1. The Sino-British treaty of nanking and its annexes
1. The Sino-British treaty of nanking and treaty of nanking * * 13.
(2) compensation of 21 million silver dollars.
(3) trade with five ports.
(4) agreed tariffs.
2. Annexes to the treaty of nanking between China and Britain
In order to negotiate the tariff rate and other related issues after the opening of trade, in October 1843, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British Five-Port Trade Charter and the Humen Treaty (also known as the "Five-Port Trade with Sticky Consequences") as annexes to the treaty of nanking. The main contents are as follows:
(1) Low tariff rate.
(2) Consular jurisdiction.
(3) One-sided MFN treatment.
(4) British people can lease land, houses and live permanently at trading ports.
Second, the Sino-American Treaty of Wangxia and the Sino-French Treaty of Huangpu
1. The Sino-American Treaty of Wangxia
The Qing government sent Senior Citizen and Gu Sheng to sign it in Wangxia Village near Macau in July 1844. The main contents are as follows:
(1) To enable the United States to enjoy all the privileges obtained by Britain in treaty of nanking and its annexes except land cession and reparations.
(2) American warships can freely enter China's trading ports to "inspect trade".
(3) Americans "set up hospitals and churches" at trading ports, thus facilitating the cultural invasion of China by the United States.
2. Sino-French Huangpu Treaty
Following the United States, in October 1844, France also sent special envoys to force the Qing government to sign the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty on a French warship moored in Huangpu. The Huangpu Treaty made France enjoy all the privileges obtained by the United States in the Wangxia Treaty, and added provisions that France should build churches and cemeteries at trading ports and China should protect them.
Third, the Treaty of Tianjin
In June p>1858, during the Second Opium War, the Qing government was forced to sign the Treaty of Tianjin with Russia, the United States, Britain and France. Russia has obtained a series of privileges in the treaty, such as coastal trade, inland missionary, consular jurisdiction and one-sided MFN treatment. The United States has also seized many privileges.
The main contents of the Tianjin Treaty between Britain and France are as follows:
Foreign ministers stationed in Beijing; Niuzhuang (later renamed Yingkou), Dengzhou (later renamed Yantai), Taiwan Province (later renamed Tainan), Danshui, Chaozhou (later renamed Shantou), Qiongzhou, Hankou, Jiujiang, Nanjing and Zhenjiang were added as trading ports; People such as Britain and France can travel, trade and preach freely in the mainland; Foreign ships can travel at the ports of the Yangtze River; Revise the tariff, reduce the tonnage tax of merchant ships, and pay 4 million taels to Britain and 2 million taels to France.
in November, Gui Liang and others signed the aftermath clause of the trade charter with Britain, France and the United States, stipulating that the opium trade should be legalized; China Customs is "tax-assisted" by the British; The customs levies taxes on import and export goods according to the hourly value; Foreign goods transported and sold in the mainland are exempt from all domestic taxes except the sub-export tax of 2.5% of the value.
Fourth, Sino-British and Sino-French Beijing Treaty
In October p>186, the Qing government signed the Beijing Treaty with Britain and France in Beijing. The main contents are as follows: the Tianjin Treaty is fully effective; Open Tianjin as a commercial port; Allow Britain and France to recruit Chinese workers to go abroad; Cede Kowloon Division to Britain; The assets of the Catholic church confiscated before were returned, and French missionaries rented and bought fields in various provinces to build their own houses; Indemnities for British and French military spending increased to 8 million taels each, pensions for Britain were 52, taels, and France was 22, taels.
These unequal terms further undermined China's sovereignty and deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China society.
V. Sino-French Peace Treaty (also known as the Sino-French New Testament)
In p>1885, just as the anti-French war was completely won, the Qing government ordered a truce to withdraw its troops on April 7. On June 9, Li Hongzhang concluded the Sino-French Peace Treaty (also known as the Sino-French New Testament) with France in Tianjin, and the Sino-French war ended. The main contents of the peace treaty are:
China recognizes Vietnam as a French protectorate; China and France sent personnel to jointly demarcate the border between China and Vietnam; Agree to designate two ports for trade on the Sino-Vietnamese border of Yunnan and Guangxi provinces; China should do business with France to build railways in the future. Since then, the French forces of aggression have penetrated into Yunnan and Guangxi, greatly deepening the crisis in the southwest frontier of China. This is exactly what it is: the French are invincible and China is unbeaten and defeated.
VI. Sino-British Yantai Treaty and Tibet-India Treaty
In September p>1876, the Qing government sent Li Hongzhang and the British representative wade to sign the Sino-British Yantai Treaty and the Special Provisions on Exploring the Road in Tibet. The Sino-British Yantai Treaty contains several other important provisions besides the provisions on "compensation", "compensation", "punishment for the murderer" and "apology" related to the "Margaret Incident": opening Yichang, Wuhu, Wenzhou and Beihai as trading ports; Expand consular jurisdiction; Reduce or exempt sub-tax; Allow the British to "explore the road" in the mainland.
After the Yantai Treaty was signed, Britain sent people to invade Tibet again and again. In 189 and 1893, China and Britain successively signed the Tibet-India Treaty and the Tibet-India Renewal Agreement, recognizing Sikkim as a British protection, opening Yadong as a commercial port, and enjoying the privileges of extraterritorial jurisdiction in Yadong and not paying taxes on imported "goods" for five years. Since then, British forces have reached into Tibet, which has provided convenient conditions for further aggression against Tibet.
VII. treaty of shimonoseki between China and Japan
After the Qing government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, it was forced to sign the treaty of shimonoseki in Shimonoseki on April 17th, 1895. The main contents of treaty of shimonoseki are as follows:
China recognizes that North Korea is completely "independent", and the essence is to ask China to recognize Japanese complete control over North Korea; China ceded Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province and all affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan; Compensation for Japanese military spending of 2 million taels of silver; Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports, and Japanese ships can sail into the above ports along the inland river; Japanese factories can be set up at the trading port in China at will, and the products shipped and sold in the Mainland are only taxed on imported goods, and warehouses are allowed to be set up in the Mainland.
treaty of shimonoseki is an unequal treaty imposed on China by Japan with the support of western powers, and it is also the most serious treaty that humiliated the country since treaty of nanking. It has caused extremely serious harm to China society and greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China society.
VIII. The Treaty of Inception and Ugliness
On September 7, 191, the Qing government was forced to sign the Treaty of Inception and Ugliness with 11 countries including Russia, the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, Italy, Austria, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands. There are 12 clauses in the * * * of the Treaty of Love and Ugliness, and there are 19 annexes. The main contents are:
(1) Indemnity of 45 million taels of silver to various countries, which will be paid off in 39 years, with an annual interest of 4%, and the principal and interest of more than 98 million taels, with customs duties, customs duties and salt taxes as guarantees.
(2) Beijing Dongjiaomin Lane is designated as an "embassy area", allowing countries to send troops to guard it, while China people are not allowed to live there.
(3) Dagu battery and all batteries along the road from Beijing to Dagu will be demolished; Countries are allowed to station troops in Beijing and 12 strategic locations along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan.
(4) Officials who fought against imperialism in the Boxer Rebellion should be punished, and the people of China should never be allowed to form or join any anti-imperialist organization, and offenders will be put to death. Provincial officials "must immediately punish the anti-imperialist incidents in their own provinces", otherwise, the officials will be dismissed; Never use it.
(5) change the Foreign Affairs Office of the Prime Minister to the Foreign Affairs Department, ranking first among the six departments to handle foreign affairs in the future.
the treaty of shame and ugliness is another extremely serious unequal treaty imposed on China by imperialism, which indicates that China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.