Aisingiorro Xuanye, Emperor Kangxi, made six southern tours from the 23rd year to the 46th year of Kangxi (1684-177), leaving many well-known stories, which were spread out in novels and movies, smearing the historical facts speciously, and the core purpose of Kangxi's southern tour was to manage the river, guide Huai 'an and help the economy. At that time, Huai 'an was the intersection of the Yellow River, Huai River and Yun River, which was the key to the Yellow River and Huai River, and the Gaojiayan was an important barrier to the safety of people's lives and property in the Lixiahe area of Gongwei. Therefore, Huai 'an area was the key to river management in the Qing Dynasty, and Emperor Kangxi had to visit Huai 'an every time he made a southern tour, referring to the strategy of river management. Emperor Kangxi tried hard to practice his thought of "once and for all, comprehensively repairing the river" here, which reflected a great monarch's realistic personality of pursuing social stability and people's happiness and gave us many useful lessons and inspirations.
Aisingiorro Xuanye (1654-1722), Emperor Kangxi, was the second emperor of the Qing Dynasty after he entered Shanhaiguan. He was well-versed in literature, art and tactics, and he was far-sighted. He reigned for 61 years, taking solid as the foundation, taking practical politics as the service, and made outstanding achievements. He ascended the throne at the age of eight, and after he took office at the age of sixteen, he "took San Francisco, river affairs and grain transportation as three major things, and missed them at night, and once wrote books and hung them on the pillars of the palace." [1] Especially in river affairs, Emperor Kangxi devoted his whole life to it. In order to harness the river, from the 23rd year of Kangxi to the 46th year (1684-177), Emperor Kangxi made six southern tours, each of which focused on detailed inspections of river workers. The area around Matou Town, Huaiyin District, Huai 'an City was the intersection of the Yellow River, Huai River and Yun River at that time, which was the key to the transportation of water and grain, and Gaojiayan was an important barrier to the safety of people's lives and property in the Lixiahe area of Gongwei. Therefore, Huai 'an area was the key to river management in Qing Dynasty, and Emperor Kangxi must visit here every time he visited the south.
first, the attention and research on river affairs at the beginning of the administration.
in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, wars were frequently thrown, and the rivers were in disrepair for a long time. In the early years of Kangxi, the lower reaches of the Yellow River burst everywhere, and the disasters continued for years. According to incomplete statistics, from the first year of Shunzhi in the early Qing Dynasty to the sixteenth year of Kangxi (1644-1677), there were as many as 9 disasters in the Huaihe River basin. [2] From below Dangshan Mountain in Xuzhou to Lianshui Haikou, the Yellow River burst its banks at 7 or 8 places, the Gaojiayan in Hongze Lake burst its banks at more than 3 places, and the Zhaijia Dam burst its banks into nine rivers, and the clearing and transportation ports silted up into land, which not only flooded the people's fields and houses, but also blocked the transportation routes, and lost the guarantee of supplying the capital with 4 million stone grain from the south every year.
in July of the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), shortly after Emperor Kangxi took office, the Yellow River burst at Yandun on the south bank of Taoyuan, and the counties along the river were informed of the flood, especially the Qinghe River. The downstream of the Yellow River was blocked, and the water in Gaoyou was as high as twenty feet, and the gates were blocked, resulting in tens of thousands of villagers drowning. [3] Since then, the flood has attracted the great attention of Emperor Kangxi, as Emperor Kangxi himself said: "I have repeatedly examined canals such as Gaojiayan below Suqian since I was fourteen years old." [4] he carefully studied the strategy of river management and never made it up for life.
In March of the 9th year of Kangxi (167), Emperor Kangxi attempted to test the Gong Shi in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony. Emperor Kangxi took the clarification of official management and river management as the test questions, in which he proposed, "How can it be appropriate to repair and dredge millions of stones of grain?" And Tian Yu has plenty of books, so that the country can collect profits and the people will not be harmed? There must be a way to be here. Many scholars have been studying for a long time, and when they do see it, they will each embrace it in detail, and I will personally look at it. " [5]
In April of the 11th year of Kangxi (1672), Emperor Kangxi sent Wu Dan, a bodyguard, and Guo Tingzuo, a bachelor, to inspect the river workers and make drawings. (6) In the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), the Gaojiayan burst, and there were 34 breaches from Wujiadun to Gaoliangjian alone, and the Huai River fell rapidly. After the river crept into the Huai River, a large number of them poured into the lake, forming a serious situation in which the Guiren dike was broken up, the Gaojiayan weir was broken down, and it broke into the Li Canal and overflowed into the river. Jiangnan's wealth was heavily flooded and its transportation was blocked, which was also extremely unfavorable to pacify the "San Francisco" war. Therefore, although the national finance is still difficult, Emperor Kangxi made up his mind to comprehensively manage the Yellow River and Huaihe River. Emperor Kangxi ordered Ji Ruhuan and others to inspect the river works. Before leaving, he repeatedly asked: "The funds for river works are numerous, but so far it has not been effective, and all the people in the counties along the river are suffering from it. Today, when we order you to go, we must look at each other in a solid way, explain the interests of the river in detail, and how to build embankments everywhere. It is a once-and-for-all plan, and there is nothing to be done. If you can't look at it, if you have something to do later, you are also hard to blame. " [7] In December of the same year, Emperor Kangxi also thought about the long-term plan of governing the river, guiding the Huaihe River and dredging the water channel, and "ordered the places along the river where Huai and Yang belong in the south of the Yangtze River to plant willows for the needs of river workers." [8]
In February of the 16th year of Kangxi (1677), at the height of the fierce battle to pacify the "San Francisco", Emperor Kangxi gave orders to Governor Jin Fu, the governor of Anhui. After Jin Fu took office, he was stationed in Jiangpu, Jieqing, and went deep into the investigation and study of various rivers and waters. "The situation in Zhou Du is the same as the eight sparse." [9] Supplementary remarks: "Those who govern the river should consider the overall situation, and the obstruction of the waterway is caused by the change of the river. The change of the river has always been to govern the river and try its best in the place where the ships pass, and other breaches are ignored by irrelevant waterways, resulting in the deterioration of the river." [1] Jin Fu pointed out: "If you don't dig below Qingkou, there will be no return to Huanghuai, and if you don't dig a river above Qingkou, the Huaihe River will not be smooth. If the breach of the high weir is not completely blocked, it will be difficult to brush the yellow, and the yellow will be poured in, and the downstream clear water pool will be dangerous. If the south bank of the Yellow River is not mentioned, the high weir will still have hidden worries, and if the north bank is not mentioned, the east of the mountain will be washed away. Therefore, the embankment was built, and the flow was drained and the breach was blocked, but there was no priority. Today is not a once-and-for-all plan, and it will be built again and again. " [11] On the issue of sparseness, many ministers disagreed, because it was in line with Emperor Kangxi's policy of once and for all, and was specially invited by Emperor Kangxi.
in the first month of the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678), Emperor Kangxi approved the appropriation of more than 2.5 million yuan, which was limited to three years for Jinfu. [12] Since then, under the auspices of Jin Fu, large-scale river regulation has been launched in an all-round way. Jin Fu drew lessons from the theory of Pan Jixun, a water conservancy scientist in Ming Dynasty, and put forward the theory of "building dikes to harness water and attacking sand with water". In the practice of river regulation, Jin Fu first dredged the channel from Qingjiangpu to Yuntiguan in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, so that the flood could flow into the sea smoothly, and then blocked the Gaojiayan and the breaches of the Yellow River one after another. After containing the flood, Jin Fu successively completed the projects of relocating the transport port to Qilidun, opening the four channels to divert the river, dredging the Zaohe River and adding the middle canal, and achieved initial results in river regulation.
the second, first and second southern tours, observing the river workers and measuring the situation.
after pacifying San Francisco and unifying Taiwan Province, Emperor Kangxi regarded river affairs as the first priority. Although Jin Fu made some achievements in harnessing the river, the floods in Huai and Yang didn't improve obviously. Emperor Kangxi worked hard for this, working hard day and night. He was afraid that officials would lose the law in harnessing the river, so in the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), he took the southern tour as a guide, and went not far to Wan Li to read the river workers.
On September 28th, the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), Emperor Kangxi left Beijing and began his first southern tour. On October 19th, Emperor Kangxi went from Suqian to Taoyuan County to inspect various dangerous projects in the 18-mile north bank of the Yellow River, and stayed in the public gathering. On October 2th, Emperor Kangxi was fortunate to be in Linqingkou. Accompanied by Jin Fu, he walked for more than ten miles. Although muddy and knee-deep, he took pains. [13] He also boarded the Tian Fei Gate and personally surveyed the water situation. When he saw that the water was rushing, he ordered to change it to a grass dam and set up another gate, Qili Gate and Taiping Gate, to divide the water potential. [14] Emperor Kangxi personally instructed Jin Fu: "I have always paid attention to river affairs. Every time I read the books on river defense and the river maps I have entered over the years and the names of dangerous workers, I will discuss them from time to time. Although I know how difficult it is to build a dangerous project, I have never experienced a river worker, and I can't understand the turbulent river situation and the distance of the embankment. Today's detailed survey of the terrain and the situation, such as Xiaojiadu, Jiuligang and Cuijia Town, are all tight and dangerous, and the long dikes and dams built must be protected from time to time. " [15] Then, Emperor Kangxi boarded a boat and crossed Qingjiangpu and Huai 'an.
Later, Emperor Kangxi visited Baoying, Gaoyou, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Suzhou, Wuxi and Jiangning. On the way back to Luanhe, on the 1th day of November, Emperor Kangxi sailed to Qinghe County, and visited Wanggong Dike, Laobakou, Wujiadun, Tian Fei Gate and Gaojia Weir Dike. Everywhere he went, he would inquire about it again. When he inspected the port of shipment, he said to Jin Fu, "You should build additional sluice seats to prevent yellow water from flowing backwards." [16]
Emperor Kangxi called Jin Fu into the palace to offer a personal consolation, and personally sprinkled Chen Han with a poem "Reading the River Embankment" [17]. He said to Jin Fu and his entourage, "I visited the south and witnessed the hard work and poverty of the river laborers. Miss the people here, when will you give them an acre of peace? When will the river worker be completed? It's not a matter of rhetoric to write a poem occasionally. "
The poem says:
To prevent the river from eating, the six emperors leave the deep palace.
slow down to seek people's seclusion, and sigh the vulgar dome in the face of the current.
when you are happy, this day is dredging.
I've paid my respects, and An Lan played early!
From this poem, we can see Emperor Kangxi's eagerness to cure the flood, and he has high hopes for Jin Fu. Jin Fu was so frightened that he turned this poem into a monument and obeyed it. This monument was erected on the south bank of Yu Qingjiang Gate at that time, and it has been lost for a long time. Later, Chuxiu Garden rebuilt this monument.
in the 24th year of Kangxi (1685), Golden Gates and Golden Gates were built on Jinfu, and were originally built to discharge the Yellow River, but later they were transported to Yangzhuang, which was dedicated to discharging the water in the river. In the twenty-sixth year of Kangxi (1687), Jinfu opened the Central Canal from Zhongzhuang to Suqian, and the Central Canal was completed, so the water transport ships had to avoid the risk of the 18-mile wind and waves of the Yellow River.
in the 28th year of Kangxi (1689), on the eighth day of the first month, Emperor Kangxi made another southern tour. On the 25th, when he arrived in Qinghe County, Emperor Kangxi gave an order to Wang Xin, the governor of the river course: "The middle river and the Yellow River are approaching, and if the Yellow River breaks, they will be mixed into one, so there should be preventive measures." Emperor Kangxi also issued a letter to Fu Lata, the governor of Liangjiang: "Since my southern tour, I have been mindful of the difficulties of the people and diligently sought governance. I have traveled to the border of the south of the Yangtze River, and the scenery of people's livelihood is slightly richer than that of the previous southern tour ... (jiangnan province) owes about 2.22 million yuan, ... plus the people of the whole province in the south of the Yangtze River owe Xiaoding money, grain, reed lessons and rice beans. [18] and "show it quickly, spread 3 miles a day, and know what I mean in a remote village." [19] Emperor Kangxi improvised a poem entitled "Fu in the South of the Yangtze River" [2].
The poem says:
The state's wealth is heavy in the southeast, and it has been responsible for renting and thinking about Yin.
why don't we see rain frequently? All people are willing and willing to work hard.
On the seventh day of March, Emperor Kangxi led his ministers to inspect the dike and dam around Gaojiayan on his way back to Luanhe. He said to the ministers, "The dike is quite solid, and it is useless to rebuild it beyond the old one." It was also said: "In the first year, the Gaojiayan burst, and the Huai River flowed eastward, which was invincible. The yellow water flowed backwards, the lake bottom was silted, and the estuary was blocked. ..... Gaojiayan not only reduces the dam, but also diverts the water to make the Huaihe River weak. However, in the year of the flood, the Huai River will rise, and if it is not clear, the embankment will be injured. " [21] On March 19th, when he returned to the capital, Kang Xixun immediately listened to the imperial gate, and once again sought the advice of officials on river management.
The third and third southern tour, to formulate a new general plan for river management.
from the 29th year of Kangxi (169) to the 36th year of Kangxi (1697), Emperor Kangxi mainly concentrated on putting down the rebellion in galdan. In the past few years, the personnel of river workers have changed frequently, and the post of chief river has changed ten times. Except Jin Fu, the other nine people are ineffective, which has caused the river workers to become increasingly corrupt.
in the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi (1699), Emperor Kangxi made his third southern tour. On February 28th, Emperor Kangxi inspected the dike works at Guiren Dike and Gaojiayan on the south bank of the Yellow River. He said to the ministers, "The best way to harness the river is to deepen it. If the bottom of the river is deep, the Hongze Lake will go directly to the Yellow River, and seven counties such as Xinghua and Yancheng will not be flooded, and the land will naturally dry up. If the source is not cured, it will be useless to cure the flow. At present, the intersection of the Yellow River and the Huaihe River is too straight. The dikes of the river and the Huaihe River should be curved and built to make them flow obliquely, so that the Yellow River will not flow backwards. " [22] Emperor Kangxi issued the Imperial edict to repair and clear the mouth [23] and the Imperial edict to inspect rivers and lakes [24], which specifically formulated a new scheme for river regulation: (1) Deeply dredging the river body. Emperor Kangxi pointed out: "I have been paying attention to river affairs for a long time. Looking at the water of the Yellow River by boat along the way, we can see that the river is getting higher and higher. When we climb the embankment, we can measure it horizontally, and see that the river is higher than the field. At Qingkou and Gaojiayan, the water in Hongze Lake is low, and the water in the Yellow River is high, so that the river flows back into the lake, and the lake can't get out, flooding in seven counties such as Xinghua and Yancheng, which is also the cause of this disaster. The best way to harness the river is to deepen it. ..... If the bottom of the river can be deepened, the Hongze Lake will reach the Yellow River directly, and there will be no flooding in seven counties, and the folk land will naturally dry up. If you don't cure the source, it will be useless to cure the filth. " (2) building a dam. Emperor Kangxi wrote: "It is advisable to extend the embankment on the south bank of the Yellow River near Huai River for two or three miles to the east, so as to make it firm, and the embankment near Huai River should also be extended to make it incline, so that the water from the Yellow River will not flow backwards into the river." (3) Opening the Tao Zhuang River Diversion Project. Emperor Kangxi ordered: "Pick and lead it into the river from the back of Huiji Temple, and then the canal flows eastward to the intersection of Huiji Temple, so the yellow water naturally does not flow backwards." (4) Dredge the river. Emperor Kangxi said: "It is suitable to clear the mouth to the west, and try to straighten the river at several bends. If the river is straight, it will slip from the urgency, and if it slips, the sand will brush itself and the river will be deep." (5) Dismantle the yellow dam. Emperor Kangxi ordered that the dam blocking the Yellow River near Yuntiguan be dismantled as soon as possible, and the estuary channel be dredged to make the Yellow River flow directly into the sea, enhance the water potential and scour the sediment.
after emperor Kangxi finished building the pavilion, he wrote the poem "reading the river" [25] to show the river minister.
The poem says:
Dredging the Huaihe River is expensive, and you are not afraid to travel for three days.
several dikes were painted by hand, and they were cultivated and chiseled in the waiting period.
on the second day of the second day, the rice price in flooded areas was high, and the livelihood of the people was difficult. Emperor Kangxi ordered the interception of 1, stones of grain for distribution to twelve counties such as Gaoyou, Yancheng and Suqian, and then the interception of 1, stones was stored in Huai 'an and Yangzhou. Emperor Kangxi lived in Yangzhou, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Jiangning and other places. On the way back to Luanhe, I passed Yangzhou, and on the 25th I berthed in Huai 'an, crossed the Yellow River, and took a boat to inspect Xinyi.
On the second day of May, Emperor Kangxi ordered Zhang Peng, the governor of the two rivers, to enter Beijing. On the 17th, I returned to Beijing. A few days later, Emperor Kangxi said to the minister, "I have visited Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and I have seen the surplus and deficiency of its cultivation and the shortage of its market. Ten years ago, it was not as good as it was. This is not well pursued by local departments, and the court's grace has not come down. " [26] So it was ordered to intercept Cao Yin, give relief and forgive the money and grain accumulated.
In September of that year, Emperor Kangxi illustrated the great scholars and others with the river painted by Yu Chenglong, the governor of the river course. He pointed out that "the four seas are peaceful now, and the most important thing is to govern the river. I visited before and knew that the water would not be cured. The water in Hongze Lake was too large to be discharged, and the Huangyun River merged, which made it more vast and flooded." [27] Emperor Kangxi made a decision to rebuild the river course, so that the Yellow River moved slightly northward and the Huai River could flow smoothly. He pointed out: "Jin Fu, Dong Anguo and Yu Chenglong knew how to build dikes to protect water, but they didn't talk about changing the river to the north to let clear water flow. If you don't let the clear water flow through, how can you control it? "
[28]
The new general plan for river management formulated by Emperor Kangxi was implemented in the second year by the new river governor Zhang Peng Ao. First, remove the yellow dam and dig deep into the sea. During the ten-day period, the riverbed was three feet deep and more than twenty feet wide, and the river plunged into the sea, which was beyond endurance. [29] By the end of forty years (171), other projects had been completed one after another. In the summer of the following year, the Yellow River suffered another serious flood, which was a severe test for the newly built projects, and Kangxi paid special attention to it. When the flood lasted for ten days, Kangxi ordered Zhang Peng Ao to stay on the riverbank day and night. The newly built pick-up dam near Qingkou (now Kangxi Royal Dam) forced the Yellow River to flow straight to Tao Zhuang to draw water from the river in summer and autumn, and followed the north bank, with Huai water flowing from Qingkou.