Planting techniques of candied dates in Guangxi
Biological characteristics of 1. jujube.
1, growth and fruiting characteristics: Daqingzao grows all year round. Young trees branch 3-4 times a year. The flower bud differentiation of Daqing jujube is rapid, continuous and lasts for a long time. The same plant has a large number of flowers, flowers and fruits, and it blooms and bears fruit twice a year. Flower bud differentiation is synchronized with the growth of new buds. The flower bud differentiation period is May to August, and the flowering period is 2 to 3 months. March-May is spring every year, fruit ripens in August-September, and blooms in autumn of 8- 10, and February-March of the following year.
2. Requirements for environmental conditions: Daqing jujube can grow normally in areas where the average temperature is higher than 17.5℃ and there is basically no frost all the year round. The daily average temperature reached 65438 08℃, with more buds sprouting and rapid growth of new shoots. When the average temperature of the day is lower than 15℃, the buds rarely germinate and sprout. When the temperature is lower than 18℃, the flowers bloom later. Therefore, Daqing jujube has frost in winter, and some areas in the south are cold in early spring. In winter, anti-freezing measures or greenhouse cultivation are still needed to ensure the safe overwintering of flowers and fruits in autumn. Daqingzao is drought-tolerant and can be planted in dry-hot valley with annual rainfall of 700-2400 ml. However, in the dry season from March to April, irrigation should be done twice a month to promote the flowering of branches. Daqingzao is an active tree species that likes light. When the light is sufficient, it grows fast, has more flowers and has a high fruit setting rate. On the contrary, the fruit setting rate is low, and the flower and fruit drop are serious. Therefore, pruning should be done in production to make the branches sparse. Daqingzao has strong adaptability to soil and can grow on sandy soil, gravel soil, clay and loam. The PH value can be 6.0-7.5. When planted on loose sandy soil and sandy loam, the fruit quality is better. Daqing jujube grows vigorously and its yield is stable on loam with deep soil layer and fertile soil.
Second, variety selection
Varieties suitable for southern cultivation and strong frost resistance should be selected. At present, Gaolang 1 and 2 1 century are the best.
Third, build a garden.
Daqingzao can be planted in mountains, hills and flat land, and should avoid the soil with heavy soil quality, poor drainage and strong alkalinity. Before planting, ditch can be changed into soil or big hole for planting. See the article "Basic Techniques of Orchard Establishment" for details. In order to improve the fruit setting rate, many varieties can be mixed when planting. 2×2 m mu planting 167 plants or planting111plant. Jujube can be planted all year round, but it is best to plant it in March-April in spring and September-65438+1October in autumn. In areas with frost, it is suitable for planting in spring, but the yield in that year is low. If it is planted in autumn, it is necessary to build a small arch shed or greenhouse to prevent it from freezing in winter in order to grow well and have a high annual output. When planting, the soil in the planting hole should be refined to straighten out the root system of the seedlings, and then the fine soil should be leveled by layers, and it is advisable to level the ground with the root neck. Immediately after planting, pour enough root water, and cover the tree tray with plastic film within the range of 1 m.
Fourth, the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
Daqingzao has fast growth and large annual growth, which is suitable for large water and fertilizer management.
1. Fertilization of young trees: Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied at the long shoot stage of seedlings, and the principle of thin application is adopted to promote the rapid growth of seedlings and quickly form high-yield crowns. After the seedlings are planted and germinated, they are watered with human excrement once a week 1 time. With the expansion of seedling crown, the concentration can be appropriately increased, and fertilizers such as available nitrogen and phosphorus can be added, and potassium fertilizer can be added at the same time after flowering and fruiting.
2. Fertilization of fruit trees: Generally, fruit trees are fertilized 3 times a year.
(1) Autumn flowers promote flowers, while spring flowers bear fruit. Application from June to July: Daqingzao 8- 10 enters the full flowering period, which is also the maturity of spring flowers. In order to promote the development and flowering of flower buds and the rapid expansion of spring flowers, a flower-promoting and fruit-strengthening fertilizer should be applied from June to July, which is mainly based on available nitrogen fertilizer and supplemented with phosphorus and potassium. Apply 0.5 kg urea, 0.5 kg calcium superphosphate, 0.2 kg potassium sulfate and 20 kg pig manure water to each plant.
⑵ Fertilizer for autumn flowers and strong fruits: 65438+1late October, with nitrogen and potassium as the main fertilizer, to promote the rapid expansion of autumn fruits and enhance the tree vigor, which is beneficial to the safe overwintering of trees. 20 kg of pig manure water, 0.5 kg of urea, 0.4 kg of potassium sulfate and 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate were applied to each plant.
⑶ Fertilization after harvest: After the flowers and fruits are harvested in February and March, they should be updated and pruned. Organic fertilizer should be applied again from March to May to promote the germination of adventitious buds, update the crown and store nutrition for spring flowers. Each plant can be applied with 40 kg of pig manure water, 0.5 kg of urea and calcium superphosphate 1 kg.
3. Soil management: During the spring drought and autumn drought in March-May and July-September, irrigation should be strengthened 2-3 times a month to facilitate flowering and fruit expansion, and orchard drainage should be paid attention to in the rainy season in May-July. In the hot and dry months from March to August every year, cover the tree tray with weeds and crop straws to keep moisture. The orchard that has not been improved in the whole garden should be combined with fertilization and hole expansion to improve the soil in June+10/October, 5438, and weeds and orchard plastic film should be pressed in at the same time. Weeds in the orchard are weeded with herbicides 2-3 times a year. Other crops should not be intercropped between rows.
Five, flower and fruit management:
1, flower protection and fruit protection: In some parts of southern China, due to climatic factors, the fruit setting rate of Daqing jujube is often low. In order to protect flowers and fruits and improve fruit setting rate, in addition to strengthening fertilizer and water management, some chemical measures can be taken:
(1) Spraying for many times at flowering stage 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate +0.3% borax +0.3% urea.
⑵ Xie Huachu sprayed 20 mg/L 20 ppm "92O".
⑶ Spraying 1-2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate +0.4% urea at the young fruit stage.
2. Fruit thinning: Fruit thinning is often carried out in years with many fruits. Fruit thinning can significantly increase fruit, improve its quality and commodity. Fruit thinning should be carried out in the young fruit period after flowering, such as small fruit, abnormal fruit, diseased fruit and insect fruit with too much fruit thinning.
3. Techniques for improving fruit quality:
(1) Strengthen fertilizer and water management and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.
⑵ foliar fertilization: spraying 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate +0.3 urea or 0.2% fenpropargyl 1 for many times during the young fruit and fruit expansion period.
Six, plastic pruning
Daqingzao has a large growth, strong regeneration and likes sunshine. It is necessary to pay attention to shaping and pruning to make its branches sparse in order to achieve high yield every year.
⑴ Hedge wall modeling: It is suitable for 2×2 m plant spacing, and the tree body has good ventilation and light transmission, resulting in three-dimensional effect. During plastic surgery, first erect a 2m-high cement column or thick wooden stick every 2m along the line, and pull a wire or bamboo pole on the column every 50cm as a fence frame. After the seedlings are planted, new branches will grow. Choose an upright branch as the trunk, let it take out side branches, choose two side branches as a layer of main branches every 50 cm high, and wipe off or pick off the tips of other branches to promote flowering. Tie two main branches to a horizontal line or bamboo pole, let it grow horizontally, and let it draw out side branches to blossom and bear fruit. * * * Choose 3-4 layers, 6-8 main branches, 1-2 years for molding.
⑵ Heart-shaped: it is suitable for the plant spacing of 2×3 meters, with good ventilation and light transmission, high yield and easy shaping. When shaping, cut off the trunk of the seedling 20 cm from the ground to promote the development of lateral branches. After the new branches germinate, choose 3-5 strong branches as the main branches in all directions, and cut off all the other branches. The upright branches sprouting on the main side branches are also cut off in time, only the oblique side branches are kept, and then the long branches and weak branches are cut off in May and June. At the same time, bamboo poles or wooden sticks are used to fix the main branches as pillars.
2. Pruning: Because of the large growth and strong reproducibility of the shoot tip of Daqingzao, it needs to be updated and pruned. Daqingzao, which is more than two years old, should be updated once a year 1 time, and should be carried out after the harvest of flowers and fruits in February and March. The main branch should be shortened by 0.5 m to 1 m, and the lateral branches on the main branch should be thinned, and then girdled at the base of about 30 cm. After 3-4 years, it is beneficial to dwarfing culture to cut off the trunk below the plant branches to update the crown. In other growing seasons, dense branches, dead branches and pests and diseases should be cut off.
Seven, pest control
1, disease control: Daqingzao has strong disease resistance and few diseases, mainly powdery mildew and ring rot.
Powdery mildew: it harms new buds, leaves, ears and fruits. Young fruit is easy to fall off, and the diseased skin of big fruit turns brown and slightly sunken, losing commercial value. Prevention and control: 400 times of 80% wettable sulfur powder, 800 times of 50% carbendazim powder and 1000 times of 20% powdery calcium rust emulsifiable concentrate can be used every day.
Leaf spot: it harms leaves, with small brown spots at first, and then gradually expands into a ring, and leaves fall off in severe cases. Control: 70% thiophanate-methyl 500-800 times solution, 50% polymyxin 1500 times solution, every 7 days/kloc-0 times, 2-3 times in a row.
2. Insect pests: mainly red spiders, scale insects and poisonous moths.
Red spiders harm leaves, causing them to turn yellow and fall off. It can be controlled by 20% acaricidal EC 1000 times and Dawing Guan 1500 times. The scale insects suck new shoots, leaves and juice to deform them, and the larvae can be controlled with 500 times of 40% quick-killing EC or 800 times of 40% omethoate. 20% pyrethroid can spray moths for 2000 times.
Eight, anti-freezing measures
Daqingzao, a tropical fruit tree, originated in India and is frost-proof. Especially when it rains or the weather is bad during flowering, it will cause bad results. If there is frost in winter, plants will stop growing and fruits will fall off easily. In many parts of southern China, there are cold in early spring and frost in winter. Therefore, anti-freezing work should be done well in winter and early spring. The main anti-freezing measures are:
(1) Strengthen management, enhance tree potential and enhance the frost and cold wave resistance of trees.
Trees are covered with grass in winter.
⑶ Plastic shed covering is the most effective method, which can ensure the safe wintering of flowers and fruits in autumn, so as to be listed in the Spring Festival.
Planting method of candied jujube shreds
seed cleaning
This is an important step in cultivating jujube. At present, the varieties of Daqing jujube in Taiwan Province Province are mainly Taiwan Province Misi jujube and 50 species, all of which perform well. Fruit farmers must go to a professional nursery unit with complete "three certificates" to buy seedlings, so as not to cause losses. We are a professional cooperative for planting winter fruits and candied dates in Pingnan County.
Second, site selection
1 soil: Daqingzao has strong adaptability to soil and can grow on sandy soil, gravel soil, clay and loam. The PH value is 6.0-7.5. When planted on loose sandy soil and sandy loam, the fruit quality is better. Daqing jujube grows vigorously and its yield is stable on loam with deep soil layer and fertile soil.
Terrain: Daqingzao can be planted in mountainous areas, hills and flat land. Cultivation techniques of Daqing jujube in Taiwan Province.
Three kinds of planting
The best planting time is from February to April, depending on the weather. Where there is water, it can be planted all year round.
1. Yield per mu: Daqingzao in Taiwan Province Province grows rapidly and its crown expands rapidly. Suitable for common cultivation is 2×3 meters, with an acre of about 1 10 plants; Close planting: 2.5×2.5 meters, about 1 10 plants per mu; Close planting is beneficial to high yield in early stage.
2. Planting method: the planting hole is 45-80 cm wide and deep, 12-20 kg of decomposed compost is added with 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer, 0.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate, 0.2 kg of magnesium phosphate and 0.025 kg of boron fertilizer, and a small amount of quicklime is mixed with map for compaction, and then planting is compacted, and the periphery of seedling base is made into a shallow pot shape of 20 cm, which is convenient for irrigation, and straw is basically covered when necessary. Do a good job of drainage, avoid flooding, erect pillars to fix seedlings, and avoid wind loosening affecting growth.
3. Selection of pollination trees: Some varieties need interplanting pollination trees to bear fruit easily, while others don't. If pollinated trees are needed, the ratio of fruit trees to pollinated trees should be 1 ~ 1, at least 10 ~ 1. You can choose 1-2 varieties to pollinate each other, which can increase the yield. Cultivation techniques of Daqing jujube in Taiwan Province.
Four management
1. Overall pruning: Daqing jujube has oblique lateral branches, large crown area, frequent pruning and good tree shape, which can reduce many inconveniences in management, good lighting and ventilation, reduce pests and diseases, reduce pesticide consumption and improve quality. Jujube trees need to renew their trunks every year. Young trees are mainly single stem and pruning. Cutting the one-year-old jujube at the distance of 15-25 cm from the marriage interface to induce the growth of lateral branches. Select 3-4 strong and well-growing lateral branches as the trunk, and cut them off before the buds grow to 1.5 meters. After the height of 1.5 meters, let the lateral branches grow obliquely and cut off the long branches and young branches. Planting and cultivating 2-year-old jujube trees in Taiwan Province Province needs to be updated 1 time every year. Fruits are picked in February and March, and then sawed off 20 cm above the ground of the trunk for updating or grafting. When the new buds on the grafted ear germinate, leave 2-3 new buds with good growth and suitable position as the new stem of the year, and cut off the remaining buds to make the new stem grow healthily. When the trunk grows, it branches obliquely on both sides, and branches regenerate small branches, which branch in the axils of leaves and produce spikes, which can blossom and bear fruit from August to June.
2. intertillage weeding: jujube orchards do not need to be planted in the border, just ditch and irrigate in the middle, and intertillage is not needed. Daqingzao is a shallow-rooted fruit tree. Herbicide is easy to damage the roots, so it can't suddenly dry and wet at the fruiting stage. Planting grass is not only suitable for the growth of jujube, but also can reduce the loss of soil fertilizer. Grass can be cut off when it grows too high. Planting Bahia grass in jujube orchard for animal husbandry can serve multiple purposes.
3. Drainage and irrigation: Daqing jujube should be kept dry one month before flowering and in the young fruit period, and no irrigation is allowed. At other times, orchards need to be kept moist frequently. Sudden drying or wet drying of the shower will lead to serious fruit dropping and cracking.
4. Sparse flowers and fruits and vegetables: In order to improve fruit quality and increase fruit development, fruit trees with many flowers and fruits need to carry out fruit and vegetable work. It is best to avoid consuming nutrients when flowering decreases after fruiting, and determine the amount of fruit left according to the growth of leaves. 3. From 65,438+06,5438+0, 65,438+0 fruits were left on the leaves of basement membrane, and no tail fruit was left. Planting Taiwan Province Daqingzao, removing the top flower spike and young fruit, thinning out all small fruits, deformed fruits and diseases and insect pests, reducing nutrient consumption and promoting fruit expansion.
5. Bagging: The pericarp of Daqingzao is young and thin, and it is damaged by wind, insects and birds. Only bagging can the pericarp of Daqingzao be bright in color and good in quality. Choose sunny days, bag immediately after spraying bactericidal pesticides, and conduct flower thinning and fruit and vegetable operations at the same time.
6. Set up a bracket: The branches of Daqingzao are slender and fragile, and as a result, too many pieces of paper are often broken due to overload, so it is necessary to set up a pillar or a frame around it for fixation.
The difference between Zizyphus jujuba and Zizyphus jujuba.
Taiwan Province Daqingzao, also known as Taiwan Province Sweet Jujube, is a small evergreen tree with scientific name Maoyezao. Indian Zizyphus mauritiana is an excellent fruit variety bred by generations of breeders in Taiwan Province Province. Jujube in Taiwan Province Province has large fruit, thick meat and thin core, beautiful appearance and rich nutrition. According to the determination, every 100g of fresh fruit and meat contains carbohydrate 18-23g, crude protein 0.86g, vitamin C 50-85mg, vitamins A 1, B 1, B2 and K, which are also quite rich. The contents of fructose and glucose are 1 1- 16%, and the soluble solids are 14-20%. In addition, it also contains trace elements such as phosphorus, calcium, iron, potassium and zinc. Jujube in Taiwan Province Province is neither too hot nor too cold, which has the functions of cooling and detoxifying, calming the heart and calming the nerves, and is especially suitable for children and the elderly.
Suizhou golden jujube is famous for its cherry color, transparency, sweet taste and crisp sand. With the excellent variety "Luohan Jujube" as raw material, it is refined through more than ten processes. According to the determination, candied dates contain a lot of protein, carbohydrates, carotene and vitamin C. They have the functions of enriching blood, invigorating stomach, benefiting lung and stomach, and are beneficial to the nourishing of the elderly, children and parturients. They are ideal traditional health food for all ages.
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