First, according to the classification of disciplines, it can be divided into general surgery, orthopedics, urology, thoracic surgery, cardiovascular surgery, neurosurgery, gynecology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology and plastic surgery. Due to the continuous development of surgical system science, the division of labor is more detailed and the types of surgery are more specialized. For example, general surgery is divided into head and neck, abdomen, tumor, burn and organ transplantation; Plastic surgery is also divided into functional plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery, and even organs such as nose, eyes and breasts are also divided into specific operations.
Second, according to the acute and chronic classification of diseases, it can be divided into: ① elective surgery. Sooner or later, the operation will not affect the effect of the operation. For example, duodenal ulcer, medical treatment is ineffective, requiring subtotal gastrectomy. ② limited operation. Although the operation time can be selected, it is not advisable to delay the operation for too long. For example, radical operation of various cancers such as gastric cancer and breast cancer, or preparation for subtotal gastrectomy of duodenal ulcer complicated with pyloric obstruction. ③ Emergency operation. Operations that need to be performed quickly in the shortest time. Such as liver or spleen rupture bleeding, strangulated intestinal obstruction, epidural hematoma, open fracture, etc. The time to prepare for the operation should be shortened as much as possible.
Third, according to the number of operations performed to achieve the purpose of treatment, it can be divided into: ① one operation. That is, one-off surgery, and most operations fall into this category, such as body surface tumor resection. ② Staged operation. Refers to the operation that needs to be completed several times at a certain interval due to various circumstances. For example, the sigmoid colon is twisted and the intestine is necrotic. After resection of necrotic intestinal segment, the primary anastomosis is difficult to heal because of poor blood circulation and many bacteria in colon. Therefore, external colostomy (temporary operation) can be done for the two broken ends, and then secondary anastomosis (permanent operation) can be done. In plastic surgery, abdominal flap can be transferred to head and neck through upper limbs by staged operation. Among the staged operations, the second stage operation is the most common.
Four, according to the purpose of surgery can be divided into: ① diagnostic surgery. An operation to make a definite diagnosis. Such as biopsy and laparotomy. ② Radical surgery. Generally speaking, it refers to tumors. Benign tumors can be completely removed; Radical resection of malignant tumor requires one-time block resection of the primary focus and the corresponding regional lymph nodes. ③ Palliative surgery. The purpose is to relieve symptoms. Use when radical surgery cannot be performed due to conditions. For example, advanced gastric antrum cancer can be treated with gastrojejunostomy to relieve the symptoms of pyloric obstruction, but the tumor cannot be removed.
Five, according to the classification of pollution can be divided into three categories: ① aseptic surgery. Refers to an operation that is not contaminated by bacteria. Such as thyroidectomy, hernia repair and osteotomy. Most of the incisions healed well and the scars were small, which was a primary healing. ② Pollution surgery. In the operation that will be contaminated by bacteria, such as gastrointestinal surgery, the bacteria in the intestinal cavity will pollute the operation area. After proper treatment, such as preoperative intestinal preparation and intraoperative pollution reduction, most incisions can also achieve primary healing. Some contaminated wounds can be kept open for 2 ~ 3 days to drain secretions, and then sutured when there is no obvious infection, which often achieves approximate primary healing, which is called tertiary healing. ③ Infection operation. Refers to the operation on the infected site, such as abscess incision and drainage. Infected wounds should be healed by granulation tissue proliferation, which is called secondary healing, also called scar healing.