Here, take pig numbering as an example: in breeding pig farms or pure breeding pig farms, piglets must be numbered at birth in order to breed and keep reserve sows and meet the needs of breeding and scientific research. The common numbering method is ear-cutting, that is, on the ears of piglets, several notches are cut with ear number pliers, each notch represents a certain number, and the sum of the notches is the number of pigs (Table 2- 1). At present, although there is no unified standard for the figures represented by the missing engraving in China, there are roughly two methods.
In breeding pig farms, there are two ways of cutting ears: large row method (Figure 2- 1) and nest row method (Figure 2-2).
The big row method is that the left side is big and the right side is small, with 1 on the top and 3 on the bottom. Men's singles and women's doubles, that is, a notch in the upper half of the right ear represents 1, a notch in the lower half represents 3, a notch in the tip of the ear represents 100, and a round hole in the ear represents 400. The notch in the upper part of the left ear represents 10, the notch in the lower part represents 30, the notch in the tip of the ear represents 200, and the round hole in the ear represents 800. There is also a "big left and small right" style of play, 1 is the last three moves.
The arrangement method of the fossa is left ear fossa, right ear number, big top and small bottom, male single female double.
2) Fattening pig farm
The characteristics of fattening pig farms are generally that sows are self-propagating, self-supporting, keeping seeds and expanding groups, and boars are mostly purchased. Therefore, the spike number of piglets in small and medium-sized fattening pig farms can be simply identified by standard parent method (Figure 2-3).
The number of boars in small and medium-sized fattening pig farms is small, so it is impossible to change the number and number of boars frequently, so boars can be numbered by age first; In the future, its number will remain unchanged before elimination, and this number will be given to the newly added boars after elimination. Specifically, the left ear is the father, the right ear is the mother, and the upper 1 is the lower 3 (or the upper 3 is the lower 1), that is, the left ear plays the father number and the right ear plays the mother number. For example, boar 8, sow 10.
If sows need multiple numbers, you can knock out the tip of the right ear at 10, and the ear hole is 20 smaller. In this way, the sows raised in this pig farm will not mate with their father boars and boars close to their father boars. Avoid inbreeding. The number of sows contributes to nest selection and seed retention (primary selection and re-selection).
The serial number of the breeding pig is combined with the records of various breeding files in pig farm production, including breeding records, sow farrowing records, breeding pig growth and development records, breeding pig male (female) pedigree cards, pig group change tables, etc. It is an important work content that can not be ignored in the production of livestock and poultry farms or large-scale pig farms.
(2) Ink washing method: This method can be carried out after the calf is born. Mark the calf's ears with numbers. First, wash and dry the calf's right ear with hot water, take an appropriate amount (consisting of a needle), insert it into a special ear tag pliers, puncture the right ear, and apply black ink or soot alcohol solution to the puncture site. When the wound grows, it can show obvious numbers. China also used China ink to tattoo the logo into the subcutaneous mucosa of the horse's mouth, which has the characteristics of concealment, beauty and life.
(3) Corner branding method: after burning red with a special brand, brand the number on the corner. Cattle can be branded on their horns from February to February and May. If it is evenly branded and the horn does not peel off, the numbers on the horn will never be erased.
(4) Hot stamping method: put the metal sign in the fire for heating, then put it on the horse fur for a few seconds and then take it off. After the skin burned by fire scabs and recovers, the newly grown fur turns white and never changes. Scalding can damage the dermis and affect the quality of leather. Scalding and scarring often lead to infection and festering, forming scars with illegible handwriting. At the same time, burning is also painful for livestock.
(5) Recording method: Use a pen dipped in silver nitrate solution to write numbers on the protruding parts (white hair areas) of cattle, and the words left are red or brown. This method should be carried out in sunny days, and the numbers written generally last only 1 ~ 2 months.
(6) Freezing branding: Freezing branding is a new technology to permanently mark cattle. It uses liquid nitrogen to brand cattle skin at ultra-low temperature, which can destroy pigment cells in skin without damaging hair follicles. After that, the new hair that grows in the branded area is white. The advantages of this method are clear and obvious, easy to identify and never disappear; Simple operation, little damage to skin and no pain to cattle; The disadvantage is that it takes longer to stick the iron font on the cowhide than the fire branding method (especially the dry ice alcohol cold branding method), and it is easy to put the iron font in the wrong position if you are not careful, which will affect the branding effect. When blanching white-haired cattle, the branding time is longer than that of black-haired cattle 10 ~ 15s, so as to destroy dermis and hair follicles, inhibit hair growth and make them bald. So the brand is not as clear as the black-haired cow.
(7) Pigment method: In the production process, it is sometimes necessary to draw a line temporarily. For example, when giving birth to lambs, ewes and lambs should be marked with the same color paint, which can be marked with special marking paint produced by wool mills or easily washable pigments. Grass-roots production units often mark sheep wool with paint or asphalt for convenience, resulting in defective wool and great economic losses to wool textile.
(8) Metal ear tag method: use special steel characters to print numbers on the metal ear tag, and then use ear tag pliers to clamp the ear tag at an appropriate place on the upper edge of the cow's ear. When clamping the ear tag, be careful not to let the ear tag press the edge of the cow's ear, so as to avoid the necrosis of the pressed part and make the ear tag fall off. When attaching ear tags to the calf, leave appropriate gaps to facilitate growth.
(9) Plastic (rubber) ear tag method: Write the bull number on the ear tag made of plastic or rubber with an indelible marker, and fix it in the center of the ear with special ear tag pliers. The mark is clear, and you can see the numbers clearly when standing 2 ~ 3 meters away.