Regarding the composition of the computer hardware system, the correct statement is (the computer hardware system consists of five parts: controller, arithmetic unit, memory, input device, and output device. The CPU is the core component of the computer. It consists of the controller , the RAM composed of the arithmetic unit is random access memory, the information in it cannot be saved for a long time and will be lost when the power is turned off)

Expand the basic knowledge of computer hardware

1. Introduction to chips

The main function of the chip is data transmission and signal control. On the one hand, it exchanges signals with the CPU through the front-side bus, and on the other hand, it exchanges signals with the memory, AGP, and South Bridge. After the Northbridge chip is broken, the phenomenon is mostly that it does not light up, and sometimes it keeps crashing after it lights up. If the engineer determines that your northbridge chip is broken, and if your motherboard is relatively old, there is basically no repair value

　2. Southbridge chip

ICH4 South The bridge chip is mainly responsible for data processing and transmission of external devices. There are ICH1, ICH2, and ICH3 earlier than ICH4, but they do not support USB2.0. And ICH4 supports USB2.0. It is also very simple to distinguish them: there are 82801AB | 82801BB | 82801CB | 82801DB on the Southbridge chip, corresponding to ICH1 | ICH2 | ICH3 | ICH4 respectively. The most common symptoms after the Southbridge chip is broken are that it does not light up and some peripheral devices cannot be used, such as the IDE port and FDD port. It may also be that the Southbridge is broken. Because the north and south bridge chips are more expensive and the welding is special, removing them requires a special BGA instrument, so general repair points cannot repair the north and south bridges.

3. BIOS chip

FWH: It solidifies some direct hardware information in a read-only memory. It is the important interface between software and hardware. When the system starts, it first calls some hardware information from it. Its performance directly affects the compatibility of system software and hardware. For example, some early motherboards do not support hard drives larger than 20G, which can be solved by upgrading the BIOS. Some incompatibility problems with new devices that we encounter in daily use can also be solved by upgrading. If your motherboard suddenly stops lighting up, but the CPU fan is still spinning, you should first consider whether the BIOS chip is damaged.

4. System clock generator

CLK There is a crystal oscillator component in the middle of the motherboard, which generates a series of high-frequency pulse waves. These original pulse waves are then input to the clock In the generator chip, it is shaped and divided, and then allocated to various frequencies required by the computer. 5. Super input and output interface chip

I/O It is generally located at the lower left or upper left of the motherboard. The main chips include Winbond and ITE, which are responsible for converting the serial data coming in from the keyboard, mouse, and serial port into Parallel data. At the same time, the data from the parallel port and floppy drive port are also processed. At our maintenance site, some peripherals such as keyboard and mouse ports, printing ports, etc. cannot be used. Most of them are due to bad I/O chips, which sometimes even cause the lights to not light up.

6. Sound card chip

Because most of the current motherboards have integrated sound cards, and most of them are AC?97 sound card chips. Of course, there are also CMI's 8738 sound card chips, etc. If your integrated sound card has no sound, it's most likely broken here.

Main sockets on the motherboard

1. CPU socket

At present, all motherboards use socket series zero-pull-out sockets. The early P3 used the socket 370 socket, and now the P4 mostly uses the socket 478 socket. The early P4 also used the socket 423 socket. Intel's server CPUs such as Xeon use the socket 603 socket. Intel's constant changes in CPU packaging formats have made us fans send him a lot of money! However, I recently heard that the packaging format of Intel's next-generation CPU still uses socket478 format, which is great for DIYers who are constantly pursuing performance. What a good news.

2. Memory bus socket

There are three types of memory we can see on the market: SDRAM, DDR, SDRAM, and RAMBUS. SDRAM memory has gradually faded out of the market due to the price reduction of DDR memory. It uses a 168-wire socket with two anti-reverse insertion breaks in the middle and left; DDR SDRAM has become the mainstream of the market due to its very high cost performance. It uses a 184-wire socket, with only an anti-reverse insertion break in the middle; although RAMBUS memory has good performance, its price has remained high, and Intel has given up its support, so its future is still a matter of suspense! It The socket uses a 184-wire RIMM socket, which has two anti-reverse plug-in breaks in the middle.

Some customers have repeatedly reported that the 845 motherboards sometimes cannot recognize all the memory. This is because the Iintel 845 series motherboards can only support 4 banks (one bank can be understood as one side of the memory stick). The 845 series motherboards generally have three memory slot, and the second slot and the third slot share two banks. Therefore, if the memory modules you insert in the second and third slots are double-sided 256M, then only one 256M will be recognized.

3. AGP graphics bus socket

It is located on the left side of the CPU socket and is brown. Its frequency is 64MHZ. In terms of speed, it is divided into AGP2X, most of them are AGP4X now, and some motherboards already support AGP8X. Since different speeds require different voltages, some motherboards do not light up mainly because users plug old AGP2X graphics cards into new AGP2X motherboards, thereby burning out the AGP socket! Fortunately, some new motherboards have There is an automatic voltage adjustment device integrated on the motherboard, which can automatically identify the voltage of the graphics card.

4. PCI bus socket

It is white, next to the AGP socket, the number varies depending on the motherboard. Its frequency is 32MHZ. Plug in more network cards, sound cards and other peripherals.

5. IDE device interface

It is usually located under the motherboard. There are forty stitches and eighty threads. Two IDE ports are connected together, and sometimes one is green, indicating that it is IDE1. Because the system detects IDE1 first, IDE1 should be connected to the system boot hard disk. Most current motherboards already support ATA100, and some support ATA133, but higher-end motherboards already support Serial ATA. It is a new technology with higher transmission speed that emerged when the parallel transmission rate cannot be further improved. , will also be the next generation of mainstream technology. Having said so much in one breath, my mouth is already dry. Let’s take a look at your motherboard. Do you feel that it is much more familiar than before? Haha! It’s time for us to say goodbye. Since we are talking about motherboards today , then let me tell you one more news about motherboards. Our technical service center recently accepted a batch of boards for repair. It was particularly difficult for our engineers to repair them. Later, after being pointed out by people familiar with the matter, we discovered that the edges of the PCB boards of these motherboards were A gap the size of a pinhole. You can't tell the difference without looking carefully.

Don’t underestimate this little word, it is a special mark made by Lenovo on scrapped motherboards! We actually repaired so many motherboards that I have to admire our technical level! This is not a boast! So, everyone Be careful when buying second-hand motherboards!