's reign (1907), it was renamed Army University (referred to as Lu Da). After the Republic of China changed to Yuan Dynasty (1912 AD), it was changed to Army Officer School. At the same time as the General Ben Academy was opened, the Beiyang Army Union Academy was founded south of Baoding Military Academy, which was later renamed the Army Crash Academy (the area from the current Provincial Psychiatric Hospital to the Municipal Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment Hospital), and was later converted into a barracks. People are accustomed to refer to these two military academies collectively as "Baoding Military Academy."

Baoding Military Academy attaches great importance to basic education. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, each province had an Army Primary School (the Army Primary School in Zhili Province at that time was located in Yao Village, Dingxing County). Its students were mainly selected from the children of bannermen stationed in various places. Secondly, one person with physical fitness and physical fitness was selected from the higher primary schools in each county. Han students with excellent academic performance, aged between 14 and 15 years old, all enjoy public funding. After graduating from Army Primary School, outstanding students are promoted to Army Middle School. At that time, there were four army middle schools in the country. The First Army Middle School was in Qinghe Town, Beijing, the Second Army Middle School was in Nanjing, the Third Army Middle School was in Wuchang, and the Fourth Army Middle School was in Xi'an. After graduating from the Army Middle School, they are organized into an "Enlisted Corps" and spend half a year in the military at the branch of the Baoding Military Academy. After rigorous training and assessment, only those who pass the test can be promoted to the Army Officer School. Therefore, the quality of military school students is relatively uniform.

After the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, the army primary schools in all provinces stopped enrolling students. Baoding Army Military Academy has reopened, and the students who entered the school this year will be designated as the first batch of Baoding Military Academy. In the fourth year of the Republic of China (AD 1915), four army middle schools were merged into two army officer preparatory schools (one in Qinghe Town, Beijing, and one in Wuchang, Hubei). In the sixth year of the Republic of China (AD 1917), the last batch of students to enter the Army Primary School had already been promoted, and there was no source of new students for the Army Officers Preparatory School. During the summer vacation of this year, Qinghe No. 1 Preparatory School recruited a group of new students from the second grade and above of ordinary middle schools (four-year system), and all of them were admitted through strict examinations. In the spring of the seventh year of the Republic of China (AD 1918), all students promoted from the former Army Primary School to Baoding Military Academy had graduated, and the Ministry of War changed the admissions system. Baoding Military Academy recruited a group of trainees directly from ordinary middle school graduates. This group of students will first be sent to the companies under each division to serve as soldiers for nine months. After the expiration of the examination, they will be admitted to the military academy after passing the examination. This is the eighth batch of students of Baoding Military Academy. The group of students recruited by the Army Reserve Officer School in the sixth year of the Republic of China and 1917 AD were promoted to Baoding Military Academy in the tenth year of the Republic of China (AD 1921). This was the ninth and final batch of students.

The main function of Baoding Military Academy is to train junior officers. The study period is two years, divided into five subjects: infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineering, and baggage. The teaching content and teaching methods of Baoding Military Academy are formulated with reference to the military education of Germany and Japan and combined with the actual situation in China, and gradually get rid of Tianjin An old method for training troops at a small station.

The educational system and regulations are based on those of the Japanese Military Academy, and most of the instructors are graduates of the Japanese Military Academy. The first official principal was Jiang Baili.

After the founding of the Republic of China, each province established "martial arts halls" in order to cultivate local forces. In order to expand their military strength, each division also established a "cadet team". However, only Baoding Military Academy is a military school with complete equipment and strict training.

We also hire many students who studied in Germany and Japan, as well as outstanding graduates of the Army University and our school, as professors and department captains. Education and training have always been conducted separately according to military formations. The team leader is at the major level and serves as a life management and technical instructor for the military department. Military instruction is provided by a lieutenant colonel instructor; technical courses include stabbing, gymnastics, martial arts, etc., and is provided by a technical instructor (usually a captain), and there are also technical assistants to assist in technical training. . By the eighth period, a reform was made to the student formations. Various military services were mixed into formations. General military classes and life management were all in mixed teams (except for junior college training). The captain was promoted to lieutenant colonel level, and meals were also handled by the company.

The cavalry and baggage section are jointly managed by the cavalry section captain, the number of persons in charge of the arms has been reduced, and the military instructor has been reduced from lieutenant colonel to major.

Classroom education requires at least half a day to teach courses every day. In addition to military tactics, weapons, surveying, fortification and model orders, physics, chemistry, mathematics, history, geography, etc. are also added. Each class is An hour and a half. The model order booklet is the guideline for coaching various military actions. General knowledge and foreign languages ??are supplementary education, and civilian teachers are hired to enrich students' military knowledge and prepare for the gradual and comprehensive learning of various military exercises. For technical training, various standard coaches are first conducted on the playground, and then practiced at various coaching fields. Field exercises first progress from simple to complex, and then gradually move into comprehensive joint exercises. There is a shooting range for live ammunition shooting, a racecourse for horse riding training, a gun range for artillery training, a civil engineering field and a bridge erection field for engineers, and blasting exercises in places that will not cause harm. Auxiliary arts subjects such as gymnastics, hacking, martial arts, etc. have professional instructors and are conducted in the compound. Equipment training is held in the equipment playground outside the back gate of the school. Each of these training sessions lasts for at least one hour. Formal training usually lasts two hours. Field exercises last at least half a day. When the subjects are complex and far away from school, the duration increases to one to several days. The large-scale exercise also carries tents and cooking utensils and organizes life at the exercise site.

Baoding Military Academy has experienced two major commotions, which seriously affected the quality of teaching. The first time was in the fifth year of the Republic of China (1916 AD), when Yuan Shikai failed to proclaim himself emperor. After the Model Regiment, which was an accomplice to restore the imperial system, was disbanded, he was inserted into the sixth phase of the military academy. Because the group had a lot of grievances, it aroused opposition from the fifth batch of students in the school, resulting in a fight between the two sides. They started fighting with fists, bricks, and wooden sticks, and then used knives and guns, causing casualties. Although the school authorities tried their best to intimidate, it was to no avail. Later, the Beijing government sent General Yinchang of the Army Department to Baoding to persuade both sides and finally calmed down the conflict.

The second time was in the summer of the ninth year of the Republic of China (AD 1920), when the Anhui War broke out. Qu Tongfeng, the former enemy commander-in-chief of the Anhui Army (former principal of the military academy) was captured in Songlindian. The division surrendered to the Zhijun Army. During the summer vacation, the military school was used as a temporary accommodation barracks. Because the 15th Division had been in arrears with military pay for several months, lower-level officers were dissatisfied and mutiny broke out. The military academy was looted and the buildings were set on fire, so the military academy had to be suspended.

In order to strive for an early start of school, the eighth batch of students of the military academy organized a reunion of returning classmates to appeal to the powerful. Zhang Zhaoguang, a student from the Engineering and Military Science Department, was wearing the uniform of an officer out of the military academy and was driving a foreign car on the streets of Beijing to attract customers. The newspaper immediately published the news with the headline "Military Cadets Pull Foreign Cars." Newspapers in Beijing published this news and exaggerated it. Zhang Zhaoguang's conversation with reporters and Zhang's self-report were also published and published as front-page headlines. The general idea of ??Zhang's self-report is: I studied at the Baoding Military Academy and was determined to serve the country. Because the military academy was destroyed by the army, I had nowhere to live. I came to Beijing and lived in poverty. I pawned all my belongings and left only a military uniform that I couldn't bear to give up. In order to maintain my life, I To make a living, I had no choice but to pull a cart through the day, earn my own living, work both in public and private affairs, be open and aboveboard, endure the difficulties for the time being, and wait for the school to start. If the military academy does not start, I will continue to pull a cart. This action is also a great mockery of the Beijing warlord government. Due to appeals from all quarters, the school opened in October of the 10th year of the Republic of China (AD 1921). The ninth batch of cadets (the last batch of students recruited by the Reserve Military Academy in 1917) also entered the school at the same time. At this time, some instructors had left the school to find another way to make a living, and the principal had changed positions, and the teachers were in arrears with their salaries for several months, causing a wave of salary demands and making the teachers uneasy about teaching. The eighth and ninth batches of students barely graduated.

Although Baoding Military Academy had some problems in the final period, overall the quality of learning is still high, and it is recognized nationwide as the orthodoxy of military education. With its good military quality, it has been valued by the military authorities of various provinces in terms of military education and staff business, and has become a military academic system of its own. When Dr. Sun Yat-sen founded Huangpu Military Academy, he also used Baoding Military Academy graduates as the backbone of military education. From the Revolution of 1911 to the July 7th Incident, a large proportion of Baoding Military Academy graduates have served as senior commanders. Although Chiang Kai-shek tried his best to cultivate his own system, the Huangpu Department, during the dictatorship era, the academic qualifications of Baoding Military Academy graduates are still the most reliable guarantee for military education. Since the day of its establishment, Baoding Military Academy has advertised that "soldiers must protect their families and country and obey orders as their bounden duty" and "it is noble for soldiers not to care about politics", which has formed the characteristics of professional soldiers among the students of Baoding Military Academy.

The reason why Baoding Military Academy is famous both at home and abroad is inseparable from the large number of talents it has produced and its influence on modern Chinese history. The number of graduates in the eleven years since the Republic of China alone reached 6,553. Many of the graduates have become well-known figures in China's modern revolutionary history and have made immortal contributions to the revolutionary cause of the Chinese people. For example, Comrade Ye Ting is a famous military general of our party. During the Northern Expedition, the "Iron Army" he led frightened the enemy. During the Anti-Japanese War, he served as the commander of the New Fourth Army. Martyrs Zhao Bosheng and Dong Zhentang were famous leaders of the Ningdu Uprising. Comrade Zhao Bosheng served as the deputy commander-in-chief and chief of staff of the Fifth Red Army Corps, and Comrade Dong Zhentang served as the commander of the Fifth Red Army Corps. They successively sacrificed their lives for the revolutionary cause. Comrades Zhang Kexia and He Jifeng, underground party members and former deputy commanders of the 33rd Group Army of the Kuomintang, led the frontline uprisings of the 59th Army and the 77th Army respectively at the critical moment of the Huaihai Campaign, making preparations for the smooth victory of the Huaihai Campaign. made significant contributions. Comrades such as He Zhuguo and Wang Changjiang also made contributions to the revolutionary cause.

Many graduates of the school have become the backbone of the democratic revolution. For example, Mr. Li Jichen participated in the Revolution of 1911 at the military school. In order to prevent the Qing army from going south to attack the rebels, he risked bombing the Caohe Railway. Qiao, served as Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China after liberation. Comrade Ji Fang served as the platoon leader of the death squads of the Northern Expeditionary Army during the Revolution of 1911, and also participated in the war against Yuan Yuan. After liberation, he served as a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and vice chairman of the Sixth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. General Zhang Tingfu, commander of the Fourth Town in Wuhan (in the 28th year of Guangxu's reign and in 1902, he entered the Baoding Jiangbian Academy). During the Revolution of 1911, he led two battalions of troops to capture the Governor's Mansion and was later assassinated; Sun Yue, commander of the National Armed Forces and deputy commander of the Beijing Garrison Sir, he joined the Tongmenghui when he was a student at Baoding Military Academy. He used his residence (in the Huoshen Temple, today's Xingfu Street) as the secret meeting point of the Tongmenghui of the Military Academy. In October of the 13th year of the Republic of China and in 1924 AD, he cooperated with General Feng Yuxiang to launch the Beijing Revolution. The mutiny, the arrest and imprisonment of Cao Kun, the president of the Beiyang warlord government, promoted the process of Chinese history. After the National Armed Forces led by him entered Baoding, they released Comrade Shi Wenbin, a member of the Beijing-Hankow Railway Federation of Trade Unions, who was imprisoned by Cao Kun and Wu Peifu, Chen Limao, a cadre of the Changxindian branch, He Liquan, president of the Baoding branch, and Bai Yueyue, vice president, etc. to participate in the "Second Day" Responsible cadres of the Party and trade unions who participated in the "Seventh" general strike; Mr. He Sui joined the Tongmenghui in the military academy and later served as the staff officer of Wu Luzhen, the commander (division commander) of the Sixth Town of Beiyang. He actively assisted in overthrowing the Qing imperial system and participated in the establishment of the Yan-Jin Allied Forces General Governor's Office in Baoding. revolutionary action. After liberation, he served as a member of the Legal Affairs Committee of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. In addition, Deng Yanda, Geng Yi, Liu Yuexi, Chen Mingshu, Wu Yiwu, Liu Ruxian, Zhou Jizhan, Li Jingrong, Zhou Sicheng, Shang Zhen, Wang Faqin, Huang Xi, Shen Tao, Wang Zizhai, Liu Jianfan, Ni Dexun, Zhang Wen, Tong Baoxuan, Zhang Bi, Weng Juqing, An Suyan, Liu Yaokui, Qian Ding, and Fang Shengtao, Lu Gongwang, and Lin Zhiyuan of the Army Crash Course all devoted themselves to the Revolution of 1911 and the war against Yuan. There are also many people who joined the revolutionary camp after going through twists and turns, such as Zhang Zhizhong, Fu Zuoyi, Tao Zhiyue, Chu Xichun, Liu Wenhui, etc. Of course, there are also many students from Baoding Military Academy who have become senior military and political figures in the Beiyang warlords and the Kuomintang counter-revolutionary camp, such as Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Qun (executive dean of the Kuomintang government) who graduated from the Army Crash Academy. Bai Chongxi (Minister of Defense of the National Government), Chen Cheng (Chief of Staff of the National Government), Li Shuchun (Deputy Chief of Staff of the National Government Staff Headquarters), Qin Dechun (Deputy Minister of Defense of the Kuomintang Government), Xiong Shihui, Gu Zhutong, and Liu Zhi graduated from the Military Academy , Xue Yue, Luo Zhuoying, Ma Fawu, Zhou Zhirou and other senior KMT generals.

After the closure of Baoding Military Academy, the martial arts lecture hall run by Cao Kun in Caohe was moved here. After the fall of Cao Kun, the martial arts lecture hall was closed down and became a barracks for the Zhili, Feng, and Kuomintang armies. Every time the defenses were changed, the school building was damaged. In the 26th year of the Republic of China and after the July 7th Incident in 1937, it became an important base for the Japanese invading army in Baoding. In the 34th year of the Republic of China and after Japan surrendered in 1945, the school building was demolished. After the liberation of Baoding, it was converted into a farm and then into a livestock farm. Although Baoding Military Academy has become a historical relic, its influence and deeds have left an important page in China's modern history.