1. Propagation and planting
Fig branches are easy to take root and tiller, so cutting, layering and branching can be used to propagate seedlings. In the production, a large number of propagated seedlings are all cut, and the survival rate is extremely high. Hardwood cutting in the Yangtze River basin was carried out in the middle and late March. Branches with short internodes and branch diameter 1 cm ~ 1.5 cm can be used as cuttings, and each cutting has 2 ~ 3 buds. Specific operation skills can refer to grapes. Avoid continuous cropping in cutting areas to avoid the spread of nematodes. For example, in winter, seedlings can grow in nutrient bags in plastic greenhouses.
Choose suitable varieties according to different requirements and site conditions when building gardens. For example, yellow varieties should be selected for canned food processing, cold-resistant varieties should be selected for places with low temperature in winter (below zero 15 degrees), salt-tolerant varieties should be selected for beaches, and large fruit varieties should be selected for fresh fruits. Avoid continuous cropping in the garden.
The plant spacing is generally 3 ~ 4 meters, and the crown is large in areas with good soil or warm climate, and the plant spacing can be extended to 5 ~ 7 meters. The planting time can be autumn planting or spring planting in the Yangtze River basin. Autumn planting should be early, and spring planting should be in the middle and late March. Coastal beaches should be planted in autumn in Huaibei area and Yichun.
2. Plastic pruning and fertilizer management
Generally speaking, the branches in the fig crown are not dense, which is suitable for cultivating a natural tree with no central trunk or more main branches, or directly branching from the ground to form a clustered shrub crown. When shaping, the seedlings should be fixed at a height of 40 cm ~ 50 cm, and then the whole tree should have 4 ~ 6 main branches, with or without central trunk. Keep a certain distance between the main branches, cut off the main branches by 40 cm ~ 60 cm every year, and arrange 2 ~ 3 auxiliary main branches at appropriate intervals on them to expand the mushroom surface.
(4) Characteristics of cultivation techniques
1. Propagation and planting
Fig branches are easy to take root and tiller, so cutting, layering and branching can be used to propagate seedlings. In the production, a large number of propagated seedlings are all cut, and the survival rate is extremely high. Hardwood cutting in the Yangtze River basin was carried out in the middle and late March. Branches with short internodes and branch diameter 1 cm ~ 1.5 cm can be used as cuttings, and each cutting has 2 ~ 3 buds. Specific operation skills can refer to grapes. Avoid continuous cropping in cutting areas to avoid the spread of nematodes. For example, in winter, seedlings can grow in nutrient bags in plastic greenhouses.
Choose suitable varieties according to different requirements and site conditions when building gardens. For example, yellow varieties should be selected for canned food processing, cold-resistant varieties should be selected for places with low temperature in winter (below zero 15 degrees), salt-tolerant varieties should be selected for beaches, and large fruit varieties should be selected for fresh fruits. Avoid continuous cropping in the garden.
The plant spacing is generally 3 ~ 4 meters, and the crown is large in areas with good soil or warm climate, and the plant spacing can be extended to 5 ~ 7 meters. The planting time can be autumn planting or spring planting in the Yangtze River basin. Autumn planting should be early, and spring planting should be in the middle and late March. Coastal beaches should be planted in autumn in Huaibei area and Yichun.
2. Plastic pruning and fertilizer management
Generally speaking, the branches in the fig crown are not dense, which is suitable for cultivating a natural tree with no central trunk or more main branches, or directly branching from the ground to form a clustered shrub crown. When shaping, the seedlings should be fixed at a height of 40 cm ~ 50 cm, and then the whole tree should have 4 ~ 6 main branches, with or without central trunk. Keep a certain distance between the main branches, cut off the main branches by 40 cm ~ 60 cm every year, and arrange 2 ~ 3 auxiliary main branches at appropriate intervals on them to expand the mushroom surface.
After the tree is completed, only the useless long branches, dense branches, drooping branches and dry dead branches are thinned out every year, and as many strong branches as possible are retained. For varieties that mainly harvest autumn fruits, because the fruiting parts are mostly in the middle and lower parts of the new shoots of that year, the branches can be moderately shortened. The flower buds of Xia Guo varieties mostly grow at the top of branches, so it is not advisable to cut off thick branches in winter, so as not to affect the yield. For fig trees with few branches or bearing parts moving outward year by year, they can be pruned appropriately in winter to promote new branches. Some branches can leave 2 ~ 3 leaf buds at the base.
The tissue of fig branches is loose and the incision heals slowly. After cutting in winter, the branches under the cutting mouth often dry up, which affects the growth of cutting mouth buds. Therefore, all large shears and saws should be coated with wax or other protective agents, and the chopped parts of branchlets can be properly raised.
Fig base fertilizer is applied before and after defoliation in winter. It is best to apply fertilizer in stages before the rapid growth of new shoots and during the rapid expansion of receptacle fruit. Figs are not strict with water, so attention should be paid to drainage in rainy season, and it is best to set up bollards along the coast in typhoon season.
3. Overwintering protection Ficus carica likes warm and slightly dry climate and has low cold resistance. When cultivated in temperate regions, its branches are often easily frozen, especially young trees under 5 years old. In winter, when the temperature is 16- 18, the whole plant is in danger of freezing to death. In Huaibei area, soil should be cultivated at the base of the trunk in winter to prevent freezing, with a height of about 35 cm, and then removed after thawing in spring. Big branches can be covered with grass to protect them from winter. With the increase of tree age, the wintering ability will gradually increase. Once the plants are frozen, the frozen branches should be cut off in time, and new branches should be selected to replace them after germination. Sometimes, even if all the above-ground parts freeze to death, thick branches can still grow from the roots and necks of the soil in the next spring to form a new crown.
(5) Main pests and diseases and their control
Figs have fewer pests and diseases. The common causes of great harm are Apriona germari, root-knot nematodes and fruit anthracnose. The prevention and control of Apriona germari can refer to the apple part and block it with poison stick. At present, the prevention and control of root-knot nematodes are mainly to avoid continuous cropping in old gardens and quarantine and disinfection of seedlings, and the soil can also be disinfected when conditions permit. Before fruit infection in summer and autumn, 200 times of lime Bordeaux solution or 600-800 times of 75% chlorothalonil solution should be sprayed as soon as possible to control fruit anthracnose, and the safe interval of the last application (the days from the last application to the harvest) is 7- 14 days. .
(6) harvesting, storage and processing
Ficus carica has a long maturity, and the fruit matures gradually in summer and autumn, which is suitable for batch harvesting. Fully mature fruit, with slightly open pores at the top and obvious reticulation in the peel, has the best flavor, but it is not resistant to storage and transportation. Fresh fruits in the market should be harvested in advance. Fig fruit is juicy, and long-term contact can easily cause skin inflammation, so it is necessary to wear silicone gloves when picking fruits frequently.
Mature figs are easy to rot and taste, and red varieties are easy to change color. Even short-term storage requires a low temperature of about O degrees and a relative humidity of 85% ~ 90%. ~ generally, it should be harvested and treated, not stored for a long time.
If you need short-term storage and transportation, you can soak the fruit with SM preservative, take it out to dry, and then transport it in a fruit box. If the fruit turnover box sealed with silicon window cover is used, the fresh-keeping effect will be better.
After peeling the fully mature figs, soak them in concentrated sugar solution for 1 ~ 2 days, then take them out and dry them in the sun to make candied figs with special flavor. In addition, it can be made into fig sauce.