Two paragraphs in Pangu Tiankai are selected from May 3rd and May 5th respectively. The calendar year of May 3rd and the calendar year of May 5th were written by Xu Zheng, Chang Qing of Wu Guotai during the Three Kingdoms period. It is the earliest known book that records the legend of Pangu Kaitian, but it has been lost, and only a few fragments are quoted in ancient cultural classics.
The first paragraph of this myth describes that before the formation of the universe, "heaven and earth were chaotic like chickens", and the whole world was like a round body with a core in the middle, in which Pangu, the ancestor of mankind, was conceived. After 18,000 years' gestation, Pangu split the chaotic world, and the bright and clear sky rose continuously. Those with heavy turbidity keep falling and become the ground. And Pangu is indomitable and is as long as heaven and earth. "There are nine changes in a day, and God is in heaven and holy is on earth." "The sky is ten feet high, the earth is ten feet thick, and Pangu is ten feet." "The number of days is extremely large, the number of places is extremely deep, and Pangu is extremely long." These words compared Pangu to heaven and earth, highlighted its huge body and wrote Pangu's extraordinary wisdom and strength. Two "eight thousand years" revealed the slow process of the formation of the universe. In this paper, the contribution of creation is attributed to the giant Pangu, which reflects the ancestors' praise of human wisdom and strength. Ancient history called the time of his birth "epoch-making".
In the second paragraph of this myth, Pangu is described as dying of thirteen actions: transformation, achievement and action. He cultivated nature and human beings with his whole body and created a rich, beautiful and magical world. The story of Pangu's creation is the ancient people's exploration of the origin of the universe and the apotheosis of human ancestors. It embodies the great spirit of the Chinese nation's yearning for light and selfless dedication to benefit human society. "Change" is the clue of the full text.
2. Mend the goddess of the sky
Goddess of mending the sky is a fairy tale that has been circulated for thousands of years. It tells the story of Archaean, where the HarmonyOS system was just established, and the living environment was very sinister. Fortunately, Nu Wa stepped forward to rectify the world, save mankind from dire straits, and people's livelihood can live and work in peace and contentment. It artistically shows the important position of women in ancient social labor and their great contribution to social life, and it is a hymn of courage, kindness, diligence, fearlessness and dedication of the Chinese nation.
This myth can be divided into three levels: (1) Rendering catastrophic disasters. (2) the goddess fills the sky for disaster relief. After the disaster, the world is at peace.
The first layer (grasping the old and weak in the past) is the beginning of the story, which explains the background of the goddess mending the sky. Using four groups of parallel prose to render the disasters faced by mankind from many angles. Tianzhu is broken, Kyushu is broken, fire burns us, and floods continue. The ecological environment has deteriorated sharply, wild animals and birds have taken the opportunity to wreak havoc, and human beings are on the verge of survival. "When the sea flows, you can show your true colors as a hero", which is an important foreshadowing for shaping the image of Nu Wa and an artistic technique to shine the clouds on the moon.
The second layer (so ... stop lusting after water) is the development and climax of the story. With a set of parallelism sentences and eight verbs, the image of Nu Wa is vividly portrayed as brave, decisive and fearless. She took it easy, calmly responded, and tirelessly publicized the pros and cons, which made people pay tribute and gratitude to the goddess of salvation who was born. This layer of description adopts a highly concentrated and refined technique, leaving dry leaves, concise pen and ink, countless touching events and details for readers to imagine and remember.
The third layer (heaven helps people's livelihood), which is the end of the story. A set of parallelism sentences consists of six unified subject-predicate phrases, which shows that the world order is good, shows the world created by the great goddess for human survival, and further praises the great achievements of Nu Wa.
3. Jingwei Reclamation Area
Jingwei, originally the daughter of Emperor Yan, drowned because of the East China Sea storm. She resented that the sea had taken away her youth and brought branches and stones from the western hills, and vowed to fill the East China Sea so that it would no longer make waves and endanger mankind. There is a huge contrast between the vast sea and the weak Jingwei bird in appearance, momentum and energy. But the "permanent title" is a portrayal of perseverance. The full text of 66 words not only describes the appearance of Jingwei, but also explains her life experience, highlighting her unyielding will and firm belief in fighting nature to the end and winning the final victory. The story is tragic, tragic and touching.
4. "Xingtian Dance"
Xingtian is the mythical god of decapitation. We can see his rebelliousness and bravery through "fighting for the emperor". "The emperor cut off his head and buried it in yangshan" shows that "fighting for the emperor" failed. Later, the author used the word "nai", which made the plot plummet, and the characters unexpectedly came back to life, fighting endlessly. "Taking the chest as the eye, the umbilical cord as the mouth, and dancing instead of work" is a strange imagination, which praises the indomitable spirit of Xingtian, brave and tenacious, brave and good at fighting. The full text is only 30 words, but it can make the plot ups and downs, fascinating and amazing.
According to scholars' research, there was a struggle between the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di in history, and Xingtian here was the minister of Yan Di, so this myth is about the aftermath of the struggle between Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor. It's a pity that Xingtian is too weak to even have his own name. People just called him "Xingtian" because his head was cut off. But it is precisely because he is so small that he dares to compete with the Yellow Emperor, which makes his personality spirit full of positive and tragic charm. There is a poem in Tao Yuanming's "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas", which praises the spirit of prospering farmland.
5. Day after day in Kuafu
The Kuafu Journal tells the story of Kuafu chasing the sun, which reflects the strong desire of primitive people to understand and conquer nature. The full text of this myth is less than 40 words, but it describes Kuafu's three plots of "driving away from the sun", "drinking river water, lacking nutrition" ... dying of thirst and "abandoning sticks for forests", which is vivid and touching.
The story suddenly begins and goes directly to the climax of the conflict, "Kuafu and Japan are driving away". There is no explanation for the reason why "Kuafu drove away from the sun", but if we think about "shooting for nine days", we can infer the disaster brought by the scorching sun to mankind. In fact, Kuafu's action is also an abstraction and generalization of the spirit of early human struggle with nature.
Although "dying of thirst" is a pity, one explanation for "entering the sun" is "being close to the sun", which shows that his goal of racing with the sun is about to be realized. ) shows Kuafu's struggle and achievements. Although "dying of thirst" is a tragic ending, "abandoning his staff and turning into Deng Lin" provides a warm proof for strugglers and pursuers, and also provides a rest place for those who carry forward the past. It also shows people Kuafu's indomitable fighting spirit, and encourages people to advance forever in order to conquer nature and benefit mankind.
6. "Gun Yu Water Control"
This story consists of Shan Hai Jing Hai Nei Jing, Lu Shi Chun Qiu and Huai Nan Zi. It reflects the disaster brought by ancient floods to primitive people, describes the failure of Gun and the success of Yu, and shows the tenacious will and hard-working and brave dedication of primitive people to overcome nature. At the same time, it also artistically summarizes the water control experience accumulated by primitive humans in the long-term struggle.
The first paragraph is about using guns to control water, "stealing the emperor's land to fight floods, waiting for the emperor's life", which angered the emperor and killed him. It can be seen that guns are willing to take risks for the people and sacrifice their personal lives for the stability and happiness of the people. "Guns come back to life" is a wonderful imagination, which makes the spirit of guns benefiting mankind succeed. His son Yu inherited his father's ambition to "conquer the land and decide Kyushu". From the word "pawn", we can infer from the long and arduous efforts made to overcome the flood. The heroic images of Gun and Yu, the father and son, who gave their lives to fight floods, are vividly on the paper.
The second and third paragraphs supplement the details of Yu's water control process. After taking a wife, Yu "did not harm the public relatives, but returned to the water conservancy for four days from Xin to Jia." It embodies the quality of the foolish man's selflessness, and also embodies the quality of "going through three customs and not entering" in Historical Records Xia Benji. The next article "Yu Zhi Flood, Turning into a Bear" made his wife "go away with humiliation" and "turn into a stone" from another angle, highlighting the desperate disregard for personal interests and paying a painful price like his father for flood control and people's benefit. The phrase "Yu governs the water, leads the Yuanshan Mountain and turns it into a bear" is in harmony with the "spreading soil" in the first paragraph. It can be found that Yu's method of water control has changed from blocking artillery to blocking dredging, which is a leap for human beings to understand and conform to the laws of nature and control floods. 1. Pangu Tiankai wrote that Pangu is "changing nine times a day" and "growing ten feet a day", which is "so 8,000 years old". Wang Yi's Notes on Chu Ci Tian Wen also said: "It is rumored that the snake body of Nu Wa is seventy times a day." What is the purpose of this exaggerated narrative?
The purpose of this writing is to endow the hero in the myth with extraordinary ability, make him have the peculiar ability to create the world, and simply reveal the reasons for the formation of the universe.
2. The Goddess Mends the Sky and Guns and Jade Cure the Water all start with a catastrophic disaster, and the western myth Noah's Ark is also set in the flood. What does this mean?
These disasters are not all fiction and imagination. According to legend, from Shangzicheng Tang to Pan Geng, the capital was moved several times because of water: He Yijia moved to Xiang, Zuyi moved to Xing, Yang Jia moved to Hebei, and Pan Geng moved to Yin. The flood disaster threatens the stability of the capital. In the seven years of drought in the Tang Dynasty, the Rhoda River dried up, and the sand and rocks exploded. In the Tang Dynasty, I had to fast and bathe, cut off my fur claws, put on a white horse, put on a cloth, and insert white grass. "I have no regrets about respecting the gods." Another drought in the Shang Dynasty was three years in Wen Ding. Because of the drought, the water was cut off. There are many records of praying for rain and praying for the New Year in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Many fairy tales in China and the West are based on catastrophic disasters, which are probably realistic projections of natural disasters such as strong earthquakes, large-scale floods and persistent droughts, indicating that myths are reflections of reality.
3. So how was he born? How to understand this bizarre plot?
I was conceived in the belly of my father's gun. Yu was born after Gun's stomach was cut open. Although male fertility does not conform to the physiological characteristics of human beings, this magical imagination has many reasonable implications in literature and aesthetics: First, it shows that Gun's determination to cure floods has not been extinguished, and he has pinned his hopes on his descendant Yu, who has unyielding spirit. Secondly, it shows that Yu's water control is not only an act of inheriting his father's business, but also an act of resisting God and benefiting the people. Third, it shows that Yu's birth is extraordinary, and there must be a vigorous move, which indicates the success of water control.
4. What's the difference between a gun and a gun?
"Cloth" means "stuffing" and "cloth" means "spreading distribution". There can only be one explanation for "blocking flood", which gives people a passive feeling. But "paving soil" can give people a sense of freedom and control, or "paving soil" can block floods or "paving soil" can divert floods. Therefore, the method of "blocking" is used to control water with guns, while Yu's water control is both blocking and dredging. Yu's method of water control is also recorded in other ancient books, such as "A Series of Dead Bodies". 1. Several myths in this lesson have created different images, such as Pangu who created the world, unyielding Nu Wa, Jingwei who fought bravely and Xingtian, Gun and Yu who saved water for the people. Some of them succeeded, others failed. Please combine the text and talk about your evaluation of them. The purpose of this topic is to guide students to master the plot and key words of the text and think independently, and grasp the significance of the mythical hero image. The answer is not uniform, and unique and personalized reasonable opinions are encouraged. The following contents are for reference only.
Pan Gu
After Pangu, "there was Huang San". He is the ancestor of mankind, and we really should pay tribute to him. Pangu was born in heaven and earth, with a history of "18,000 years" and "Pangu is extremely long". Visible, Pangu was born in nature, longer than nature, nature has a process of development and change. Pangu is "nine times a day, God is in heaven, and Saint is on earth". His growth is not only an indomitable hero, but also a great wise man. The story directly expresses a mythical hero. From the perspective of human development science, this myth contains the development process of human groups. The emergence, development and growth of human beings have a long process. In this process, human beings have always been based on nature, but also bear the challenges of nature. "God is above the earth, sacred to the earth" is not so much Pangu's personal quality as the fantasy of human beings opening their own wisdom in difficult development. On the whole, Pangu's "dying incarnation" embodies a noble spirit of dedication to the world. Pangu unreservedly dedicated his limbs, bones and muscles, Jingxue, sensory teeth and bones, and even sound, qi and sweat. Compared with "devote all one's efforts to death" and "never stop fighting", we can see the thoroughness of his dedication. Man's ending is to turn to dust and return to nature, which is scientific, and "Qi becomes the wind and cloud" reflects the naivety of human understanding of nature.
Pangu's "dying incarnation" has become a cloud, thunder and lightning, five mountains, rivers, vegetation, stones and other natural objects, all of which are underground, and their understanding of the sky is limited, so they only reach the sun, the moon and the stars, and are materialized by small things such as eyes and hair. Pangu created the world with commendable courage, but what is more commendable is that he also created "Li" and injected this courage into our blood. From then on, human beings will no longer be born and die in chaos. Times need brave people, brave people create times, and we call for the arrival of brave times.
Baby girl
The legendary Nu Wa is not only the founder of mankind, but also a great savior. "The four poles are abandoned, Kyushu is split, the sky does not overlap, and the ground does not match." How can people live in such an environment? If fires continue, floods continue and wild animals and birds attack from time to time, how can people live? What a strong sense of responsibility and courage it is to "refine the five-color stone to make up the sky", "break the foot", "kill the black dragon" and "accumulate reed ash". However, Nu Wa risked her life and was fearless in her practice. The mythical Nuwa is not only heroic, but also makes up the sky. It is a quadrupole, which makes Jizhou flat. Destroy cunning insects and give birth to people. Heroes make great contributions. I always feel that Nu Wa is an angel of beautification and a beautician of the earth. In fact, it is very difficult to create a world, and it is even more difficult to keep it. Therefore, the love of Nu Wa is particularly valuable. It is the charm of motherhood, and human beings are warmer and better because of Nu Wa.
main points
Jingwei is the youngest daughter of Emperor Yan. Jingwei dares to "swim in the East China Sea", which shows his courage. She "drowned and didn't return" and filled the East China Sea with wood and stones. Although it contained personal grievances and revenge, it mainly showed two spirits: First, she did not extend her suffering to others and was angry enough to kill pests. Second, not afraid of difficulties and obstacles, not afraid of the heavy task of reclamation, which is similar to the story of Gong Yu moving mountains. Jingwei is a very awesome bird in my mind. She dares to "climb over the eaves and shake the trees" and "fill the sea with small trees" because of the word "Heng". Sometimes, human beings need to challenge nature with their fragile bodies, and human society will continue to progress and surpass nature. I like jingwei, a simple and brave soul.
The punishment of heaven
The courage of Xingtian to challenge the supreme god in heaven should be unique. Its purpose is to "fight for God", which is a breakthrough in traditional concepts and a denial of supremacy. His head was divorced and buried in a pile of sheep. He still refuses to give in. "Taking the chest as the eye" and "taking the navel as the mouth" are not only for tenacious living, but more valuable are "doing things with your heart and dancing" and "aiming high". Xingtian is a tragic hero. The tragedy is that he was born in the Yan Huang era. Maybe he will feel "born bright" when he dances! But I like his spirit. In the spirit of "Flowers shine in Shan Ye Woods", it is better to live bright than to die in Nuo Nuo. This residue is the essence.
Kua Fu
Kuafu is a mythical hero who fights against nature. He not only has the heroic ability to chase the sun, but also has a valuable dedication, reaching the realm of "entering Japan". The thirst for rivers and Wei is not enough, which shows that his daily fatigue is unbearable for ordinary people. The walking stick Deng Lin (Tao Lin) adds a mythical color of immortal heroes. I prefer "Taolin" in Kuafu. Although "heroes are doomed", delicious peaches are sweet for future generations. This is nothing more than giving the long-distance runner a warm feeling, expressing sympathy for others and benefiting others. Fall in love and dream of Ye Lei.
Yu Yu
It is wrong to use a gun to control the flood, but he is still a great hero. His failure has accumulated experience for future generations, which is one of them. He didn't seek personal gain by "not waiting for the emperor's orders" and "stealing land". It should be said that he ignored the selfless spirit of death. The emperor ordered Yu Bu to settle in Kyushu, which showed that although he was angry with Gun for stealing soil beyond his authority and killing him, he faced up to the great cause of water control that Gun was engaged in. Yu was ordered to control the water, "not to harm the public with private interests", to marry and leave his wife, and to "control the water". The legend about Yuhua Bear implies that he not only works hard to control water, like a silly bear, but also is beyond recognition, and his life is extremely hard, but Yu doesn't think so. My wife saw Yu's "being a bear" and "leaving with humiliation" as a foil, and the pain I experienced was terrible. A word broke the ground and deified Yu's ability. In the process of water control, it failed, and the failure of the former violated the basic law of water control. Yu learned the lesson, acted according to the law, naturally got twice the result with half the effort, and achieved success. So heroes, fathers are more solemn and stirring, and sons are more loyal. Father and son, forming a spiritual bond, are endless. Only in this way, the land will not be flooded by the torrent of spirit. Maybe the evolution of society is the combination of two people. I hope today's leaders understand the preciousness of "resting place" and the determination to "go home three times"
2. In ancient China mythology, there was a gun that robbed the emperor of heaven, and in ancient Greek mythology, there was a Prometheus who stole Zeus' fire. Collect relevant information after class and try to compare the similarities and differences between gun and Prometheus.
The purpose of setting this question is to guide students to learn to classify, compare, analyze and summarize. The comparison between China myth and ancient Greek myth is transnational and cross-cultural, which is difficult. Starting from the goal of inquiry learning, guide students to collect information, integrate existing information and express their own opinions, so as to cultivate students' learning autonomy. The following answers are for reference only.
Flood is a means for the Emperor of Heaven to punish mankind. Both Chinese and western myths have this content. It is not difficult to imagine that in flood years, human beings are often threatened by floods.
The gun was ordered to control the water. In order to fight floods and save lives, Gun had to steal soil. Gun said, "This unusual land is called Xirang. It can reproduce endlessly, just like a child's breath. It's God's treasure against water. Ordinary water can be blocked by ordinary land. Now is a disaster from heaven, unless it is God's treasure, it will never be cured. Now it's been stolen. This is the happiness of the people. " He added: "This thing must have been stolen. If you explain to people first, or if there is a sound when you dig, the digger will definitely die soon, and this place will be devastated soon, so you can't help stealing. "
According to the myth, Gun is a white horse, and this white horse is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor is the Emperor of Heaven.
The gun got the rest of the land and immediately went to flood control. This thing really works. With a little, it can build a dam. When the flood was about to subside, the Emperor of Heaven knew about the theft of cultivated land. He immediately sent Zhu Rong, the Vulcan God, down to kill Gun in Yushan and occupy the rest of fallow land. However, Gun's spirit will not die, and his body will not rot for three years. In three years, he gave birth to his son Yu, giving him greater strength to complete his unfinished business.
Prometheus and the gun are somewhat similar. Zeus, the supreme ruler of the Greek god, stipulated that human beings must slaughter livestock and sacrifice to him, and the conditions were very harsh. Prometheus, as the leader of mankind, was indignant and decided to save mankind from this heavy burden. He secretly climbed Mount Olympus, stole the fire and brought it back to the world, so that people who were hungry and cold got enough food and clothing. Zeus, the king of the gods, sent the gods to lock Prometheus on a rock in the Caucasus and let a vulture peck at his liver every night.
In the face of cruel persecution, Prometheus did not give in: his internal organs were getting better every day; His cry made the vulture fly away in panic; His eyes are always shining with eternal flame.
The cruel Emperor of Heaven and Zeus refused to give up, and severely punished the gun and Prometheus who stole their treasure. But what people revere is not the powerful Heaven Emperor and Zeus, but the heroes Gun and Prometheus who benefit the people.
The mythical Prometheus was great, but the gun was even greater. The lofty spirit and heroism of the gun far surpassed Prometheus. In order to save the people in the flood, Gun died in the line of duty, gave birth to a son, and completed his unfinished business. It is this noble spirit that our ancestors praised.
Teaching suggestion
First, because this lesson is a fairy tale, many students will understand the content of the story in their usual study, film and television works and other related media, and they are also interested in reading, so it is not too difficult to grasp the main idea; However, as the seventh grade classical Chinese, there are many words in classical Chinese. We can start with students' usual reading accumulation, arrange students' preview before class with the help of reference books, and reduce the pressure of large classroom capacity.
Second, on the basis of understanding the content, further summarize the characteristics and significance of myths full of exaggeration, imagination and even fantasy, cultivate the good habit of reading fairy tales correctly in discussion and questioning, and strengthen the correct understanding of society, nature and others in learning.
Third, guide students to expand their imagination and even fantasy, and rewrite or creatively retell these fairy tales with exaggerated methods.